Full Adoption Research Articles

Anticipating land-use impacts of self-driving vehicles in the Austin, Texas, region

This paper used an implementation of the land-use model SILO in Austin, Texas, over a 27-year period with an aim to understand the impacts of the full adoption of self-driving vehicles on the region’s residential land use. SILO was integrated with MATSim for the Austin region. Land-use and travel results were generated for a business-as-usual case (BAU) of 0% self-driving or “autonomous” vehicles (AVs) over the model timeframe versus a scenario in which households’ value of travel time savings (VTTS) was reduced by 50% to reflect the travel-burden reductions of no longer having to drive. A third scenario was also compared and examined against BAU to understand the impacts of rising vehicle occupancy (VO) and/or higher roadway capacities due to dynamic ride-sharing (DRS) options in shared AV (SAV) fleets. Results suggested an 8.1% increase in average work-trip times when VTTS fell by 50% and VO remained unaffected (the 100% AV scenario) and a 33.3% increase in the number of households with “extreme work-trips” (over 1 hour, each way) in the final model year (versus BAU of 0% AVs). When VO was raised to 2.0 and VTTS fell instead by 25% (the “Hi-DRS” SAV scenario), average work-trip times increased by 3.5% and the number of households with “extreme work-trips” increased by 16.4% in the final model year (versus BAU of 0% AVs). The model also predicted 5.3% fewer households and 19.1% more available, developable land in the city of Austin in the 100% AV scenario in the final model year relative to the BAU scenario’s final year, with 5.6% more households and 10.2% less developable land outside the city. In addition, the model results predicted 5.6% fewer households and 62.9% more available developable land in the city of Austin in the Hi-DRS SAV scenario in the final model year relative to the BAU scenario’s final year, with 6.2% more households and 9.9% less developable land outside the city.

Adapting to Extreme Heat: Social, Atmospheric, and Infrastructure Impacts of Air-Conditioning in Megacities—The Case of New York City

Abstract Extreme heat events are becoming more frequent and intense. In cities, the urban heat island (UHI) can often intensify extreme heat exposure, presenting a public health challenge across vulnerable populations without access to adaptive measures. Here, we explore the impacts of increasing residential air-conditioning (AC) adoption as one such adaptive measure to extreme heat, with New York City (NYC) as a case study. This study uses AC adoption data from NYC Housing and Vacancy Surveys to study impacts to indoor heat exposure, energy demand, and UHI. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with a multilayer building environment parameterization and building energy model (BEP–BEM), is used to perform this analysis. The BEP–BEM schemes are modified to account for partial AC use and used to analyze current and full AC adoption scenarios. A city-scale case study is performed over the summer months of June–August 2018, which includes three different extreme heat events. Simulation results show good agreement with surface weather stations. We show that increasing AC systems to 100% usage across NYC results in a peak energy demand increase of 20%, while increasing UHI on average by 0.42 °C. Results highlight potential trade-offs in extreme heat adaptation strategies for cities, which may be necessary in the context of increasing extreme heat events.

Association between Electronic Medical Records and Healthcare Quality

The implementation of electronic medical records (EMRs) has generally been thought to improve medical efficiency and safety, but consistent evidence of improved healthcare quality due to EMRs in population-based studies is lacking. We assessed the relationship between the degree of EMR adoption and patient outcomes.We performed an observational study using discharge data from Tri-service General Hospital from 2013 to 2018. The levels of EMR utilization were divided into no EMRs, partial EMRs and full EMRs. The primary healthcare quality indicators were inpatient mortality, readmission within 14 days, and 48-hour postoperative mortality. We performed a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the EMR utilization level and healthcare quality.In total, 262,569 patients were included in this study. Compared with no EMRs, full EMR implementation led to lower inpatient mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.947, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.897–0.999, P = ..049] and a lower risk of readmission within 14 days (adjusted HR 0.627, 95% CI: 0.577–0.681, P < .001). Full EMR implementation was associated was a lower risk of 48-hour postoperative mortality (adjusted HR 0.372, 95% CI: 0.208–0.665, P = .001) than no EMRs. Partial EMR implementation was associated with a higher risk of readmission within 14 days than no EMRs (HR 1.387, 95% CI: 1.298–1.485, P < .001).Full EMR adoption improves healthcare quality in medical institutions treating severely ill patients. A prospective study is needed to confirm this finding.

Microsurgical procedures during COVID-19 pandemic: the VITOM® 3D-HD exoscopic system as alternative to the operating microscope to properly use personal protective equipment (PPE).

PurposeIn the field of microsurgery, the use of conventional operating microscope, adopted in several disciplines, is not suitable with the full adoption of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), as goggles and face shields, needing the eyes to be at close contact with oculars.MethodsHerein we present an exoscopic surgical setup, implemented for transoral laser microsurgery, by the VITOM® 3D-HD system.ResultsOur proposed exoscopic setting overcomes safety limits of the conventional operating microscope, being suitable with the adoption of full PPE necessary facing with suspected or confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 patients needing urgent microsurgical procedures.ConclusionThe use of protocols to reduce the virus spreading is mandatory to safely treat also patients potentially SARS-CoV-2 infected. The described surgical setup is advisable to manage urgent microsurgical procedures along the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, being applicable PPE necessary to treat potentially or confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Operational Risk Capital

We study the response of banks to the introduction of a new capital requirement relating to operational risk. To isolate the effect of this new regulation on realized operational risk losses, we take advantage of the partial US implementation relative to full European adoption. Operational risk losses are reduced in treated banks. The extent of loss reduction depends upon the measurement approach used to calibrate operational risk capital requirements. Banks with low institutional ownership and those without binding regulatory capital constraints also present significant loss reduction. We link these findings to incentives for improved risk management and governance post treatment.

Combat Stress Management and Resilience: Adapting Department of Defense Combat Lessons Learned to Civilian Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Combat Stress Management and Resilience: Adapting Department of Defense Combat Lessons Learned to Civilian Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Updated potential soil carbon sequestration rates on U.S. agricultural land based on the 2019 IPCC guidelines

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently updated the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to reflect the most current research and information available for countries to accurately estimate their reporting data for greenhouse gas emissions. To report on changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), the IPCC method uses fixed factors to estimate how land-use and management changes affect default reference SOC stocks. The 2019 IPCC Guidelines incorporate additional studies and more recent research to modify the default reference SOC stocks and the factors used to estimate the effect of land use and management changes on SOC stocks. The research presented here applies the 2019 IPCC factors to agricultural land in the conterminous U.S. and compares the results to the same research conducted using the 1996 IPCC factors. Baseline SOC stocks were slightly higher estimated with 1996 IPCC factors compared to 2019 factors (17.1 vs 15.2 Tg C yr−1 (million metric tonnes of carbon per year)), but the source was quite different. Applying the 1996 factors resulted in about 52 percent of the SOC stock increase from land-use-change (LUC) and 42 percent from tillage effects while the 2019 factors indicate about two-thirds of the SOC stock increase was from LUC and one-third from tillage effects. Using the 1996 IPCC documentation provided estimates of annual SOC stock increases of 83.2 Tg C yr−1 for twenty years (66 Tg C yr−1 more than the baseline) from set-aside, including winter-cover crops, eliminating fallow, and no-till adoption. Smaller increases from these same activities are estimated when using the 2019 IPCC factors with a total potential increase of 47.3 Tg C yr−1. The SOC stock increases are predominantly in the wetter regions. The two activities that provide the greatest increase in estimated SOC stocks were from the addition of cover crops, which increased SOC by 17.7 Tg C yr−1 using 2019 IPCC factors compared to 22.8 Tg C yr−1 using the 1996 IPCC factors, and full adoption of no-till which increased SOC by 18.4 compared to 30.3 Tg C yr−1 for the same comparison.

Using an Agent-Based Model to Characterize How Communication Strategies Affect Time-to-Adoption of Water Efficiency Campaigns in a Canadian City

ABSTRACT There is often a delay between the time when a water efficiency campaign is introduced and the time of its adoption. Municipalities want to know how long it will take to reach adoption targets to project their water revenues. The aim of this paper was to examine to what extent communication strategies can affect the time-to-adoption of water efficiency campaigns in a Canadian water system. Agent-based modelling was used to characterize the impact of mail-in leaflet and social media communication strategies on the time-to-adoption and water savings of a fixture rebate and water conservation campaign proposed in the City of Kingston, Canada. Results showed that the fixture rebate campaign produced shorter adoption times than the conservation campaign since it allowed households to save water without changing their behaviour. The campaign target of 3500 participating homes resulted in an average water saving of 687,000 L/d at full adoption.

Adoption and ex-post impact of alternative teff production technologies: micro-level evidence from Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Using plot-level data from Ethiopia, this study aims to examine the determinants and impact of alternative teff production technologies on the productivity and profitability of smallholder teff producers. The study employed a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model that accounts for selection bias due to observable and unobservable factors. The authors’ results show that technology adoption has a positive association with education, farm size, extension visits, community meetings and asset ownership. On the contrary, distance to input and output markets have a negative and significant effect on the adoption of alternative teff production technologies. The MESR model results reveal that, while full technology adoption is the most productive and profitable option, adopting any of the alternative technologies also substantially improves the productivity and profitability of smallholder teff producers. The results also suggest that row-planting technology has a positive impact on the productivity and profitability of smallholder teff producers only when it is adopted with improved seed technology.

The transition to IPSAS standards: the extent of adoption and the influence of institutional, contingency and economic network factors

Research Question: the study identifies the reasons behind the country choice between different IPSAS adoption approaches. Motivation: Our motivation is guided by the growing interest in financial reporting for the public sector. In this sense, this study is distinguished from the former articles by increasing the extent of adoption into four categories instead of dividing it into two classes (adopters vs. non-adopters). Besides, this paper differs from previous studies by relying jointly on not only the institutional and the contingency but also the economic network factors to explain countries’ decision to adopt IPSAS. Idea: In this paper, we deal with two objectives. Our first aim is to propose a new measure of the extent of the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). On the other hand, our second aim is to identify the factors influencing the IPSAS adoption decision. Data: Different sources are used: the IFAC’s websites, the ACCA’s website, the big audit firms websites, international banks and countries Ministries of Finance websites. Tools: Fifteen explanatory variables were retained to explain the variation in the extent of IPSAS adoption of 84 countries. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is adopted to summarize the huge quantity of information presented in the explanatory variables. Then, a multinomial logistic regression is used to test our hypotheses. Findings: Our main results show that coercive and mimetic institutional pressures positively affect the adoption of cash-basis IPSAS. Whereas, the good economic governance has a significantly impact on the full accrual-basis IPSAS adoption. The close of economic relationships with international partners pushes countries to adopt modified accrual-basis IPSAS. Contribution: These findings help non-adopting countries that intend to move in the IPSAS direction to predict the form of their future adoption.

The Moderating Impact of the Big-4 on Audit Committee and Earnings Management: During Pre-Post IFRS Adoption in Malaysia

This study investigates the moderating impact of Audit Quality (AQ)on Audit Committee (AC) and Financial Reporting Quality (FRQ) duringpre-post IFRS full adoption. It argues that the AC improves FRQ butsubject to the choice of auditor. The study considers several variables onits measurements related to dependent, independent, moderate, controlvariables which include measures such as discretionary accruals, theyearly number of AC meetings and the dummy variable. AQ is measuredby a firm’s auditor choice of the Big-4 and Non-Big 4 as an indicationfor the demand for high/low quality financial reporting. Using 567 listedfirm-year observations from 2009 to 2015, investigations were deductedhttps//:doi.org/10.36394/jhss/17/1A/1The Moderating Impact of the Big-4 on Audit Committee and Earningsby examining the statistical significance difference during pre-post IFRSfull adoption, using multiple regression analysis and paired sample t-test.The findings show that the Big-4 choice increases the relationship on theAC and FRQ when companies are adopting IFRS. The level of differenceon earnings management practice was not significant. However, the resultshows that IFRS full adoption have limited managerial discretion and thepossibility for Earnings Management for Malaysian companies.

Do good fundamentals generate alpha?

Objective: To verify abnormal risk-adjusted returns in Brazilian stock portfolios formed according to the F-Score that indicates the presence of good fundamentals.&#x0D; Method: The sample has 146 companies per year on average, includes the period of adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from July 2008 to June 2018 and uses equally weighted portfolios formed at the end of June of each year with information from the previous year.&#x0D; Results: The high F-Score portfolio showed greater average returns, lower beta, and a positive and significant alpha that disappeared in the sub-period initiating after the full adoption of IFRS. Significant coefficients for the small capitalization risk premium and egalitarian weighting suggest that large companies do not dominate its performance. High and low F-Score portfolios cannot be characterized as value stocks. The low F-Score portfolio displayed a negative and significant coefficient for the moment factor, suggesting persistence of negative returns.&#x0D; Contributions: Portfolios with high F-Score may have less chance of catastrophic returns. The technique can be employed by less sophisticated investors to build defensive portfolios of companies with good fundamentals.

Modifying the Bass diffusion model to study adoption of radical new foods-The case of edible insects in the Netherlands.

Developing new food products is a complex process. Even if a company performs new product development activities successfully, it is still uncertain if consumers will adopt the product. The Bass diffusion model has often been used to study product adoption. However, existing modifications of the Bass diffusion model do not capture the complexity of consumer food choice and they have limitations in situations where there is no sales data. To avoid these challenges, the system dynamics approach can be employed. This paper aimed at extending the existing system dynamics Bass diffusion model to investigate the dynamic adoption process of insect-based food from a consumer research perspective. We performed a structured review of the literature on edible insects to build the model. The model was used to study adoption of the product amongst consumers in the Netherlands. Simulations revealed that diffusion of a radical innovation, such as an insect-based burger, can proceed for many years before there are observable adopters in the total population, under the currently reported practices in the Netherlands. Expanding awareness of this innovation requires many decades, which can be quickened by developing strategies aimed at increasing word-of-mouth. Nevertheless, the low likelihood to adopt such food remains a challenge towards full adoption, even when the sensory quality of products is improved. To fully explore how to improve the diffusion outcome of edible insects, more knowledge on mechanisms related to positive and negative word-of-mouth, and adoption of insect-based burgers by people who initially reject them, is needed. Our study demonstrated that system dynamics models could have potential in designing new food product strategies in companies, as they facilitate decision-making and uncover knowledge gaps.

Future cities and autonomous vehicles: analysis of the barriers to full adoption

The inevitable upcoming technology of autonomous vehicles (AVs) will affect our cities and several aspects of our lives. The widespread adoption of AVs repose at crossing distinct barriers that prevent their full adoption. This paper presents a critical review of recent debates about AVs and analyse the key barriers to their full adoption. This study has employed a mixed research methodology on a selected database of recently published research works. Thus, the outcomes of this review integrate the barriers into two main categories; (1) User/Government perspectives that include (i) Users' acceptance and behaviour, (ii) Safety, and (iii) Legislation. (2) Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) which include (i) Computer software and hardware, (ii) Communication systems V2X, and (iii) accurate positioning and mapping. Furthermore, a framework of barriers and their relations to AVs system architecture has been suggested to support future research and technology development.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials - A scientometric assessment

The green synthesis of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) has deserved an enormous academic interest and huge financial investments during the last decades. However, this prominent position has not been followed by the rapid commercialization of NMs for real applications thus rendering their practical usefulness very doubtful and the appropriateness of novel investments in the field highly questionable. The present manuscript presents the first scientometric study on the green synthesis of NMs aiming to survey the scientific progress in this particular field and identify its main gaps while providing applicable suggestions to facilitate the knowledge transfer from laboratories to real full scale production and applications. The research on green synthesis of nanomaterials published in Web of Science during the period 1991–2019 is here carefully analyzed. Overall, 9 scientometric indicators are employed to interpret the results retrieved from the 8761 documents collected. It is found that 107 countries and nearly 22,400 authors have contributed to this subject, hence highlighting the relevance of this topic. The keywords spectrum is dominated by the term “nanoparticle” which full adoption takes place at the beginning of the 21st century. Some few years later, a batch of words like “silver nanoparticle”, “gold nanoparticle” and “nanocomposite” reaches a significant impact reflecting the emergence of commercial applications for these nanomaterials. It is only in 2009 that the keyword “green synthesis” gains strength, followed then by “biosynthesis” in 2010, making it evident a trend towards environmentally friendly reagents. The number of publications on green synthesis of nanomaterials displays up to now a sigmoidal like growth pattern, which points actually to a decrease on new arrivals, thus suggesting a possible forthcoming decline in this field. However, the analysis carried out in the present work allows identifying various gaps related to sustainability, which, if appropriately addressed, may contribute to a resurgence of the research on nanomaterials synthesis while fostering more frugal approaches on material synthesis tendencies.

MON-664 Are Hospitals Doing Enough in Caring for Patients with Diabetes?Results of a Landmark Survey: Current State of Inpatient Diabetes Care and Glycemic Management

BACKGROUNDOn average, 1 of every 3 hospitalized patients — the majority with diabetes — requires insulin to control blood glucose during their stay. Although widely prescribed and absolutely necessary, insulin is inherently dangerous: 50% of all medication errors involve insulin, including 1/3 of all fatal medication errors. Results of a nationwide survey indicate that prioritization of glycemic control is lacking, which hinders high reliability and increases risk of morbidity and mortality.METHODSHealthcare professionals who serve in roles involving diabetes care and glycemic management were invited to participate in an online survey. To qualify, an initial question that read: “Where do you work?” had to be answered “hospital or health system with focus on inpatients” (those who answered “physician’s office or clinic with focus on outpatients” were disqualified). There were a total of 619 respondents from 408 U.S. hospitals.KEY RESULTS• The consensus among respondents is that fear of hypoglycemia has a strong influence on the prescribing of insulin (i.e., causes non-prescribing or lack of intensification following hyperglycemia). On a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being ‘very little if any influence’ and 5 being ‘considerable influence,’ the average weighted score was 3.45.• About 70% of respondents are of the opinion glycemic control is ‘extremely important’ or ‘very important’ to nurses and physicians, whereas about 48% believe this to be true of senior clinical executives and 25% believe this to be true of non-clinical senior executives.• Only 24% of respondents maintain their hospital uses primarily basal bolus for subcutaneous insulin therapy. Close to 34% maintain their hospital uses primarily sliding scale and 42% maintain their hospital uses sliding scale and basal bolus equally as often. The top three barriers to full adoption of basal bolus insulin are: (1) inadequate prescriber knowledge about basal-bolus-correction regimens, (2) beliefs that sliding scale is acceptable practice and not harmful, and (3) difficulties coordinating glucose monitoring, insulin administration and meal delivery.• Slightly more than 2/3 of respondents work at a hospital that routinely tracks and reports the rate of hypoglycemia (on a monthly or quarterly basis). Of those, 54% use a threshold of 60 and/or 70 mg/dL exclusively, which encompasses all episodes of hypoglycemia without accounting for severity; only 24% use thresholds of 60 and/or 70 mg/dL as well as thresholds of 40, 50 and/or 54 mg/dL, allowing episodes of greater severity to be isolated for analysis and quality improvement.CONCLUSIONResults of the survey indicate better care, specifically better glycemic control, is needed for hospitalized patients with diabetes. With the shift from volume to value and a stronger focus on quality and safety, this data should be catalyst for making glycemic control a strategic imperative.

Call to Action to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major preventable disease that affects hospitalized inpatients. Risk stratification and prophylactic measures have good evidence supporting their use, but multiple reasons exist that prevent full adoption, compliance, and efficacy that may underlie the persistence of VTE over the past several decades. This policy statement provides a focused review of VTE, risk scoring systems, prophylaxis, and tracking methods. From this summary, 5 major areas of policy guidance are presented that the American Heart Association believes will lead to better implementation, tracking, and prevention of VTE events. They include performing VTE risk assessment and reporting the level of VTE risk in all hospitalized patients, integrating preventable VTE as a benchmark for hospital comparison and pay-for-performance programs, supporting appropriations to improve public awareness of VTE, tracking VTE nationwide with the use of standardized definitions, and developing a centralized data steward for data tracking on VTE risk assessment, prophylaxis, and rates.

Monitoring the accounting profession under the AICPA code of professional conduct: An analysis of state board of accountancy participation

We study state board of accountancy participation in monitoring the conduct of accounting professionals under the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ (AICPA) Code of Professional Conduct (CPC). In doing so, we examine all sanctions imposed by the AICPA under its CPC from 2008 to 2016 to determine the extent to which a state board’s reporting of violations to the AICPA is associated with its full, partial, or non-adoption of the AICPA’s CPC. Our findings suggest that widespread full adoption of the AICPA’s CPC might not result in enhanced state board participation in reporting violations to the AICPA, as might otherwise be expected. Indeed, we find that state boards that partially adopt the AICPA’s CPC report the most violations. We also highlight the variability of state board participation in monitoring the misconduct of accounting professionals and provide suggestions for enhanced monitoring.

Financial Aspects of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review of Recent Literature

Recently, there has been significant interest in understanding the cost-effectiveness of treatments in spine surgery as health care systems in the United States move toward value-based care and alternative payment models. Previous studies have shown comparable outcomes of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) and anterior cervical discectomy fusion; however, there is a lack of consensus on the cost-effectiveness of CDA to support full adoption. Evidence of the limitations of these cost-analysis studies also exists in the literature, including industry funding, potential selection bias, and varying methods of calculating value. The goal of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the cost-effectiveness of CDA compared with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, and potential limitations with cost-analysis studies in spine surgery.

Fair value measurement, value relevance and economic development: adoption evidence of China’s listed firms

ABSTRACT Empirical data reveal that fair value measurement (FVM) is mostly used for the measurement of financial assets and liabilities and slightly used for the measurement of investment property. Both the combined value relevance of book value of equity (BV) and earnings (NI) and the value relevance of BV and NI have increased in the post-FVM adoption period; however, FV adjustments do not have incremental explanatory power. The level of economic development and a firm’s characteristics and size significantly affect FVM adoption and its value relevance. The findings imply that the full adoption of FVM in countries with immature market mechanisms remains immature.