Full Alignment Research Articles

Design and Implementation of a Wireless Charging System Connected to the AC Grid for an E-Bike

This paper aims to design an IPT for wireless charging of an e-bike and to control the charge of the e-bike from the primary-side. Optimum IPT design has been made according to the 36 V battery bank requirements. The no-load condition test has been performed before charging started in the IPT system connected to the AC grid. The primary-side DC-link voltage of 4–5 V required for this test is provided by the designed forward converter. The charge control has been also made from the forward converter on the primary-side. For this, the forward converter’s operation in peak current mode (PCM) has been used. Finally, a prototype has been implemented that works at a maximum DC/DC efficiency of 87.52% in full alignment and 83.63% in 3 cm misalignment. The proposed control algorithm has been tested in this prototype at different load stages.

IBIS2Analyzer: a web server for a phylogeny-driven coevolution analysis of protein families.

Residue coevolution within and between proteins is used as a marker of physical interaction and/or residue functional cooperation. Pairs or groups of coevolving residues are extracted from multiple sequence alignments based on a variety of computational approaches. However, coevolution signals emerging in subsets of sequences might be lost if the full alignment is considered. iBIS2Analyzer is a web server dedicated to a phylogeny-driven coevolution analysis of protein families with different evolutionary pressure. It is based on the iterative version, iBIS2, of the coevolution analysis method BIS, Blocks in Sequences. iBIS2 is designed to iteratively select and analyse subtrees in phylogenetic trees, possibly large and comprising thousands of sequences. With iBIS2Analyzer, openly accessible at http://ibis2analyzer.lcqb.upmc.fr/, the user visualizes, compares and inspects clusters of coevolving residues by mapping them onto sequences, alignments or structures of choice, greatly simplifying downstream analysis steps. A rich and interactive graphic interface facilitates the biological interpretation of the results.

Cultural Competence and the Role of the Patient’s Mother Tongue: An Exploratory Study of Health Professionals’ Perceptions

The role of the patient’s mother tongue in clinical communication is of vital importance and yet it is not always dealt with adequately by healthcare professionals and healthcare systems. Cultural competence should deal with and redress asymmetries in doctor–patient communication, including those having an impact on the patient’s mother tongue. The aim of this study was to answer a research question: what are the health professionals’ perceptions of the importance and role of the patients’ mother tongue in diglossic situations? To answer our research question, we carried out two focus groups, one with doctors and another with nurses working in public hospitals in the Valencian Community (Spain) where two languages share officiality, Catalan and Spanish. Yet, Catalan is a right and Spanish a duty. The results showed that perceptions of professionals in relation to the importance of the patient’s mother tongue in situations in which two official languages coexist in an asymmetric relationship vary a great deal and seem to form a continuum of positive and negative judgements. Different values were represented in the participants’ perceptions, ranging from respect for and full alignment with the patient’s perspective to negative perceptions. More qualitative and quantitative research on health professionals’ attitudes and values is needed to understand the role of the patient’s mother tongue in clinical communication. Educational and institutional efforts are also needed to redress the linguistic and cultural asymmetries that have a negative impact on patients in terms of inequality, inefficiency, and even exclusion.

An evaluation into the causes of perpetual disruptive passenger behavior

There is a rising trend in the number of disruptive airline passenger reports filed to the International Air Transport Association’s Incident Data eXchange and National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Aviation Safety Reporting System over the past 20 years. Passenger behavioral safety is vital for the comfort, well-being, and safety of other passengers, crew, and an airline’s smooth operations. Safety culture has been shown to impact the implementation and efficiency of safety management systems. This paper has evaluated the relationship between disruptive passenger occurrences and the intentions of a safety management system, through the lens of safety culture. An analysis of disruptive passenger reports from National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Aviation Safety Reporting System gave evidence of the consequential actions taken against disruptive passengers There was a tendency for disruptive passengers to either not be dealt consequences, or be subject to consequences that are not in full alignment with the concept of a robust safety culture. This perpetuated a sense that company support was lacking for frontline staff. It also potentially created an awareness amongst passengers that disruptive behaviors on aircraft were not statistically an arrestable offence. This reduces the efficiency of threat of punishment as a deterrent.

Influence of anisotropy in mechanical properties of muddy aquatic sediment on CH4 bubble growth direction and migration pattern

Gas-charged sediments of shallow water bodies are significant sources of atmospheric methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas. They are a source of a permanent concern for their contribution to destabilization of coastal and aquatic infrastructure. Past accounts of gas bubbles developed in shallow muddy aquatic sediments and in their surrogates have reported a controversial occurrence of vertical as well as horizontal bubbles morphologies. Our study suggests an explanation of the apparent conundrum about preferred orientations of bubbles in muddy sediments. It is conducted by employing mechanical reaction–transport numerical model, which couples CH4 diffusion-led expansion of gas bubble and elastic-fracturing mechanical sediment response to its growth. Muddy sediment is assumed to exhibit a transverse anisotropy in fracture toughness (describing an easiness of breaking the inter particle bonds), attributed to partial or full alignment of plate-like clay particles. Bubbles growing in isotropic sediment develop a vertically oriented morphology and start their ascent once reaching their mature sizes. Under an increasing measure of anisotropy, the bubbles grow preferentially horizontally. These bubbles can coalesce with neighboring ones and form interconnected permeable horizontal gas networks, as observed in some lab experiments. For the first time, our results suggest that anisotropy-led lateral bubble growth can also play a crucial role in accumulating gas reserve from long distances around large and small scale outlets in aquatic sediments. Moreover, in contrast to the vertical bubbles, horizontal bubbles tend to be stationary, thus being responsible for high gas storage capacity of anisotropic sediments.

An accurate method for identifying recent recombinants from unaligned sequences.

MotivationRecombination is a fundamental process in molecular evolution, and the identification of recombinant sequences is thus of major interest. However, current methods for detecting recombinants are primarily designed for aligned sequences. Thus, they struggle with analyses of highly diverse genes, such as the var genes of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which are known to diversify primarily through recombination.ResultsWe introduce an algorithm to detect recent recombinant sequences from a dataset without a full multiple alignment. Our algorithm can handle thousands of gene-length sequences without the need for a reference panel. We demonstrate the accuracy of our algorithm through extensive numerical simulations; in particular, it maintains its effectiveness in the presence of insertions and deletions. We apply our algorithm to a dataset of 17 335 DBLα types in var genes from Ghana, observing that sequences belonging to the same ups group or domain subclass recombine amongst themselves more frequently, and that non-recombinant DBLα types are more conserved than recombinant ones.Availability and implementationSource code is freely available at https://github.com/qianfeng2/detREC_program.Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Special issue on ontologies and standards for intelligent systems: editorial

Abstract Day by day, new intelligent systems and autonomous machines are being developed to help and assist humans in a myriad of activities ranging from smart manufacturing to smart cities. Such new-generation intelligent systems need to work in teams and communicate with humans and other agents/robots to share information and coordinate activities. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand from government agencies and the private sector alike to use Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs), and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for tasks including search and rescue, surveillance, and monitoring. As these intelligent systems have to interact with humans in several scenarios involving multi-agent collaboration, data collection, and decision-making, it is urgent to discuss the technical as well as the ethical aspects in their design and function. Hence, ontology-based models for this Robotics and Automation (R&A) domain have the potential to enable a clear communication among the different intelligent systems and stakeholders, the formulations of standards, and the building of AI-based and robotics systems with full alignment with what stakeholders expect from these intelligent systems, in terms of economical benefits and enhanced human well-being.

Strain engineering of electronic and optical properties of monolayer diboron dinitride

We studied the effect of strain engineering on the electronic, structural, mechanical, and optical properties of orthorhombic diboron dinitride (o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$) through first-principles calculations. The 1.7-eV direct band gap observed in the unstrained o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ can be tuned up to 3 eV or down to 1 eV by applying 12% tensile strain in armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. Ultimate strain values of o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ were found to be comparable with that of graphene. Our calculations revealed that the partial alignment of the band edges with the redox potentials of water in pristine o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ can be tuned into a full alignment under the armchair and biaxial tensile strains. The anisotropic charge carrier mobility found in o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ prolongs the average lifetime of the carrier drift, creating a suitable condition for photoinduced catalytic reactions on its surface. Finally, we found that even in extreme straining regimes, the highly anisotropic optical absorption of o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ with strong absorption in the visible range is preserved. Having strong visible light absorption and prolonged carrier migration time, we propose that strain engineering is an effective route to tune the band gap energy and band alignment of o-${\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ and turn this two-dimensional material into a promising photocatalyst for efficient hydrogen production from water splitting.

The Bardeen–Petterson effect in accreting supermassive black hole binaries: disc breaking and critical obliquity

ABSTRACT The inspiral of supermassive black hole (BH) binaries in a gas-rich environment is driven by the presence of an accretion disc and viscous interactions tend to align the spin of the BHs with the orbital angular momentum of the disc. Recent work introduced a new iterative approach to describe the alignment process and the resulting non-linear evolution of the surrounding warped accretion disc. Their model predicted that BH spins reach either full alignment or a ‘critical obliquity’ where solutions to the warp equations cease to exist. In this paper, we show that this critical region corresponds to the disc breaking phenomenon, where the disc is disrupted into two or more discrete sections. We use 3D hydrodynamical simulations to (i) recover the predictions of the semi-analytic model and (ii) unveil a richer phenomenology where the disc exhibits either unsuccessful, single and multiple breaks. We additionally identify hydrodynamic effects such as spiral arms that are able to stabilize the disc against breaking beyond criticality. Our results show that when disc breaking occurs, the ability of BHs and disc to align is compromised and in some cases even prevented as the binary inspirals.

Effectiveness of knowledge brokering and recommendation dissemination for influencing healthcare resource allocation decisions: A cluster randomised controlled implementation trial.

Implementing evidence into clinical practice is a key focus of healthcare improvements to reduce unwarranted variation. Dissemination of evidence-based recommendations and knowledge brokering have emerged as potential strategies to achieve evidence implementation by influencing resource allocation decisions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of these two research implementation strategies to facilitate evidence-informed healthcare management decisions for the provision of inpatient weekend allied health services. This multicentre, single-blinded (data collection and analysis), three-group parallel cluster randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation was conducted in Australian and New Zealand hospitals between February 2018 and January 2020. Clustering and randomisation took place at the organisation level where weekend allied health staffing decisions were made (e.g., network of hospitals or single hospital). Hospital wards were nested within these decision-making structures. Three conditions were compared over a 12-month period: (1) usual practice waitlist control; (2) dissemination of written evidence-based practice recommendations; and (3) access to a webinar-based knowledge broker in addition to the recommendations. The primary outcome was the alignment of weekend allied health provision with practice recommendations at the cluster and ward levels, addressing the adoption, penetration, and fidelity to the recommendations. The secondary outcome was mean hospital length of stay at the ward level. Outcomes were collected at baseline and 12 months later. A total of 45 clusters (n = 833 wards) were randomised to either control (n = 15), recommendation (n = 16), or knowledge broker (n = 14) conditions. Four (9%) did not provide follow-up data, and no adverse events were recorded. No significant effect was found with either implementation strategy for the primary outcome at the cluster level (recommendation versus control β 18.11 [95% CI -8,721.81 to 8,758.02] p = 0.997; knowledge broker versus control β 1.24 [95% CI -6,992.60 to 6,995.07] p = 1.000; recommendation versus knowledge broker β -9.12 [95% CI -3,878.39 to 3,860.16] p = 0.996) or ward level (recommendation versus control β 0.01 [95% CI 0.74 to 0.75] p = 0.983; knowledge broker versus control β -0.12 [95% CI -0.54 to 0.30] p = 0.581; recommendation versus knowledge broker β -0.19 [-1.04 to 0.65] p = 0.651). There was no significant effect between strategies for the secondary outcome at ward level (recommendation versus control β 2.19 [95% CI -1.36 to 5.74] p = 0.219; knowledge broker versus control β -0.55 [95% CI -1.16 to 0.06] p = 0.075; recommendation versus knowledge broker β -3.75 [95% CI -8.33 to 0.82] p = 0.102). None of the control or knowledge broker clusters transitioned to partial or full alignment with the recommendations. Three (20%) of the clusters who only received the written recommendations transitioned from nonalignment to partial alignment. Limitations include underpowering at the cluster level sample due to the grouping of multiple geographically distinct hospitals to avoid contamination. Owing to a lack of power at the cluster level, this trial was unable to identify a difference between the knowledge broker strategy and dissemination of recommendations compared with usual practice for the promotion of evidence-informed resource allocation to inpatient weekend allied health services. Future research is needed to determine the interactions between different implementation strategies and healthcare contexts when translating evidence into healthcare practice. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000029291.

885 Surgical Removal of Unerupted Ectopic Maxillary Central Incisors - A Case Report

Abstract Introduction Maxillary incisors have a significant role on the facial aesthetics of an individual. Following trauma to the primary dentition, the maxillary incisors are vulnerable to eruption failure and occasionally root dilaceration. These teeth can be challenging to treat. Discussion This case report demonstrates the complex management of a 10-year-old male who presented with severely displaced and unerupted maxillary central incisors, following a history of dental trauma when he was 4 years old. Cone beam computed tomography revealed the upper maxillary central incisors to be lying transversely across the maxillary arch with the crowns directed superiorly and significantly close to the floor of the nose. The incisal edges of both crowns perforated the labial cortex of the maxilla. The roots of the maxillary central incisors were dilacerated with the apices directed superiorly. A multi-disciplinary approach was taken, with involvement from both maxillofacial surgery and orthodontic teams. Maxillofacial surgeons completed the surgical removal of the ectopic maxillary central incisors, rather than the more common approach of surgical exposure and orthodontic repositioning. In this case, full alignment of these teeth would most likely have led to perforation of the labial cortical plate of bone. Conclusions Although surgery was complex and technique sensitive, both teeth were successfully removed under general anaesthesia with no iatrogenic damage. The patient underwent fixed orthodontics to align the maxillary lateral incisors as central incisors. A multidisciplinary approach along with careful surgical planning and effective communication with the patient and his mother helped to achieve a satisfactory outcome.

Is the Way Forward to Step Back? Documenting the Frequency With Which Study Goals Are Misaligned With Study Methods and Interpretations in the Epidemiologic Literature.

In any research study, there is an underlying process that should begin with a clear articulation of the study's goal. The study's goal drives this process; it determines many study features, including the estimand of interest, the analytic approaches that can be used to estimate it, and which coefficients, if any, should be interpreted. Misalignment can occur in this process when analytic approaches and/or interpretations do not match the study's goal; misalignment is potentially more likely to arise when study goals are ambiguously framed. In this study, misalignment in the observational epidemiologic literature was documented and how the framing of study goals contributes to misalignment was explored. The following 2 misalignments were examined: use of an inappropriate variable selection approach for the goal (a "goal-methods" misalignment) and interpretation of coefficients of variables for which causal considerations were not made (e.g., Table 2 Fallacy, a "goal-interpretation" misalignment). A random sample of 100 articles published 2014-2018 in the top 5 general epidemiology journals were reviewed. Most reviewed studies were causal, with either explicitly stated (n=13; 13%) or associational-framed (n=71; 69%) aims. Full alignment of goal-methods-interpretations was infrequent (n=9; 9%), although clearly causal studies (n=5 of 13; 38%) were more often fully aligned than were seemingly causal ones (n=3 of 71; 4%). Goal-methods misalignments were common (n=34 of 103; 33%), but most frequently, methods were insufficiently reported to draw conclusions (n=47; 46%). Goal-interpretations misalignments occurred in 31% (n=32) of the studies and occurred less often when the methods were aligned (n=2; 2%) compared with when the methods were misaligned (n=13; 13%).

Supramolecular Reorientation During Deposition Onto Metal Surfaces of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Langmuir Monolayers Composed of Bifunctional Amphiphilic, Twisted Perylenes.

Supramolecular dye structures, which are often ruled by π-π interactions between planar chromophores, crucially determine the optoelectronic properties of layers and interfaces. Here, we present the interfacial assembly of perylene monoanhydride and monoimide that do not feature a planar chromophore but contain chlorine substituents in the bay positions to yield twisted chromophores and hence modified π-stacking. The assembly of the twisted perylene monoanhydride and monoimide is driven by their amphiphilicity that ensures proper Langmuir layer formation. The shielding of the hydrophilic segment upon attaching an alkyl chain to the imide moiety yielded a more rigid Langmuir layer, even though the degrees of freedom were increased due to this modification. For the characterization of the Langmuir layer's supramolecular structure, the layers were deposited onto glass, silver, and gold substrates via Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) techniques and were investigated with atomic force microscopy and surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). From the similarity between all SERR spectra of the LS and LB layers, we concluded that the perylenes have changed their orientation upon LB deposition to bind to the silver surface of the SERRS substrate via sulfur atoms. In the Langmuir layer, the perylenes, which are π-stacked with half of the twisted chromophores, must already be inclined and cannot achieve full parallel alignment because of the twisting-induced steric hindrance. However, upon rotation, the energetically most favorable antiparallel aligned structures can be formed and bind to the SERRS substrate. Thus, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first fabrication of quasi-two-dimensional films from twisted amphiphilic perylene monoimides and their reassembly during LB deposition. The relation between the molecular structure, supramolecular interfacial assembly, and its adoption during adsorption revealed here is crucial for the fabrication of defined functionalizations of metal surfaces, which is key to the development of organic (opto)electronic devices.

P106. Normalization of pelvic tilt following corrective adult spinal deformity surgery: Analysis of prevalence, timing, and factors determining occurrence

<h3>BACKGROUND CONTEXT</h3> Increasing pelvic tilt (PT) is a primary compensatory mechanism in adult spinal deformity (ASD). By SRS-Schwab criteria, PT >20° is considered pathologic. Some ASD patients improve their PT following ASD correction, while others do not. The driving forces behind this lack of PT-response are not well defined. <h3>PURPOSE</h3> To determine the perioperative characteristics associated with PT normalization after ASD corrective surgery. <h3>STUDY DESIGN/SETTING</h3> Retrospective cohort study. <h3>PATIENT SAMPLE</h3> A total of 176 ASD patients. <h3>OUTCOME MEASURES</h3> Patient profile, radiographic parameters, and surgical factors associated with PT normalization. <h3>METHODS</h3> Operative ASD patients fused to S1/pelvis with full preoperative data as well as preoperative (BL), 6-week (6W), 1-year (1Y), and 2-year (2Y) postop PT measurements were included. PT normalization was assessed at 6W and 2-year follow-up. Univariate analyses were used to compare normalized (PTNorm) and non-normalized (NON) patients in terms of demographics, surgical and radiographic descriptors, postoperative alignment, and clinical outcomes. Multivariate regression and ROC curve assessed periop factors predicting 6W PT normalization. Conditional inference tree (CIT) determined thresholds for the continuous variables identified as independent predictors of PT normalization. <h3>RESULTS</h3> There were 176 ASD patients that met inclusion criteria (62.9±10.2years, 80%F, BMI 26.9±4.9 kg/m2, CCI: 1.88), and underwent surgery (levels fused 12.1±3.9, EBL: 1955mL, op time: 402min). At each time point, mean PT was as follows: BL: 25.7º, 6-week: 19.0º, 1-year: 21.2º, and 2-year: 22.3°. Patients classified as having normal PT by SRS-Schwab criteria (PT<20º): BL: 27.8%(n=49), 6W: 52.3%, 1-year: 47.2%, 2-year: 40.9%. Of the 127 patients with non-normal PT at BL, 50 (39.4%) normalized postoperatively by 6 weeks. Few patients normalized in PT after the 6-week mark: 7 by 1-year and another 2 by 2-year postop for a total of 37 2-year PTNorm patients. Sixteen patients with non-normal PT at BL normalized by 6W, but reverted at 2-year. Both 6 weeks and 2 years PTNorm patients had higher levels fused than NON patients (both p<0.05). 6W PTNorm patients were more likely to undergo combined approach(p=0.005). Two-year PTNorm patients were more likely to have undergone VCR(p=0.011). Normalized and non-normalized patients did not differ in BL SRS-Schwab PI-LL and SVA or in GAP proportionality (all p>0.05). Six weeks PTNorm patients were more likely to be overcorrected in PT, PI-LL, and SVA compared to NON patients at 6 weeks postop (all p<0.05). The same held true for 2-year PTNorm patients and 2-year radiographic alignment. Compared to non-normalized patients, both 6 weeks PTNorm patients and 2-year PTNorm patients had lower rates of implant failure and rod fracture (all p<0.05). 6W PTNorm patients had a lower revision rate(p=0.018). Binary logistic regression with CIT identified independent predictors of PT normalization by 6 weeks: undergoing combined approach, UIV at or above T8, levels fused >10, invasiveness score >109, baseline cSVA<41.5°, 6 weeks PI-LL diff ≥21.0°, 6 weeks sacral slope diff ≥7.9°, 6 weeks PT diff ≥7.5°; all p<0.05. Validation of a predictive model for 6 weeks normalized vs non-normalized patients including these factors yielded an AUC of 85.2%. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> PT normalization following ASD correction occurred in almost 40% of patients by 6 weeks postop. Normalization is more likely to occur in patients where reconstruction addresses lumbopelvic mismatch, extends above the apex of the thoracic kyphosis, and has adequate surgical invasiveness to achieve full alignment correction. <h3>FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS</h3> This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.

An Update on the Consensus Model for APRN Regulation: More Than a Decade of Progress

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 highlighted the need for an agile healthcare work force that is optimally utilized. The wide variance of state laws related to advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) acted as a barrier to mobility during this time. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education (Consensus Model) was developed in 2008 to provide a uniform model for APRN regulation. If adopted, the Consensus Model would align state laws related to APRNs and would clear the way for an APRN Compact, which would allow APRNs to practice across state borders. Although some states have completely adopted the Consensus Model’s elements in the 13 years since its publication, many have not. Without regulatory uniformity, APRNs cannot efficiently provide care where needed throughout the country or practice to the full extent of their education, leaving some without access to quality care. This update provides a review of the elements of the Consensus Model, identifies progress made toward its full adoption, discusses continued barriers to full alignment with the Consensus Model, and describes the proposed APRN Compact that would result from further adoption of the model. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 highlighted the need for an agile healthcare work force that is optimally utilized. The wide variance of state laws related to advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) acted as a barrier to mobility during this time. The Consensus Model for APRN Regulation, Licensure, Accreditation, Certification, and Education (Consensus Model) was developed in 2008 to provide a uniform model for APRN regulation. If adopted, the Consensus Model would align state laws related to APRNs and would clear the way for an APRN Compact, which would allow APRNs to practice across state borders. Although some states have completely adopted the Consensus Model’s elements in the 13 years since its publication, many have not. Without regulatory uniformity, APRNs cannot efficiently provide care where needed throughout the country or practice to the full extent of their education, leaving some without access to quality care. This update provides a review of the elements of the Consensus Model, identifies progress made toward its full adoption, discusses continued barriers to full alignment with the Consensus Model, and describes the proposed APRN Compact that would result from further adoption of the model. Michelle Buck, MS, APRN, CNS, is a Senior Policy Advisor, Regulation, National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Chicago, Illinois.

Elucidating the Effect of Interfacial Interactions on Crystal Orientations in Thin Films of Polythiophenes

Molecular orientation is crucial for improving the efficiency of organic electronic devices. In many ordered materials, orientation is achieved by directional crystallization on a substrate but usually not in semicrystalline conjugated polymers. Specifically, a full face-on molecular alignment of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on a substrate has not been realized so far. Here, it is found that P3HT crystallized on graphene exhibits a double-layered edge-on and face-on crystal orientation with edge-on crystals formed on the top surface. This finding is interpreted as a result of two competing interfacial interactions of P3HT chains with graphene and vacuum. By modifying the side-chain chemical composition in poly[3-(6-bromohexyl)]thiophene, the influence of the interface to vacuum can be reduced, resulting in full face-on orientation in films with a thickness of up to 26 nm. These results demonstrate that directed crystallization can be used to control the orientation of semicrystalline functional polymers in thin films given that the interaction with both interfaces is taken into account.

Effects of Misalignment of Turbine Wheel Hub with Housing

Alignment of a turbocharger turbine rotor hub with its housing can affect aerodynamic performance of the turbine, and studies may have been done in industry to quantify this effect. However, there is no related publication in open literature and so the effect and the underline mechanism remain trade secrets. A numerical investigation into the effect and the mechanism was carried by current authors using two turbine wheels with identical flow passage but different backdisc configurations: one with a full backdisc and the other a deeply scalloped backdisc. For each configuration, five alignments of the wheel hub with housing were studied, these include a full alignment of the rotor hub and the housing and four misalignments of the two turbine components. Effects of the alignment and turbine operating condition on aerodynamic performance of the turbines were studied. The flow field of the turbines was interrogated, and the underline mechanism that produced the performance changes was investigated. The study yields some interesting results: For the full backdisc configuration, the exposure of the backdisc and the wheel recess from housing both decrease turbine efficiency. It has been found that the exposure of the backdisc in the housing outflow creates a stagnation point at the tip of the backdisc, generating some loss. The stagnation then forces the incoming flow to move away from the hub and toward the shroud side of the wheel, producing further losses within the wheel passage. The high pressure at the tip of the backdisc also reduces the flow entering the backdisc cavity between the wheel and heat shield, thus decreases the loss in the cavity. However, this loss is relatively small compared with the loss in the main flow passage. It has also found that the misalignment has greater negative effects on aerodynamic performance of the turbine with deeply scalloped backdisc, and a stronger leakage flow from the backdisc cavity into rotor passage occurs due to the opening in the backdisc by the scalloping. Turbine operating condition has an effect too: lower U/C condition shows higher impacts of misalignment than higher U/C condition. These results are reported and analysed.

A Legal Right to Clozapine Therapy for Incarcerated Individuals With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.

People with serious mental illnesses increasingly are being treated in jails and prisons, and during incarceration are afforded a constitutional right to medical care. This right pertains to both general medical and mental illnesses and both acute and chronic conditions. However, incarcerated patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) often are not offered clozapine, the only medication for this debilitating illness approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In this column, the authors argue that incarcerated individuals with TRS have a statutory and constitutional right to treatment with clozapine.

Telehealth and Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19-and Beyond.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to limit medical students’ full reintegration into clinical learning environments, thus exacerbating an ongoing challenge in identifying a robust number of clinical educational activities at excellent clinical sites for all students. Because medical students across the United States were removed from direct patient care activities in mid-March 2020 due to COVID-19, medical centers have prioritized and implemented changes to the process of patient care. As some barriers are being lifted in the face of a highly contagious and deadly infection, the use of telehealth (delivery of health services remotely via telephone, video, and secure messaging), although not new, is rapidly expanding into all aspects of patient care. Health care providers have been encouraged to conduct many interactions at a physical distance. Telehealth largely replaced face-to-face visits for nonemergency care in an attempt to slow viral transmission while enabling physicians to continue to deliver patient education, manage acute and chronic illness, and nurture caring doctor–patient relationships. Health care providers, many of whom were initially reluctant to embrace telehealth technology and logistics, are becoming nimbler and more aware of the many positive aspects of telehealth. The authors suggest that integrating medical students into telehealth activities would help maintain and improve patients’ health, extend the capabilities of health care teams and systems during and after the pandemic, and increase medical students’ opportunities for experiential learning and professional identity formation. The authors expand on these 3 goals, suggest several concrete student telehealth activities, propose a curricular strategy, and outline opportunities to overcome key barriers to full alignment of telehealth and undergraduate medical education.

Reconfigurable Mechanical Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Magnetic Superstructures.

Enhancement of mechanical properties in self‐assembled superstructures of magnetic nanoparticles is a new emerging aspect of their remarkable collective behavior. However, how magnetic interactions modulate mechanical properties is, to date, not fully understood. Through a comprehensive Monte Carlo investigation, this study demonstrates how the mechanical properties of self‐assembled magnetic nanocubes can be controlled intrinsically by the nanoparticle magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MA), as well as by the superstructure shape anisotropy, without any need for changes in structural design (i.e., nanoparticle size, shape, and packing arrangement). A low MA‐to‐dipolar energy ratio, as found in iron oxide and permalloy systems, favors isotropic mechanical superstructure stabilization, whereas a high ratio yields magnetically blocked nanoparticle macrospins which can give rise to metastable superferromagnetism, as expected in cobalt ferrite simple cubic supercrystals. Such full parallel alignment of the particle moments is shown to induce mechanical anisotropy, where the superior high‐strength axis can be remotely reconfigured by means of an applied magnetic field. The new concepts developed here pave the way for the experimental realization of smart magneto‐micromechanical systems (based, e.g., on the permanent super‐magnetostriction effect illustrated here) and inspire new design rules for applied functional materials.