Fulani Tribes Research Articles

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NONO (LOCALLY FERMENTED MILK) SOLD AT BAYERO UNIVERSITY, KANO

Nono is an African fermented beverage commonly prepared by the Fulani cattle herdsmen, sold by their maids and consumed particularly by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria. This study was carried out to assess the physiochemical and microbiological quality of Nono on sale at Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The chemical parameters (total solids (TS), Ash, moisture, solids-not-fat (SNF), fat, crude protein, and pH) were determined using Standard procedures. The microbiological analyses carried out were based on the enumeration of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform count as well as detection of some pathogens using the methods of International Dairy Federation. The results obtained did not reveal significant differences among the three campuses of the university. However, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) recorded highest TS (56.00%) followed by New campus (41.67%). The New campus had the highest CP (86.96%), followed by Old campus, AKTH recorded highest SNF (53.13%) followed by New campus (38.70%), Old campus recorded highest Fat content (3.43%) followed by AKTH (2.83%), old campus recorded highest pH (6.97) followed by New Campus (6.27) and AKTH recorded highest Ash content (0.47%) followed by New campus (0.29%). The results of microbiological quality assessment did not reveal the presence of coliforms as well as the pathogens considered. From the findings of this study, it is concluded that Nono put on sale in the study area was not safe for public consumption and can be a source of milk-borne infections since some of the chemical and microbiological qualities evaluated were not within the recommended and acceptable standards. Further research should be carried out to confirm if the Nono sold at the campuses are truly from milk source or non-milk substances.

At Least Three of Every Six Boys Involved in the Almajiri System of Northern Nigeria Die in the Child Begging Culture

Background: Children involved in the Almajiri system of training are boys, exposed to harsh conditions and subjected to begging to fend for themselves, leaving them susceptible to violence, hunger, starvation, infections, child predators, and being used as elements of violence. This decreases their chances of surviving till adulthood as a lot die even before they reach age 16. Objectives: The main objective of this research, which was carried out in 2018, was to quantitatively determine the survival rate of the children who were enrolled in the Almajiri program and evaluate the extent of its negative impact on the child survival rate in Nigeria. Methodology: The research design was a cross-sectional study of a population selected through a combined two separate purposive sampling method, which involves door-to-door primary data collection through a questionnaire. 137 villages across 2 Northern states of Nigeria, which are major areas of the sources of boys born into the Almajiri system, were selected for this research and the two northern states were Kaduna and Kano states. Participants were mothers of one boy at least and of the Hausa or Fulani tribes ranging from 18 to 64 years of age. Working-class mothers of the same description in the capital city of Kano state of Northern Nigeria were also randomly selected. Result: A total number of 16,857 mothers were interviewed, out of which 8422 were desired mothers (50%). From these desired mothers came about 102,349 children (12 children/mother), out of which 26011 died before they were 5 years old (25%). The boys who finally survived and enrolled in the Almajiri system of training were 25,892 (25% of all live births). Out of these surviving boys, 12,975 died (50%); 8639 were lost and their whereabouts not known (33%); 4278 survived and are still alive (16.5%). Conclusion: This has led to the conclusion that for every 6 boys sent away to engage in the Almajiri system of seeking knowledge in Northern Nigeria, 3 die, 1 stays alive and the other 2 are lost, their whereabouts not known. This is at least 50% of the child mortality of boys born into the Almajiri system of Northern Nigeria.

Improving the timeliness and completeness of childhood vaccination through color-coded bracelets: a pilot study among Fulani tribe populations in Nigeria.

Childhood immunization remains one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Globally, millions of children are not being reached with safe and effective vaccines and Nigeria has the highest number of unprotected children. The effects of locally adapted interventions on vaccination timeliness and completeness were studied amongst Fulani populations across 6 health facilities in 2 districts of Bauchi State, Nigeria. The intervention group consisted of newborns who received 5-color-coded bracelets representing different immunization contacts, while the control group had no bracelets. Vaccination rates across contacts were followed for 11 months. In addition, mothers of children in the intervention group were voluntarily recruited as peer-to-peer mobilizers (PPM). In this study, 435 children were studied. Vaccination completeness was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group at all contacts during follow-up. The difference was most noticeable at the fifth contact, with 158/256 (62%) children in the intervention group completing, compared to 73/179 (41%) in the control group (P<0.0001). Vaccination timeliness was better in the intervention group compared to the control one, which reached statistical significance at the second and third vaccination contacts (P<0.05). 68% of women volunteered as PPM and recruited 82 additional children for vaccination. This study demonstrated the feasibility of a composite intervention (bracelets and PPM) to increase the completeness and timeliness of childhood immunization and provided preliminary evidence for its efficacy among Fulani populations in Nigeria. Findings from this pilot study should be confirmed through a larger cluster randomized controlled trial.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG WOMEN IN NIGERIA USING STRUCTURED GEO-ADDITIVE REGRESSION MODELS: ANALYSIS OF 2018 NIGERIA DEMOGRAPHIC HEALTH SURVEY

Overweight and obesity which are known to pose serious health problems are becoming increasingly prevalent in Nigeria which is a sub-Saharan African country. This study utilized the 2018 Nigeria Demographic Health Survey to examine demographic and socio-economic risk factors of overweight and obesity among Nigerian women aged 15-49 years. Exploratory analysis was used to provide basic description of the data while a semiparametric structured additive models was used to describe the relationship between the presumed factors and overweight and obesity status while also accounting for spatial effects at state level. The national prevalence of overweight and obesity among Nigerian women was found to be 27.4%. Increased risk of overweight and obesity among Nigerian women was found to be strongly associated with being older, high educational level, being rich, living in an urban area, having many children, being pregnant, and residing in southern part of Nigeria. In respect to ethnicity and religion, the Fulani tribe and Islamic religion were associated with lower prevalence of overweight and obesity. Overweight and obesity were found to be significantly more prevalent in the Southern parts compared to the Northern parts of Nigeria. The highest and lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity were observed in Anambra and Yobe states respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among Muslim women compared to Christian women since most Northern women are Muslims and most Southern women are Christians. Random (unstructured) spatial effects were significant indicating that overweigh/obesity was influenced by unobserved state specific factors

Female Sexual Dysfunction before and after Diagnosis of Infertility

This study determined the prevalence, domain, and predictors of sexual dysfunction among 222 infertile women before and after Diagnosis of infertility in Ife East Senatorial district, Nigeria. They were interviewed using interviewer-administered questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index assessment tool. Information about their sexual functions after marriage and before the couple started having difficulty in getting pregnant were obtained and compared with sexual functions after Diagnosis of infertility. Data management was done using SPSS Version22 and STATA 12. The Chi-square test was used to test associations. P-value of was set &lt;0.05. Before infertility diagnosis, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 23.9%. After infertility diagnosis, this increased to 57.2%, P&lt;0.001. The mean scores of female sexual function index for infertile patients were 29.57 ±5.10 before the infertility diagnosis but reduced to 24.42 ± 5.86 after infertility diagnosis P &lt;0.001. The domain scores reduced after Diagnosis of infertility, and it shows statistical significance at P&lt;0.001. Significant predictors at multivariate analysis include increasing maternal age, increasing duration of infertility, Hausa /Fulani tribe, and female genital mutilation. Infertility increases the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and reduces the domain scores of sexual functions.

In vivo antimalarial activity of a probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus sakei isolated from traditionally fermented milk in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA

Milk production, processing and consumption are integral part of traditional practices in Fulani tribe of Cameroon. It has been observed that Fulani are resistant to malaria. Dairy products traditionally processed by Fulani are intensively used in the ritual treatment of malarial, inflammations and behavioural disorders. Many studies have demonstrated that fermented milk is a rich source of probiotic bacteria. However, the antimalarial activity of probiotics isolated from this natural source has not been experimentally tested. Hence, this study was therefore aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity of a probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus sakei isolated from traditionally fermented milk in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The probiotic bacterium was isolated from the Cameroonian Mborro Fulani's traditionally fermented milk and identified using the 16S r RNA gene sequencing. The schizontocidal activity of Lactobacillus sakei on established malaria infection was evaluated. Eighty-four healthy young adult Balb/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei parasite were randomly divided into two sets of seven group of six mice each, and were given three different doses of Lactobacillus sakei, chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine for seven and fourteen days respectively. The level of parasitaemia, body temperature, survival time and haematological parameters were evaluated. The parasite growth inhibition was observed to increase with increasing dose of probiotic bacterium with maximum suppression being 100% at dose 3 on day 20. Also, the probiotic bacterium significantly prevented body weight loss and was associated with body temperature reduction and prevented (p<0.05) a decrease in haematological parameters compared to that untreated malaria infected mice. The results obtained suggest that Lactobacillus sakei is a probiotic bacterium with antimalarial activity in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei.

Acute and subchronic toxicity profiles of Melastomastrum capitatum (Vahl) Fern. (Melastomataceae) root aqueous extract in Swiss albino mice

Melastomastrum capitatum is a plant whose leaf extract is popularly known for its ability to cure cancer of the ovary in Mambila plateau towns in Nigeria. Apart from the leaves, the root extract has been used to manage various diseases such as bacterial infections, pains, and diabetes. As a result of these health benefits, liver and vital organ damage are often associated with short (acute) or long (subchronic) intake of this plant decoction in traditional medicines. This present study was carried out to determine short and long (subchronic) terms effect of the root aqueous extract for the treatment of diseases especially diabetes by the Fulani tribe in Mambila plateau in Taraba State, Nigeria. Acute and subchronic toxicity studies were carried out following the guidelines stipulated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In the acute toxicity study, a limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of aqueous root extract was administered by oral route into five Swiss albino mice consisting of five groups of one mouse per group. Observations were carefully made for signs of toxicity for the first 4 hours and then once daily for 2 weeks. A lower dose of 300 mg/kg b.w administered to the mice do not show any sign of acute toxicity unlike the higher dose which produced signs such a reddish eyes, itching and restlessness which last only a few minutes of extract administration. Subchronic toxicity study revealed that root extract of the plant is slightly toxic as had shown by results of most of blood parameters investigated such as WBC, PCV, ALT, AST, ALP, serum electrolytes, etc. However, our results showed that root aqueous extract of M. capitatum is well tolerated at the doses investigated as there was no major damage to vital organs like the liver, kidney and heart of the animals. The study therefore showed that the root extract of the plant is safe for use as an ethnomedicinal prescription for diseases in traditional medicine.

Preliminary phytochemical and antimicrobial activity screening of crude extracts of bird lime (&lt;i&gt;Tapinanthus globiferus&lt;/i&gt;)

Several species of the genus Tapinanthus have folkloric use by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of the Northern Nigeria as a remedy for numerous human and animal ailments including stomach ache, diarrhea, dysentery, wounds and swellings. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the stem bark of Tapinanthus globiferus , was carried out using standard method. The result of the phytochemical screening of crude ethylacetate, n-hexane extract revealed the presence of carbohydrate, flavonoids steroids and terpenes. The antimicrobial screening against Candida krusei , methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Campylobacter jejuni , Streptococcus pyogenes , vancomycin resistant enterococci, Helicobacter pylori , Escherichia coli , Shigella dysenteriae , Staphylococcus aureus and Candida tropicalis was done using agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition of growth of microorganisms ranged from 22-28mm for the ethylacetate extract, and 18-21mm for the n-hexane extract and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was found to be between 0.63mg/ml and 20mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration were found to be between 0.63mg/ml and 20mg/ml. This research has establish a baseline information on the efficacy of the crude extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus . Keywords: Tapinanthus globiferus , alkaloids, flavonoids, antimicrobial screening, mistletoe

Social and Economic Effects of the Menace of Fulani Herdsmen Crises in Nigeria

Abstract This study investigated the social and economic effects of the menace of Fulani herdsmen crises in Nigeria. The study specifically examined the causes of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria, and the social and economic effects of the menace of Fulani herdsmen in Nigeria. The sample of the study consisted of 250 farmers and 150 respondents from Fulani tribe selected from affected Local Government areas in Southwest, Nigeria via purposive sampling technique. A questionnaire titled Economic and Social Effects of Herdsmen Clashes Questionnaire (ESEHCQ) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of t-test were used to analyze the data generated from respondents. The findings revealed that the major cause of the conflict was destruction of crops. The social effect of the menace of Fulani herdsmen are loss of human life, sexual harassment of human life, acquiring of weapons/arms, reduction in quality of social relationship, reduction of social support and high cases of rape while the economic effect of the menace of Fulani herdsmen are reduction in output and income of farmers/nomads, loss of produce in storage, displacement of farmers, scarcity of agricultural products, loss of house and properties and infrastructural damages. The findings also revealed that farmers and Fulani perception of the causes of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria are not different while farmers and Fulani perception of the social effects and economic effects of Fulani herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria are different. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that representatives of the host communities and Fulani herdsmen should be conveyed under a public forum and involved in the decision making and permitted to take part actively in the planning procedure of restoring peace to most of the affected communities.

Awareness and mitigation measures on highly pathogenic avian influenza in pastoral poultry flocks of North‐central Nigeria: any challenging gap?

Village poultry closely interact with wild birds and other livestock in extensively managed poultry flocks, a practice common in pastoral communities of Nigeria. This practice provides sustained dissemination of avian viruses, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. The objectives of this study were to assess their knowledge/awareness, risks identification and biosecurity measures on HPAI H5N1 in pastoral poultry flocks. A questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted in systematically selected pastoral households of North‐central Nigeria between May 2015 and June 2016. A total of 422 pastoralists participated in the study. Mean age of the respondents was 54.7 ± 11.4 SD years and 36.0% of them were in age group 50–59 years. The majority (81.3%) of respondents were of the Fulani tribe. Also, 64.9% of the respondents had no formal education and only 6.9% had tertiary education. About 30.8% of the nomadic and 81.0% of sedentary pastoralists significantly mentioned avian influenza to be a zoonotic disease. Very few nomadic (10.9%) and sedentary (26.1%) pastoralists significantly reported restriction of birds’ movement to nearby water bodies as biosecurity measure. Only 7.6% of the nomadic and 16.1% of sedentary pastoralists practiced keeping of birds according to species. Sedentary pastoralists were more likely to have significant knowledge about HPAI H5N1 than the nomadic (OR: 1.76; 94% CI: 1.19–2.61). Female pastoralists were more likely to practice significant biosecurity measures against HPAI H5N1 than the males (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.28–3.09). The majority of pastoralists neither possessed adequate knowledge about avian influenza nor applied adequate biosecurity measures against it, which are the most challenging gaps. Education of pastoralists on HPAI virus infection, specifically on information about clinical signs of avian influenza in birds, transmission dynamics among different species of birds, flyways of migrating wild birds and adequate mitigation measures are recommended.

Perceptions of Hausa and Fulani Tribes on Traditional Birth Attendants in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Perceptions of Hausa and Fulani Tribes on Traditional Birth Attendants in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Plasmodium falciparum malaria: association of sickle cell trait in the reduction of parasite density in symptomatic Fulani tribe living in sympatry in Mali, West Africa

Background: Mutation of the b-chain of the globin gene due to a single base pair mutation A→T in the genome sequence has been associated with protection from severe malaria outcome. Differences in malaria susceptibility have been accorded to asymptomatic Fulani and other sympatric ethnic groups in Burkina Faso and Mali with Fulani being less parasitized, infected and more responsive to Plasmodium falciparum antigens. Methods & Materials: In this study, we have examined symptomatic individuals of different ethnicity (123 Fulani and 254 Dogon) in Mali, genotyped for haemoglobin S and also assessed their antibody levels to crude asexual blood-stage antigen. Results: We found that Fulani individuals with HbAA had a statistically significantly higher parasite density when compared with their HbAS counterparts [OR 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6-2.3, P < 0.001)]. The results also showed that parasite density in Dogon tribe were statistically higher than that of the Fulani tribe, irrespective of their haemoglobin status. We also found a significantly inverse correlation with parasite density and age of HbAS Fulani individuals (R2 = 0.549, P = 0.0018). No correlation between anti-malarial antibodies and haemoglobin AA or AS was observed. Conclusion: Sickle cell trait could be another contributing factor to the immuno-genetic differences observed in Fulani living in sympatry with other ethnic groups in West Africa.

An ethnobotanical survey of antidiabetic plants used by Hausa–Fulani tribes in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria

Sokoto is known for its diverse traditional medicinal wealth and international market of traditional medicines in Africa. However, information of the folk knowledge, especially for the treatment of diabetes, is not documented. This survey identified and documented the information on traditional medicinal plants used by Hausa-Fulani community of Sokoto for the treatment of diabetes. Demographic data and information about the medicinal plants were collected via administration of semi-structured oral questionnaires. Willing herbal medical practitioners/traditional healers were interviewed. The medicinal plants mentioned by herbalists were collected and authenticated by a taxonomist and the voucher specimens were preserved. Fifty one informants across the state divulged information on traditional medicinal plants and practices used in diabetes and revealed 54 species, belonging to 33 families, with Cassia sieberiana being cited the most (19 times) and ranked first (39%). Azadirachta indica, Ficus exasperata and Schwenckia americana ranked second (15%), each cited 8 times. The survey documented the rich wealth of knowledge and usage of plants for the treatment of diabetes in Sokoto. The paper will not only serve as a source of information but will also help to make the knowledge accessible for further drug screening and development, and at the same time underlines the need for biodiversity conservation of this traditional wealth.

Fc gamma Receptor IIa‐H131R Polymorphism and Malaria Susceptibility in Sympatric Ethnic Groups, Fulani and Dogon of Mali

It has been previously shown that there are some interethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria between two sympatric ethnic groups of Mali, the Fulani and the Dogon. The lower susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria seen in the Fulani has not been fully explained by genetic polymorphisms previously known to be associated with malaria resistance, including haemoglobin S (HbS), haemoglobin C (HbC), alpha-thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Given the observed differences in the distribution of FcγRIIa allotypes among different ethnic groups and with malaria susceptibility that have been reported, we analysed the rs1801274-R131H polymorphism in the FcγRIIa gene in a study of Dogon and Fulani in Mali (n = 939). We confirm that the Fulani have less parasite densities, less parasite prevalence, more spleen enlargement and higher levels of total IgG antibodies (anti-CSP, anti-AMA1, anti-MSP1 and anti-MSP2) and more total IgE (P < 0.05) compared with the Dogon ethnic group. Furthermore, the Fulani exhibit higher frequencies of the blood group O (56.5%) compared with the Dogon (43.5%) (P < 0.001). With regard to the FcγRIIa polymorphism and allele frequency, the Fulani group have a higher frequency of the H allele (Fulani 0.474, Dogon 0.341, P < 0.0001), which was associated with greater total IgE production (P = 0.004). Our findings show that the FcγRIIa polymorphism might have an implication in the relative protection seen in the Fulani tribe, with confirmatory studies required in other malaria endemic settings.

Smokeless tobacco use in adult Nigerian population.

The study aim was to establish the prevalence and determinants of smokeless tobacco use in Nigerian adults' population. Across-sectional survey of 1776 adults in Yola, North-East Nigeria was carried out in June 2007.A modified World Health Organization (WHO) tobacco survey questionnaire was used for interview and data collection. Out of 1776 interviewed respondents, 133 (7.49%) were user of smokeless tobacco. Snuffing of tobacco powder was the most common method of using smokeless tobacco (6.8%). Fifteen (0.9%) chewed tobacco while only 2(0.1%) both chewed and snuffed tobacco. Social acceptance (21.8%) was the major reason for using smokeless tobacco. Males, 5 th and 6 th decades of life, poor education, lower socioeconomic class, Margi, Hausa and Fulani tribes were the determinants of smokeless tobacco use. About 89.5% of the smokeless tobacco users believed that smokeless tobacco was not harmful to their health. Although the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was low among Nigerian adult population in this study. Ignorance of the potential health dangers of smokeless tobacco was rampant therefore; concerted efforts should be made to discourage the use of all forms of tobacco rather than concentrating on cigarette smoking.

The perception and practice of traditional medicine in the treatment of cancers and inflammations by the Hausa and Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria

A survey was conducted among Hausa and Fulani, two major tribes of Northern Nigeria to identify plants and methods used traditionally in the treatment of cancers and inflammatory diseases. The ecological zones that were considered include Zaria, Kaduna and Kano in the Northern part of Nigeria. The survey involves traditional healers, hunters, farmers and Fulani nomads. This survey has identified plants useful in the treatment of cancers. The plants were identified via taxonomic means and classified according to their habitats, families, genera. Evidently the plants span families and genera, the knowledge and values of the plants was evaluated with the aim of understanding the scientific basis for the use of the plants. The inventory provides the unique opportunity of capturing plants of common uses across the communities.

Antimicrobial properties and phytochemical constituents of the leaves of African mistletoe ( Tapinanthusdodoneifolius (DC) Danser) (Loranthaceae): an ethnomedicinal plant of Hausaland, Northern Nigeria

African mistletoe (Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (DC) Danser) called 'Kauchi' in Hausa is a hemi-plant parasite used ethnomedicinally by the Hausa and the Fulani tribes of Northern Nigeria as a remedy for several human and animal ailments that include stomach ache, diarrhoea, dysentery, wound and cancer. Screening of the plant, obtained from 14 different hosts, revealed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities against certain multiple drug resistant bacterial and fungal isolates of farm animals. Interestingly, the inhibition of the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas sp., bacterial sp. known to be associated with either crown gall or gastrointestinal tract and wound infections, by extracts of T. dodoneifolius gives credence to the ethnomedicinal usage of the plant. Phytochemical screening showed the common occurrence of anthraquinones, saponins, and tannins, a rare presence of alkaloids and the absence of phlobatannins in the hemi-parasite. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity and the presence or distribution of phytochemical substances in T. dodoneifolius appeared to be partly dependent on the host plant species.

A Genetic Study of Lactose Digestion in Nigerian Families

The ability to digest orally administered lactose was determined in individuals representing a number of Nigerian ethnic groups. The data are mainly presented as family pedigrees. In those families where both parents were unable to digest lactose, all of the progeny were lactose nondigestors. If one parent, usually of Northern garopena origin or of the Fulani tribe, could digest lactose, then the progeny contained some or all individuals who were capable of digesting the disaccharide. There was no difference in the results when either the mother or the father was the lactose digestor. Ten families were studied where one parent was of Europena or Yoruba-European origin (lactose digestor) while the other was proper Yoruba 0lactose nondigestor). From these matings, there were 18 lactose digestors and 11 lactose nondigestors. We have concluded that the ability to digest lactose is transmitted as an autosomal dominant and represents the mutated gene or a polymorphism.

Notes on Some Fulani Tribes and Customs

The following preliminary notes on some Fulani tribes were compiled as the result of a series of tours carried out in 1928 among the Fulani of the Bornu Emirate Division of Bornu Province in the northern provinces of Nigeria, and it is to the Fulani of that area only that the notes refer.