Full Admission Research Articles

Women in a Men's House the Women M.P.s, 1919–1945

‘Anybody who has bred horses will tell you’, the anti-feminist M.P. Major Falle informed M.P.s in 1923, when opposing women's full admission to Cambridge University, ‘that it is folly in the extreme to put colts and fillies together’. More subtle was the argument of Lord Hugh Cecil; concerned with what we now call the ‘chemistry’ of human relationships, he claimed that only a single-sex environment produces the ‘nervous intensity’ that launches major intellectual achievement and significant shifts in national opinion. Anti-feminist faith in segregation applied also to politics. Before 1918, parliament was what social anthropologists would now call a ‘men's house’ as with the kindred London clubs and colleges in Oxford and Cambridge, women's admission to it was slow and reluctant. If women wanted to participate in public life, it was argued, they should form clubs or parliaments of their own. Unlike some anti-feminists, Cecil's desire for segregation did not lead him to oppose votes for women because he saw the elector as simply an individual in a polling-booth, but he shared the anti-feminists' idea that the M.P. ‘resembles the limb of a body’, and so should be recruited solely from men. Nobody listened; within months of getting the vote, women (even unenfranchised women between 21 and 30) became eligible for parliament, and mixed universities eventually became the norm.

Chaim Weizmann and the Elusive Manchester Professorship

In February 1912 Arthur Hantke, a member of the Engeres Aktions- Comite (EAC or SAC), asked Chaim Weizmann to undertake a propaganda tour in the United States.1 Weizmann refused, but did agree to a shorter tour to European cities during the university semester break in March. In explaining his reasons for traveling only to Berlin, Vienna, Prague, and Heidelberg,2 Weizmann revealed some of his plans for the future:As you know, I want to go to Palestine in 3–4 years. But I want to go to Palestine not when I have nothing to lose here, but on the contrary after having achieved everything here. This “everything” consists of two things: a full professorship and admission to the Royal Society. The former has been achieved except for the official announcement, which will presumably come during the summer term [sic]. The second is somewhat more difficult for a Russian Jew. However, the matter has got to the point where my candidature has been established. How long the candidature will “stand” depends on the scope and character of my scientific work, for in my case this is the only decisive criterion. I must therefore strain every nerve to work and publish a great deal, for admission to the Royal Society will open all doors for me here. I shall then be worth ten times as much to you….

A Study on a Radial Exhaust Turbine Driven by Pulsating Flow : 1st Report, In Case of Full Admission

A Study on a Radial Exhaust Turbine Driven by Pulsating Flow : 1st Report, In Case of Full Admission

Calculated Design Data for the Multiple-Disk Turbine Using Incompressible Fluid

Earlier analyses of the laminar radially inward throughflow of Newtonian incompressible fluid between parallel corotating disks have been used to calculate the performance of multiple-disk turbines using such flow passages as the rotor. Such turbines are characterized by certain dimensionless parameters and a large number of computerized calculations has enabled preparation of turbine performance maps for turbines idealized as having no losses external to the rotor (except for assumed zero pressure recovery in the turbine exhaust). These maps show the quantitative dependence of turbine efficiency, total pressure and delivered power on the turbine geometry and speed, the turbine nozzle direction and pressure drop, and on the fluid properties; full admission around the periphery of the rotor is assumed. Conventional loss information for the nozzles, and conventional bearing, seal and “disk friction” loss information, must be applied in the design process to provide prediction of actual turbine performance and comparison with conventional turbines.

Flow Regime Definition for Flow Between Corotating Disks

Experimental data and results are presented for the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, with full admission, between closely spaced corotating disks, and for both radially inward and radially outward throughflows. The data consist of the measured radial pressure distribution together with flow visualization by means of injected dye, over a very wide range of parameters descriptive of the flows. From the data, the combinations of the parameters corresponding with laminar and with turbulent flow are determined; that is, the data are sufficient to define the flow regimes. Furthermore, for laminar flow, both the pressure distribution data and the flow visualization data confirm the adequacy of earlier analytical results for use in the design of practical devices incorporating these flows, such as multiple disk pumps and turbines.

Masturbational madness: an historical annotation.

The original admission register of the Royal Park Receiving House was recently brought to the attention of the author. A review of the first full year's admissions (1907–08) revealed two cases of masturbational insanity and one of nymphomania. This remarkable discovery prompted a search of the authoritative literature of the time to discern then current views on aetiology with particular reference to the evils of onanism and the multicausality of G.P.I. The fruits of that investigation are presented.

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Between Corotating Disks

Experimental results are presented for the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, with full admission, between closely spaced corotating disks. The radial pressure distribution is shown to coincide very closely with analytical results for laminar flow earlier presented by other investigators, over a wide range of the parameters pertinent to the flow description. A referenced analytical model for laminar flow between corotating disks is thus given credence. The experimental arrangement and procedure are described and a supporting uncertainty analysis is presented.

Performance of Inward Radial Flow Turbines under Unsteady Flow Conditions with Full and Partial Admission

The paper describes the most recent work to be completed in the unsteady flow investigation on radial flow turbines, earlier unsteady flow work for single entry casings having been reported in (1)†and (2), and steady flow work for very high pressure ratios and multiple admission in (3). The present paper combines these analyses to give a coherent treatment of single and multiple admission.

Turbine Blade Vibration Due to Nozzle Wakes

Turbine blade vibrations due to resonance with the nozzle passing frequency have been measured and discussed with primary emphasis on the relationships between the resonant stresses and the stage flow parameters. Vibratory stresses were measured in a full admission, single-stage, impulse steam turbine test facility. The blading was shrouded into 6-blade groups, designed to bring the out-of-phase tangential modes into resonance. Some comparisons are made between measured and predicted frequencies and mode shapes. The variation of stresses, with such parameters as stage torque, velocity ratio, and mass flow, was studied by testing at eleven different operating conditions. It was found that stresses increased with torque, but less than proportionately so. It was found that stresses varied with velocity ratio in a complicated fashion, reaching a maximum and then a minimum as velocity ratio is increased. These empirical results are interpreted qualitatively in the light of available theory. It is concluded that the apparent dependence on velocity ratio may also reflect a dependence on Mach number and a dependence on the number of wakes in simultaneous engagement with a given blade. The same rotor blading was tested with two sets of nozzle (stator) blades of different sizes, and some data were also obtained at various values of axial spacing between rotating and stationary blades. The interrelationship between the effects of relative sizes and spacing between the two blade rows is discussed.

Some tests on partial admission turbine cascades

The cascade tests described in this paper were performed to investigate the nature of flow in the rotor blade channels of axial flow turbines with partial admission. Three cascades of different pitch-chord ratios were tested for this purpose. The variation of the tangential force on the cascade for various positions was measured and compared with Stenning's analysis; the agreement between this analysis and the test points is good. The tests show that the tangential force on the cascade increases with the Reynolds number within the range ( 0·82 × 10 5 to 1·38 × 10 5 ) covered by the experiments. Direction and velocity profiles obtained behind the cascade at both ends of the sector showed the difference between the flows in the turbine blade cascades with full and partial admissions. Pressure distribution around the blades at both ends of the admission sector showed a marked departure from the normal full admission pattern. Measurement of the static pressure in the clearance space between the cascade and the inlet duct at the ends of the admission sector indicated the presence of “suction” which varied with the position of the cascade relative to the admission sector.

Performance of Inward Radial Flow Turbines under Steady Flow Conditions with Special Reference to High Pressure Ratios and Partial Admission

The paper describes an extension of an earlier and very successful one-dimensional analysis by one of the authors (reference (1)) for design and off-design performance evaluation of inward radial flow turbines to include four cases not covered by the earlier analysis: high overall pressure ratios leading to either nozzle or rotor choking; partial admission; variable nozzle angle; allowance for nozzle and rotor loss coefficients (references (2) and (3)). Each of these extensions of the original theory has been programmed in FORTRAN. The full admission results are compared with performance measurements obtained on a C.A.V. type 01 turbine in conjunction with a specially designed high-speed dynamometer for pressure ratios up to 1.6, the analysis being extended to a maximum value of 4.0. The partial admission results are compared with experimental results reported in reference (4). The variable nozzle angle results are given as an example of the flexibility of the method. Finally, the loss coefficient treatment of Benson (reference (2)) which was based on reference (1) in conjunction with experimental results reported in reference (5), is applied to the full admission tests of the present paper. The object of the paper is to give a comprehensive account of the power of the one-dimensional treatment as a design tool, with the inference that two-and three-dimensional treatments (references (6)-(9)) are basically more suitable for detailed flow analysis rather than basic design.

Closure to “Discussion of ‘Laminar Inward Flow of an Incompressible Fluid Between Rotating Disks, With Full Peripheral Admission’” (1969, ASME J. Appl. Mech., 36, pp. 375–376)

Closure to “Discussion of ‘Laminar Inward Flow of an Incompressible Fluid Between Rotating Disks, With Full Peripheral Admission’” (1969, ASME J. Appl. Mech., 36, pp. 375–376)

Axial Turbine Performance Evaluation. Part A—Loss-Geometry Relationships

Generalized loss correlations for full and partial admission turbines have been derived and critically compared with recently published data. Effects included are Reynolds number, blade angles, blade height, blade number, blade trailing edge thickness, tip clearance, and reaction. These generalized loss relationships are for use in optimization of turbines over a wide range of possible operating conditions.

Axial Turbine Performance Evaluation. Part B—Optimization With and Without Constraints

The maximum obtainable efficiency and associated geometry have been calculated based on the use of generalized loss correlations from Part A and are presented for full and partial admission turbines over a wide range of specific speeds. The calculated effects of varying values of Reynolds number, tip clearance, and trailing edge thickness on turbine performance are presented. Because of the anticipated difficulty in fabricating some of the optimum geometries calculated, the effects of using nonoptimum values of geometric parameters on attainable efficiency have also been investigated. The derating factor for machine Reynolds number is shown to be a strong function of specific speed, varying from 0.96 at a specific speed of 100, to 0.6 at a specific speed of 3, when Reynolds number is 105 compared to a reference value of 106. The derating factor for tip clearance is shown to be similar to what would be expected if the clearance area were considered as a leakage area. The use of blade heights, blade numbers, rotor exit angles, and degrees of reaction varying from the optimum by 25 percent produce maximum derating factors of 0.99, 0.98, 0.985, and 0.97, respectively, when compared to full optimum values.

An Investigation of Steady and Unsteady Flow through a Napier Turboblower Turbine under Conditions of Full and Partial Admission

The paper presents the results of tests on an axial-flow turbine and describes how they are obtained, in steady and unsteady flow. An analysis of turbine-test results obtained under the unsteady operating conditions is then given. It is shown that over a limited range of cyclic operation the mass flow and power output may be predicted by assuming that the turbine operates instantaneously as it would under steady-flow conditions (at the same expansion ratio and the same non-dimensional rotational speed) and integrating over the engine cycle. At high pressure ratios, pulse frequencies and rotational speeds, this ‘quasi-steady’ analysis gives a slight overestimate of mass flow and power output but the error in turbine efficiency is very small.

Paper 23: An Experimental Investigation of Non-Steady Flow in a Radial Gas Turbine

Comprehensive steady and non-steady flow tests on a small radial turbine turbo-charger are given. Steady flow tests included both full admission and partial admission over the whole speed and pressure range from zero flow to maximum flow. Non-steady flow tests were carried out over a pulse frequency range from 30 to 70 pulses/s and turbine speeds from 30 000 to 60 000 rev/min with the turbine coupled to the exhaust system of a six-cylinder pulse generator under partial admission conditions. Extensive transient pressure and temperature measurements were taken upstream and downstream (pressure only) of the turbine. The total mass flow and power were also measured. A quasi-steady flow analysis was carried out using the steady flow test data. The tests results showed that for a six-cylinder exhaust pipe configuration, with two exhaust pipes entering separate nozzle segments in the radial turbine, the quasi-steady flow analysis using partial admission data grossly underestimated the mass flow and power output of the turbine. Using full admission data the ratio of measurement mass flow and horsepower to the calculated mass flow and horsepower was nearly always greater than unity. Furthermore, the average turbine efficiency was greater under non-steady flow than under steady flow. The magnitude of the recorded effects was dependent on the pulse frequency and turbine speed.

On Some Animal Names in Italic

Heretofore, in etymological investigations, in the Indo-European field at least, several processes have been overworked, being used to explain quite too many instances of irregularity. These include the following: (1) ablaut variation within the permissible grades, but without any indication of the reason for the variation; (2) cognation with words found in remote branches of the Indo-European family, but without any near congeners; (3) special phonetic laws, set up to explain some two or three examples, and so narrowly defined that they can apply to very few examples. The necessity of such dubious procedure can be very largely removed, if the etymologist will realize that many words in the various Indo-European dialects were secured by borrowing from non-Indo-European neighbors,' many of them no longer traceable, and that many other peculiarities of the vowels and consonants are due to the manifestations of analogy, especially in the particular form which is known as wordcontamination, the influence of one word upon another. For while word-contamination has been operated with for many years, the wide extent of its application has been realized by but few etymologists. True, H. Giintert has devoted an entire volume to it in Indo-Iranian and Greek,2 and 0. Jespersen emphasizes its value in English studies;3 but these and similar results may be yet a long while in gaining a full admission to the etymological handbooks.4 For this reason I wish to discuss here the apparent irregularities in the Latin names for certain animals, in which word-contamination is the most important factor contributing to the true interpretation-though not the sole one.