Full Angle Research Articles

MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF LIGHT SCATTERING IN HUMAN SKIN LAYERS BY SPATIAL PHOTOMETRY METHODS

The ability to register and analyze the spatial distribution of light scattered within the full solid angle is the basis for the development and improvement of information-measuring systems and software and hardware complexes for problems of optical biomedical diagnostics. The greatest contribution to light scattering at non-invasive methods of biomedical research are made by the layers of human skin, affecting the depth of probing and the resolution of diagnostic systems. The significant individual variability of the optical properties of biological tissues does not allow practically (clinically) assessing their effect on the light scattering characteristics; therefore, the use of methods for modeling the optical radiation propagation in media in the measuring tools functioning context makes it possible to provide such a prognostic analysis. The goal of this work is a comparative evaluation of the results of the light propagation in human skin layers by Monte Carlo simulation using information-measuring systems of a biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors and a goniophotometer.
 The Monte Carlo simulation results of light scattering in dermis and epidermis at a wavelength of 632.8 nm using spatial photometry methods and the "BT_Mod" software, as well as coordinates, direction, and statistical weight of photons, allows the ray-tracing in a biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors are presented in this work.
 As a result of modeling, graphs of the dependence of optical coefficients (transmission T, diffuse reflection Rd, and absorption A) for the studied tissues of various thicknesses on the value of the scattering anisotropy factor were obtained, as well as photometric images of the second focal plane of ellipsoidal reflectors when receiving a scattering spot in reflected and transmitted light. Diagrams of the averaged scattering indicatrix at three thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis were obtained for a set of biophysically significant values of the scattering anisotropy factor, based on which the integral distribution of the photons statistical weight in diffuse scattered light was analyzed. A quantitative assessment of the illuminance level of images is carried out according to the zone analysis principles in photometry by ellipsoidal reflectors. The resulting graphs of the illuminance dependence the external and middle rings of photometric images in reflected and transmitted light.
 The results of the research make it possible to analyze the spatial distribution of light scattered by the human skin layers (epidermis and dermis) within the full solid angle, which can be used in problems of optical dosimetry and medical imaging in diagnostic, endoscopic, and therapeutic methods of biophotonics.

Compare Two Methods of Dental Arch Length Measurements on Digital Dental Models

Purpose: Accurate space discrepancy evaluation is important in treatment planning. Straight-line segments and brass wire method are the most common methods in arch length assessment. However, using segments causes underestimation, while more reliable brass wire method shows lower reproducibility. The aim of our study is (1) to compare the difference between conventional segmental distance method (SD) and a new method, ideal arch form (IA), and (2) to assess the reproducibility and reliability of two methods by means of digital models. Materials and methods: Thirty sets of digital dental models presented full permanent dentition and Angle’s Class III malocclusion were included. The dental arch length was assessed with two methods: SD method and IA method. Paired-t test was used to compare two methods; Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlated variables with inter-group difference; and interclass correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the reproducibility. Result: Arch length in IA group was 1.86 and 0.86 mm larger than SD group in upper and lower arch, respectively (pr= -0.39, pr= 0.40, pConclusion:The SD method showed high consistency but low reliability in short upper arches and crowding lower arches. On the other hand, the IA method can represent the real arch length regarding to the basal bone, and simply be constructed and measured with digital software with high reproducibility.

783 nm wavelength stabilized DBR tapered diode lasers with a 7 W output power.

Wavelength stabilized distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) tapered diode lasers at 783 nm will be presented. The devices are based on GaAsP single quantum wells embedded in a large optical cavity leading to a vertical far field angle of about 29° (full width at half maximum). The 3-inch (7.62 cm) wafers are grown using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. In a full wafer process, 4 mm long DBR tapered lasers are manufactured. The devices consist of a 500 µm long 10th order surface DBR grating that acts as rear side mirror. After that, a 1 mm long ridge waveguide section is realized for lateral confinement, which is connected to a 2.5 mm long flared section having a full taper angle of 6°. At an injection current of 8 A, a maximum output power of about 7 W is measured. At output powers up to 6 W, the measured emission width limited by the resolution of the spectrometer is smaller than 19 pm. Measured at 1/e2 level at this output power, the lateral beam waist width is 11.5 µm, the lateral far field angle 12.5°, and the lateral beam parameter M2 2.5. The respective parameters measured using the second moments are 31 µm, 15.2°, and 8.3. 70% of the emitted power is originated from the central lobe.

Corner Separation Control Using a New Combined Slotted Configuration in a High-Turning Compressor Cascade under Different Solidities

In order to comprehensively control the corner separation and the blade trailing edge (TE) separation in a high-turning compressor stator cascade, this research proposes a new combined slotted configuration consisting of one full-span slot and two blade-end slots. Taking into account the effect of the blade solidity, the performance of the original cascade and the combined slotted cascade was calculated and evaluated in a wide incidence angle range at two blade solidities. The results indicated that the blade loading and the corner separation range of the original cascade becomes larger as the blade solidity decreases from 1.66 to 1.36, which leads to higher total pressure loss and lower pressure diffusing capacity under positive incidence angles. The low-momentum fluid in the boundary layer can be significantly re-energized by the high-momentum blade-end and full-span slots jets, hence the combined slotted configuration can eliminate the blade TE separation and reduce the corner separation remarkably in the full incidence angle range at the two blade solidities. By adopting the combined slotted configuration, the total pressure loss, turning angle and static pressure coefficient of the original cascade can be increased by −23.2%, 2.7° and 4.7% on average, respectively, when the blade solidity is 1.66, while they can be increased by −27.7%, 3.3° and 7.6% on average, respectively, when the blade solidity is 1.36. The combined slotted configuration has a significant adaptability to the low blade solidity (or high loading) condition and it shows a certain potential in increasing the aeroengine thrust-to-weight ratio by decreasing the compressor single-stage blade number.

Functional Anatomy of the Craniolateral and Caudomedial Bundles of the Caudal Cruciate Ligament in Beagle Dogs.

The aim of this study was to investigate functional anatomy of the craniolateral bundle (CrLB) and caudomedial bundle (CdMB) of caudal cruciate ligament in normal Beagles. Twelve stifle joints of 12 Beagle cadavers that were euthanatized for reasons other than musculoskeletal disease were used. Anatomical characteristics of femoral and tibial attachment regions of the caudal cruciate ligament were described, and location and area of the footprints of the CrLB and CdMB were objectively determined. The CrLB was artificially divided into two equal fibre bundle units and the CdMB was artificially divided into four equal bundle units. Changes in the fibre arrangement were recorded during stifle range of motion, and the tension of each fibre bundle unit at various stifle joint angles was objectively measured. The CrLB was attached to the intercondylar fossa of the femur, and the CdMB was attached to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur. The centre of the CrLB attachment site was located craniomedial to that of the CdMB on the tibia. During stifle range of motion, each divided fibre bundle unit in the CrLB and CdMB was twisted externally. The tension of entire CdMB tended to be higher than that of entire CrLB at 180 to 135 degrees of the stifle angles. In full extension angle, the tension of entire CdMB was 1.55 times higher than that of entire CrLB. This study contributes to understanding of the biomechanics and the function of the caudal cruciate ligament, which help to elucidate the pathophysiology of caudal cruciate ligament tear and to develop stifle joint stabilization surgery.

15 Use of Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in Burn Patients: A Pilot Study

Abstract Introduction Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a rapid, non-invasive, and inexpensive technology based on electrical conductivity. BIA assesses body composition, fluid shifts, and phase angle, an electrical force vector where smaller values suggest cellular injury. Our objective was to use BIA to longitudinally track the clinical status of burn patients. We hypothesized that BIA would detect progressive decreases in muscle mass throughout the patient’s hospital course and that low phase angle values would correlate with severity of injury. Methods A cohort study of 10 patients from January 1, 2020 to March 13, 2020 was performed at an ABA-verified burn center. Patient and burn characteristics and laboratory data were collected. BIA measurements were performed daily for the first 10 days of admission and then twice weekly until discharge. The primary outcome was to detect changes in body composition. The secondary objectives were to detect differences between low and high-risk patients in terms of water composition and phase angle. Patients with APACHE II > 15, measured at burn unit admission, were considered high risk for burn injury related morbidity and mortality. Results BIA detected a statistically significant negative correlation between time spent hospitalized and leg lean mass (LM) (r2=0.56, P< 0.0001), right arm LM (r2=0.52, P< 0.0001) and left leg LM (r2=0.57, P< 0.0001), and positive correlation between body fat mass (BFM) and time spent hospitalized (r2=0.50, P=0.0004). Water composition (volume of extracellular water (ECW) per total body water (TBW)) negatively correlated with low-risk patients: right arm (r2=0.51, P< 0.0001), left arm (0.71, P< 0.001), thorax (0.66, P< 0.0001), right leg (0.74, P< 0.0001), left leg (0.35, P=0.002). Full body phase angle increased with low-risk patients over their hospital course (r2=0.62, P< 0.0001), while phase angle decreased with high-risk patients (r2=0.71, P=0.0006). Full body phase angle differentiated high risk patients (P< 0.0001), and phase angle of thorax differentiated between patients with and without inhalation injury (P=0.002). Conclusions Our study demonstrates that BIA measures changes in body composition and fluid shifts, identifies inhalation injury, and correlates with severity of injury in hospitalized burn patients. This pilot study included a limited number of participants with varying anatomic injuries presenting unique measurement challenges. Regardless, our preliminary data justifies a larger prospective study to confirm these results and correlate them with clinical outcomes.

A New DOA Algorithm for Spectral Estimation

Uniform linear arrays (ULAs) are the most commonly used configurations for the direction-of-arrival estimation of radio signals in many wireless communication applications due to its simplicity. However, this configuration does not provide uniform estimation and deteriorates in performance for the grazing incidences. In this work, we solve this problem by modifying the structure of a conventional ULA. This new confirmation has two extra antenna elements at the ends of the array. These extra elements will automatically activate when the source signals are impinging for the grazing incidences. We modify the multiple signal classical algorithm and develop an improved array signal model to obtain the high-resolution pseudo-spectrum of the received signals for full azimuth angles. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the various well-known methods in many practical scenarios. Finally, total Root Mean Square Error is examined over a wide range of Signal to Noise Ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the well-knows methods and provides the accurate and uniform estimation of narrowband signals for end fire array angles which fall in the range $$\left( { - 70^{{^\circ }} \le \theta \le - 90^{{^\circ }} } \right)$$ and $$\left( {70^{{^\circ }} \le \theta \le 90^{{^\circ }} } \right)$$ , at middle angles $$\left( { - 60^{{^\circ }} \le \theta \le 60^{{^\circ }} } \right)$$ and at boresites which is very useful in 5G and beyond mobile communication.

An Oversized Magnetic Sheath Wrapping around the Parsec-scale Jet in 3C 273

Abstract In recent studies, several active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have exhibited gradients of the Faraday rotation measure (RM) transverse to their parsec-scale jet direction. Faraday rotation likely occurs as a result of a magnetized sheath wrapped around the jet. In the case of 3C 273, using Very Long Baseline Array multiepoch observations at 5, 8, and 15 GHz in 2009–2010, we observe that the jet RM has changed significantly toward negative values compared with that previously observed. These changes could be explained by a swing of the parsec-scale jet direction, which causes synchrotron emission to pass through different portions of the Faraday screen. We develop a model for the jet–sheath system in 3C 273 where the sheath is wider than the single-epoch narrow relativistic jet. We present our oversized sheath model together with a derived wide-jet full intrinsic opening angle α int = 2.°1 and magnetic field strength B ∣∣ = 3 μG, and thermal particle density N e = 125 cm−3 at the wide jet–sheath boundary 230 pc downstream (deprojected) from its beginning. Most of the Faraday rotation occurs within the innermost layers of the sheath. The model brings together the jet direction swing and long-term RM evolution and may be applicable to other AGN jets that exhibit changes in their apparent jet direction.

Evaluation the Effect of Disclusion time Reduction (DTR) in Management Myofacial Pain Syndrome in Iraqi Patients Using the Digital Occlusal Analysis (T-scan)

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of disclusion time reduction in treatment of myofacialpain syndrome using immediate complete anterior guidance development (ICAGD) protocol monitoredby digital occlusal analysis (T-scan). Methods and materials: Subjects with full dentition and angle classI relation. DC/TMD criteria were used to diagnose the patients with various MFDS symptoms includingmouth opening (assisted and unassisted), excursion movements (mediotrusion and protrusion) and painfulmasticatory muscles involvement. A visual analog scale was used to assess the pain intensity. DisclusionTime Reduction (DTR) of all molars and premolars to 0.05 were documented relatedto changes in disclusion time and painful masticatory muscle involvement . Conclusion: The results showedthe DTR less than 0.5 seconds reduces musculoskeletal-based symptoms of MFDS patients, and this methodcan be used clinically with highly success in treatment MPDS.

Surface reverberation based on small-slope approximation in deep water

For the reverberation experiments with a near surface source or receiver, surface reverberation arriving first after source signal is not influenced by bottom reverberation due to time-delay difference of acoustic multipath in deep water. A surface reverberation model is proposed in the paper. The Green’s function of sound propagation is described by the ray theory, and first-order small-slope approximation is employed for the surface scattering from full angle. The effect of bubbles scattering is also considered to get the surface reverberation theory. The reverberation model is verified by comparing the simulation results with the experimental data. The measured data show that the decaying rate of surface reverberation intensity decreases with the frequency increasing. Numerical calculation demonstrates that the frequency dependence is caused by the positive correlation between scattering strength and frequency, and the surface reverberation at low frequency for low sea state is dominated by the scattering from rough air-sea interface. Moreover, the reverberation data from experiment show that the surface reverberation is not sensitive to the change of receiving depth. A method of inversion for the two surface-wave spectral parameters in the model is achieved based on the reverberation model. The inversion results verify that the spectral parameters of rough surface can be obtained from surface reverberation data on the premise of the wind speed parameter. As a result, the scattering properties of rough interface will be obtained.

Analytic Model of Proprotor Forces and Moments at High Incidence

The paper presents an analytical model for estimation of proprotor aerodynamic loads at elevated incidence angles. Previous theories have concentrated on either small incidence angle for aircraft stability analysis or edge-wise flow for helicopter forward flight. This development attempted an engineering method that covers the full incidence angle range from 0 to π/2. Blade element theory was applied to known proprotor geometry, and off-axis loads including normal force and in-plane moment were obtained in closed form based on thrust and torque in axial condition. The model was found to be sufficiently accurate over a broader flight conditions compared to classical models, and computationally more efficient than numerical methods. Hence it could be easily used as a preliminary design and analysis tool for future convertible aircraft proprotors. The paper further discusses a dedicated wind tunnel campaign on proprotor off-axis load measurement. Experimental data from the test campaign was considered in model validation. The results suggested that the model was capable to accurately estimate proprotor performance in nominal flight regimes.

Three-Dimensional Photogrammetric Facial Soft Tissue Analysis of Egyptian Female Adolescents with Accepted Normal Occlusion (Cross sectional study)

Background: Soft tissue normal values represent useful guidelines for proper diagnosis and evaluation of orthodontic patients. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to determine the normal values of the vertical facial soft tissue of Egyptian female adolescents. Methodology: Thirty female Participants 11-15 years of age with balanced facial proportions, full permanent dentition and Angle Class I molar and canine relationship were included in this study. Three-dimensional surface data was acquired using Planmeca ProMax 3D ProFace unit. The participant’s data was admitted to the Planmeca Romexis 4.5.0.R software in the associated computer unit prior to the imaging procedure. For all processed images five standard anthropometric landmarks were identified to perform our measurements: Trichion (Tr`), Gnathion (Gn`), Nasion(N`), Subnasale (Sn`) and Sublabiale (Sl`). Results: The mean anterior face height (Tr-Gn’) for the total sample was found 172.6mm±7.99mm. While, the mean height of the forehead (Tr-N’) for total sample was 63.6mm ±7.5mm. The mean morphological height of the face (N’-Gn) was 112.6mm +6.4mm The mean lower face height (Sn-Gn’) was 64.2mm ±5.3mm. The chin height (Sl-Gn’) for the total sample was 22.9mm±2.6mm. Conclusion: Soft tissue normal values represent useful guidelines for proper diagnosis and evaluation of orthodontic patients. Most of the facial measurements of Egyptian female adolescents were can be different or similar according to different ethnic groups.

Relationship between anthropometric and kinematic measures to practice velocity in elite American 100m sprinters

There exists a paucity of anthropometric and kinematic data for elite United States (US) sprinters and further analysis of how these variables correlate with sprint velocity in practice is warranted.The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship of anthropometric and kinematic variables and practice sprint velocity of elite sprint athletes when separated by gender.Participants included elite US 100 m sprinters (total: n=38, male: n=19, female: n=19). Inclusion criteria were participation in the 100 m semifinals or finals at the US Outdoor National Championships from 2015 to 2019. Anthropometric data and 300 Hz video during maximum velocity sprinting were collected during a practice session and video was digitized to determine the kinematic variables of interest. Relationships with maximal sprint velocity were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis.Males showed significant unadjusted relationships between practice velocity and step length (r=0.668; P=0.002), horizontal backward foot velocity at touchdown (r=0.459; P=0.048), and upper leg full extension angle (r=-0.585; P=0.009). Multiple regression analysis found that when adjusting for these three variables, step length was the only significant predictor of practice velocity in males which accounted for 44.6% of the variability in practice velocity in males. The females showed a significant relationship between practice velocity and step length (r=0.629; P=0.004) which accounted for 39.5% of the variability in practice velocity.These results provide researchers and coaches with important information regarding the anthropometric and kinematic variables related to elite top speed sprinting performance.Training focused on increasing step length may be an efficient way to improve velocity in practice.

Triple-differential cross sections for (e,2e) electron-impact ionization dynamics of tetrahydrofuran at low projectile energy

We study the triple-differential cross section (TDCS) for the electron-impact ionization of the highest occupied molecular orbital of tetrahydrofuran at a projectile energy ${E}_{0}=91\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The experimental data were measured using a reaction microscope, which covers a large part of the full solid angle for the secondary electron emission with energies ranging from 6 to 15 eV, and projectile scattering angles ranging from $\ensuremath{-}{10}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to $\ensuremath{-}{20}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The experimental TDCSs are internormalized across all measured scattering angles and ejected energies. They are compared with predictions from the multicenter distorted-wave (MCDW) approximation and a modified MCDW-Nee method which includes the postcollision interaction (PCI) using the Ward-Macek factor. Additional calculations were obtained using a molecular three-body distorted-wave (M3DW) approach which accounts for PCI in an exact treatment. Generally, the MCDW-Nee and M3DW models show better agreement with experiment than the MCDW calculations. This shows the importance of accounting for PCI for low-energy outgoing electrons in electron-impact ionization processes.

Application of rigid curved laryngoscope in the examination of hypopharynx and the treatment of early hypopharyngeal cancer

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of curved suspension laryngoscope assistant transoral surgery (CLATOS) in the examination of hypopharynx, and diagnosis and surgery of early hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Thirty-four patients who underwent detailed examination for lower part of hypopharynx and surgery for early hypopharyngeal carcinoma with CLATOS technique in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from January 2019 to January 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. The age ranged from 42 to 74 years old including 28 males and 6 females. Among them, 25 patients complaining of foreign body sensation in the pharynx for more than half a year with a poor exposure of the lower pharynx in the examination with flexible laryngoscope in the outpatient department were admitted to the hospital for the further examination with rigid curved laryngoscopy and 9 patients with stage T1-2 hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were operated with CLATOS technique. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were analized. Results: One case of squamous cell carcinoma in esophageal entrance (T1N0M0) and one case of carcinoma in pyriform sinus (T1N0M0) with cervical esophageal carcinoma (T1N0M0) were found in the 25 patients with foreign body sensation in the pharynx. En bloc resection of cancer was obtained in 9 patients with stage T1-2 hypopharyngeal carcinomas and 2 of them underwent tracheotomy. One patient with T1 retrocricoid carcinoma was found to have a carcinoma in situ at the lower part of posterior hypopharyngeal wall in the examination during follow-up, which was resected simultaneously. Postoperatively this patient developed a stenosis in the esophageal entrance, which was dilated twice until swallowing normally. Two patients of T2N0M0 and one of T2N1M0 underwent bilateral neck lymph node dissection just after the removal of primary tumors. During follow-up, none of the 9 patients showed tumor recurrence and complications such as dysphonia and dyspnea. Conclusion: CLATOS technique can provide a promising way in the examination of hypopharynx and the detection of early lesions of hypopharynx and esophageal entrance, and this technique has also the advantages such as full visual angle and easy operation for the resection of early hypopharyngeal carcinoma. The quality of life of patients can be improved while the tumor is removed en bloc with this technique.

Changes in the range of head flexion rotation and neck muscle activity after prolonged use of a smartphone

Text-neck has been the main health concern among smartphone users. The current study explored a potential association between the duration of static head flexion posture during smartphone use and the viscoelastic changes of the cervical spine passive tissues. Ten participants conducted a smartphone task for 30 minutes, and their full head flexion angle and the neck muscle activity during a head extension motion were quantified before, in the middle, and after the 30-min task. Participants reported higher neck discomfort ratings after smartphone use, and the neck muscle activity showed an increasing trend over time. However, no significant difference was found in the muscle activity level between the three time levels. Full head flexion angle also did not vary significantly over time (p > 0.05). Study results imply the reduction of tissue stiffness during smartphone use, but warrant further research with a more sensitive evaluation method.

Spherical Gaussians: An intuitive method for creating complex anisotropies in interface energies for the phase field method

The Phase Field Method requires continuous functions to control interface energies between phases. We have developed a method for phase field modeling where interface energies are described by spherical gaussians, a set of continuous functions which can simulate a wide variety of complex anisotropies. We demonstrate the use of the technique to produce a wide array of crystal geometries, including rods, hexagonal rods, cubes, and cubic dendrites, using the native properties of spherical gaussians to create specific interface energies throughout the full solid angle of an energy surface. Parameters controlling the sharpness of minima are shown to have a significant effect on morphology.

Treatment of Chronic Severe Flexion Contractures of Fingers with Bilateral Side-Finger Flaps (Wing Flaps) and Full-Thickness Skin Graft.

Background: Severe flexion contractures of proximal interphalangeal joint of fingers can significantly impair hand function, typically after burn injury recovery. Extensive surgical release exposes deep vital structures, which subsequently requires significant skin coverage. The author presents the results of using bilateral side-finger flaps (wing flaps) and full-thickness skin graft for coverage of the defects. Methods: Seven patients (8 fingers) with chronic severe flexion contractures of fingers resulting from burn injury were included. Results: Mean flexion contracture and full flexion angles of the joints were improved from 84.4°/93.7° to 4.7°/92.5° at the last follow-up visit. No major complications were observed during the postoperative follow-up period (range, 6-16 months). Conclusions: This alternative surgical technique can be successfully applied for the treatment of chronic severe flexion contractures of fingers. The advantages of this approach are the use of local flaps from injured digit, and that it can be performed as a one-session procedure.

Dual-Band Infrared and Geomagnetic Fusion Attitude Estimation Algorithm Based on IMMEKF

In order to further improve the performance of dual-band infrared and magnetic fusion attitude measurement method, an interactive multimodel extended Kalman filter (IMMEKF) attitude fusion algorithm is proposed to calculate the rotating missile's full attitude angle by using the data collected from dual-band two-axis infrared sensors and three-axis geomagnetic sensor. Four filtering models are used to solve the problem of inaccuracy in the single-model filtering process. The interactive multimodel and extended Kalman filter attitude estimation algorithms are combined by the probability density function and are used to update the model probability in real time. Each model's probability weights are modified to achieve the optimal attitude angle estimation according to the environment. The semiphysical experimental results show that the IMMEKF algorithm has higher accuracy and reliability compared with other latest state-of-the-art fusion estimation algorithms under normal infrared and geomagnetic conditions. In the case of infrared or geomagnetic anomalies, only the IMMEKF algorithm can avoid using the affected sensor data and calculate an accurate value of attitude angle. The reliability of the dual-band infrared and geomagnetic combined attitude estimation method is improved, which provides an effective technical implementation for the rotating missile attitude measurement.

Surface Propensity of Anions in a Binary Ionic-Liquid Mixture Assessed by Full-Range Angle-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Surface-Tension Measurements.

Angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact-angle measurements guided by a signal attenuation model are utilized to extract molar composition and anion enrichment in the vacuum interface of a binary ionic liquid mixture, having a common quaternary ammonium cation and two different anions. By using the intensity ratio of the F1s peaks belonging to the two different anions recorded at the full electron take-off angle range, from 0° to 80°, we have determined that only a fractionally covered and anion enriched surface layer can predict the AR-XPS data, which is also consistent with surface tension measurements. Moreover, the more bulky and non-spherical anion enrichment is evident even at the conventional and the so assumed bulk sensitive take-off angle of 0°. This methodology provides a surface enrichment factor of the molecular ions and clearly serves as an experimental evidence for recently debated surface layering and/or island structure in ionic liquid systems.