Fueled Compression Ignition Engine Research Articles

Combustion Characteristics and NO Formation Characteristics Modeling in a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Diesel Fuel and Biofuel

Compression ignition engine modeling draws great attention due to its high efficiency. However, it is still very difficult to model compression ignition engine due to its complex combustion phenomena. In this work, we perform a theoretical study of steam injection being applied into a single-cylinder four-strokes direct-injection and naturally aspirated compression ignition engine running with diesel and biodiesel fuels in order to improve the performance and reduce NO emissions by using a two-zone thermodynamic combustion model. The results obtained from biodiesel fuel are compared with the ones of diesel fuel in terms of performance, adiabatic flame temperatures, and NO emissions. The steam injection method could decrease NO emissions and improve the engine performances. The results showed that the NO formation characteristics considerably decreased and the performance significantly increased with the steam injection method. The relative errors for computed nitric oxide concentration values of biodiesel fuel and diesel fuel in comparison to the measured ones are 2.8% and 1.6%, respectively. The experimental and theoretical results observed show the highly satisfactory coincidences.

Effect of Isobutanol Addition on the Biodiesel Density

Higher alcohols such as butanol isomers have received remarkable attention as alternative fuels for compression ignition engines because of their great potential as blending components in mixtures with biodiesel and diesel resulting in significant reduction in greenhouse gases and harmful pollutants. In this context, the influence of temperature and pressure on the density of used cooking oil biodiesel, 1-butanol, isobutanol, and biodiesel mixtures with different levels of isobutanol (0.0500, 0.0941, and 0.1397 by mass) was assessed over the temperature range of 298–343 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. For this purpose, a vibrating tube densimeter was calibrated using water and n-octane. The average expanded uncertainty of measured density at a confidence level of 0.95 (k = 2) was estimated to be 0.80 kg m–3. The densities of all the systems were represented by the Tait equation of state with AARD % (0.01–0.035%) including the results for the new Tait equation for the biodiesel + isobutanol blends. When isobutanol is added to biodiesel to form a 14% by mass of alcohol, the density of mixture decreases 11 kg.m–3. Thermal expansivity and isothermal compressibility increase with maximum deviations of 9.6 % and 7.8 % at 343 K and atmospheric pressure.

Experimental study of VCR engine performance analysis using python module

Petroleum is non-renewable supply of energy and also the diminution of natural fuel resources, leads to explore for various fuels for cars. The critical search for various fuels for compression ignition engines has been paying interest on fuels obtained from hydrogen and linseed oil plays a significant role in alternate fuel for C.I Engines. The aim of this research effort is to appraise the property of Linseed oil and Hydrogen as dual blend recital on a variable Compression ratio diesel engine. This really provides the discharge individualism of linseed oil amalgamated with gas and its blends with diesel and are taken up for study. Vertical, 4-stroke, water cooled VCR engine with Linseed oil blends for a extensive series of engine load conditions such as Diesel, B10, B20, B40 along with 5lpm, 10lpm and 15lpm of hydrogen were performed. The brake thermal competence of B20 is found nearly closer to diesel fuel with minimum vibrations and less emissions of CO, hydro carbons HC and slight increase in NOx when compared to fossil fuels. During the experiments, vibrations, performance uniqueness of the test engine was analysed and compared with the precise VCR diesel vibrations, fuel performance. The results obtained by using Python module and the best suited code is derived and found that the combined increase of compression ratio and injecting timing increases the brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption. This module helps and reduces each load variations and performances compared tp experimental. Diesel (25%) saved, will greatly meet the demand of fuel in automobiles.

CI engine performance and emissions with waste cooking oil biodiesel boosted with hydrogen supplement under different load and engine parameters

This research article deals with the variable parametric study on dual fuel compression ignition engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel with hydrogen supplement at atmospheric condition. The parametric study include variation in engine speed (18–30 rev/sec), gaseous fuel flow rate (0–18.4LPM), pilot fuel flow rate (9.92–15.79Mlpm) and ignition timing (20–45° BTDC). The experiment was conducted on a four stroke, 0.5-liter single cylinder E6 Ricardo engine. From the experimentation, overall parametric variation of 4.15%, 64.7%, 76.61% and 57% in thermal efficiency, CO, NOX and opacity respectively was observed. However, with increase of hydrogen content resulted in increased engine performance, increased in NOx emission and reduction in CO emission with same WCO biodiesel flow rate.

Ethers and esters as alternative fuels for internal combustion engine: A review

Ether and ester fuels can work in the existing internal combustion (IC) engine with some important advantages. This work comprehensively reviews and summarizes the literatures on ether fuels represented by DME, DEE, DBE, DGM, and DMM, and ester fuels represented by DMC and biodiesel from three aspects of properties, production and engine application, so as to prove their feasibility and prospects as alternative fuels for compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI) engines. These studies cover the effects of ether and ester fuels applied in the form of single fuel, mixed fuel, dual-fuel, and multi-fuel on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The evaluation indexes mainly include torque, power, BTE, BSFC, ignition delay, heat release rate, pressure rise rate, combustion duration, exhaust gas temperature, CO, HC, NOx, PM, and smoke. The results show that ethers and esters have varying degrees of impact on engine performance, combustion and emissions. They can basically improve the thermal efficiency of the engine and reduce particulate emissions, but their effects on power, fuel consumption, combustion process, and CO, HC, and NOx emissions are uncertain, which is due to the coupling of operating conditions, fuel molecular structure, in-cylinder environment and application methods. By changing the injection strategy, adjusting the EGR rate, adopting a new combustion mode, adding improvers or synergizing multiple fuels, adverse effects can be avoided and the benefits of oxygenated fuel can be maximized. Finally, some challenges faced by alternative fuels and future research directions are analyzed.

Hydrogen-diesel co-combustion characteristics, vibro-acoustics and unregulated emissions in EGR assisted dual fuel engine

This work investigates the co-combustion characteristics of the hydrogen-diesel dual fuel with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The experiments were performed on a retrofitted duel fuel compression ignition engine for the entire engine load spectra, while the maximum hydrogen energy share in the study was 30%. Further, EGR was varied up to 10% to examine its effect on the hydrogen-diesel co-combustion and other relevant characteristics. It was found that although, hydrogen exhibit contrasting effects on the combustion at low and high loads, EGR continually degraded the peak combustion pressure. However, interestingly, the combustion’s variability improved on addition of EGR at higher loads, despite EGR’s detrimental effect on variability at lower loads. In addition, combustion noise and engine vibration were also studied with the aim to understand the effect of fuels and their combustion stability on such parameters. The relatively lower participation of hydrogen tends to reduce the vibrations, however, EGR leads to higher vibrations in the engine. The combustion noise however reduced with addition of hydrogen and EGR at lower loads. Further, the cumulative effect of EGR- hydrogen on the much unattended but harmful unregulated emissions was also investigated, and a synergy between the hydrogen addition and EGR was observed in this study. The present study showcases the key concerns as well as advantages in the EGR assisted hydrogen diesel combustion.

Emission Pattern of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Blends of Tropical Almond Seed Oil-Based Biodiesel using Artificial Neural Network

Engine pollutants have been a significant source of concern in most countries around the world because they are one of the major contributors to air pollution, which causes cancer, lung disorders, and other severe illnesses. The need to reduce emissions and its consequences has prompted studies into the emission profile of internal combustion engines running on particular fuels. To this end, this study employed the power of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to investigate the impact of injection timing on the emission profile of Compression Ignition Engines fuelled with blends of Tropical Almond Seed Oil based-biodiesel; by conducting a series of experimental tests on the engine rig and using the results to train the ANNs; to predict the emission profile to full scale. Blend percentages, load percentages, and injection timings were used as input variables, and engine emission parameters were used as output variables, to train the network. The results showed that injection timing affect emission output of CI engines fuelled with Tropical Almond Oil based biodiesel; and for the emission pattern to be friendly, injection timing must rather be retarded and not advanced. The results also showed that for different engine emission parameters, there is a strong association between the ANN output results and the actual experimental values; with mean relative error values less than 10%, which fall within the acceptable limits. For emission of CI engines fuelled with Tropical Almond Oil based biodiesel to be friendly in pattern, injection timing must be relatively retarded. The study also concluded that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a reliable tool for predicting Compression Ignition Engines emission profiles.

Effect of Variable Compression Ratio on Performance and Emissions in Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil with Copper Oxide Nano Fluid Blends

One of the challenging issues in the world today is waste management. Improper waste management could be the main source of environmental pollution. In this context, an attempt has been made to prevent the disposal of large quantities of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) from hotels and restaurants and utilize them as a fuel in diesel engines. WCO is one of the viable alternative fuels, used by researchers in Compression Ignition (CI) engines due to its low cost, no toxicity, biodegradability and renewability. In this research, copper oxide (CuO) nano fluids were prepared by an one-step chemical synthesis method in different mass fractions of 15 ppm, 25 ppm, 35ppm and 50 ppm and blended with WCO. Based on the fuel stability, WCOCN25 and WCOCN50 test fuels are considered. The diesel and WCO were considered as base fuels. A fully equipped, single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, direct injection, variable compression ratio diesel engine was used for experimentation. The compression ratio of the engine was varied from 16:1 to 18:1. The engine was loaded at different loading conditions by an eddy current dynamometer to measure the performance and emission parameters for the test fuels. The experimental results have shown that the addition of CuO nano fluids and increasing the compression ratio improved the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of the engine. It is observed that the combustion parameters have been improved due to the higher ignition delay and catalytic activity of CuO nano fluids. In addition, CuO nano fluids have a major role in controlling hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions.

Performance and emissions of renewable blends with OME3-5 and HVO in heavy duty and light duty compression ignition engines

Interest in poly(oxymethylene)dimethyl ether (OME3-5) as an alternative to fossil fuels in compression ignition engines has increased owing to its potential for soot reduction. The high oxygen content of the polymer and lack of carbon–carbon bonds and aromatic structures can help to reduce engine out soot emissions. However, OME3-5 is potentially damaging to engine components, and thus engine modifications are required when using neat OME3-5.In the present study, OME3-5 was blended with hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), rapeseed methyl ester and the C8-alcohol 2-ethylhexanol (an isomer of n-octanol) to ensure miscibility. Three blends were designed with an oxygen content of 6.4, 12.8 and 17.8% by mass. Performance and emissions were compared to the reference fuels fossil diesel and HVO in a single cylinder light duty and heavy duty compression ignition engine at different loads.Evaluation of the combustion in both engines showed similar trends: The indicated thermal efficiency was slightly higher for the oxygenated fuel and the combustion duration shorter compared to diesel. Due to the lower heating value of the blends, the indicated specific fuel combustion increased with increasing share of OME3-5 in the blend.For both engines, engine out soot emissions were decreased strongly, whereas NOx emissions were slightly increased. Analysis of the particle size distribution showed a decrease in the particle number of agglomerated particles (>30 nm) for the blends. For the heavy duty engine, an increase in nucleation mode particles (<30 nm) was measured.

Experimental Investigation on the Performance of a CI Engine Fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

In this study, different performance parameters of a Compression Ignition (CI) engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blends with diesel in different percentage volumes of 5 % biodiesel and 95 % diesel (W5), 10 % biodiesel and 90 % diesel (W10), 15 % biodiesel and 85 % diesel (W15) and 20 % biodiesel and 80 % diesel (W20) were tested experimentally. First, biodiesel was produced from waste cooking oil by transesterification process. The physical-chemical properties of biodiesel and W20 were tested. The tested properties of W20 were found to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards near to diesel fuel. Subsequently, test of diesel and biodiesel blended fuels were carried out using 15:1 compression ratio on Kirloskar Single Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine at 1500 rpm on varying loads. The engine performance parameters for biodiesel blends such as Indicated Power (IP), Brake Power (BP), Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and Mechanical Efficiency (ME) against load in comparison to diesel fuel were obtained and verified those with diesel fuel. IP for diesel, W5, W10, W15 and W20 at load of 12 kg are 4.3 kW, 4.8 kW, 4.7 kW, 4.75 kW and 4.2 kW respectively. ME of W20 at 12 kg load is less by 4.1 % than diesel. The difference in SFC of diesel and W20 at 12 kg load was 0.27 kg/kWh. The experimental outcomes confirm that the IP and SFC of blended biodiesel were slightly superior. Correspondingly, BP and BMEP were also found comparable to diesel fuel.

Research of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Exhaust Gas of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Alternative Fuel

Research of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations in Exhaust Gas of Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Alternative Fuel

Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Mineral Diesel and Butanol at Varying Premixed Ratios and Loads

Abstract Researchers have investigated reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in the past several years because of its excellent combustion, performance, and emission features. In this experimental study, the RCCI combustion strategy was investigated using mineral diesel/butanol fuel-pair at various premixed ratios (rp) on an energy basis (rp = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) at varying engine loads (BMEP = 1, 2, 3, and 4 bars) vis-à-vis baseline compression ignition (CI) combustion (rp = 0.0) strategy. Experiments were performed at constant engine speed (1500 rpm) in a single-cylinder research engine equipped with state-of-the-art features. The outcome of the investigation showed that port injection of Butanol as low reactivity fuel (LRF) improved the combustion and yielded superior engine performance than baseline CI combustion strategy. Engine exhaust emissions exhibited significantly lower nitrogen (NOx) oxides with butanol RCCI combustion strategy than baseline CI combustion strategy. Increasing rp of butanol showed improved combustion and emission characteristics; however, performance characteristics were not affected significantly. Particulate characteristics of the RCCI combustion strategy also showed a significant reduction in particle number concentration than baseline CI combustion. Slightly different combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of mineral diesel/ butanol-fueled RCCI combustion strategy compared to other test fuels such as mineral diesel/methanol, and mineral diesel/ethanol-fueled RCCI combustion strategy was an interesting observation of this study. Overall, this study indicated that butanol could be used as LRF in RCCI combustion engines to achieve superior combustion and emission characteristics.

Application to micro-cogeneration of an innovative dual fuel compression ignition engine running on biogas

• A CI dual fuel engine running on biogas is optimized by experiments and simulation. • The engine is optimized for a mid-size farm, requiring a micro-cogeneration system. • The farm can self-produce all the biogas, becoming almost energy independent. • The proposed engine is 20% more efficient than a corresponding SI biogas engine. • Cogeneration + biogas provide a net actual value after 15 years of 1340 k€. Renewable sources and enhancement of energy conversion efficiency are the main paths chosen by the European Community to stop climate changes and environmental degradation, and to enable a sustainable growth. For this purpose, the construction of a new and more dynamic electricity distribution network is mandatory. This “smart grid” should also include small and medium-size companies, able to program the generation and use of energy from renewable sources (the so-called "prosumers"). In this frame, micro-cogeneration (rated electric power up to 50 kW) is one of the most promising techniques. In this work, the application to micro-cogeneration of an innovative Compression Ignition internal combustion engine, operated in Dual Fuel mode is proposed. Thanks to the specific combustion system (Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition, RCCI: a lean homogenous mixture of air and biomethane or biogas is ignited by the injection of a small amount of Diesel fuel), brake thermal efficiency can be increased at all operating conditions, compared to a conventional Spark Ignition engine running on biomethane or biogas. The ensuing reduction of CO 2 emissions is higher than 20%. Furthermore, the proposed engine can tolerate larger variations in the composition of the biogas, without a significant drop of thermal efficiency. Finally, in case of emergency, it is able to run on Diesel fuel only. The use of the engine is particularly suitable for a company operating in the agricultural field, such as a mid-size farm, that is able to produce biogas for its self-consumption. Therefore, a representative study case is selected, and the corresponding electrical and thermal energy needs are analysed throughout a typical year. The energetic analysis leads to the identification of the most suitable engine size and calibration settings, in order to reduce the purchase of electricity and natural gas, maximizing the use of the company's own renewable sources (biogas or biomethane). The final goal of the optimization process is to create a virtuous system, that can reduce the environmental impact and make the company almost independent from the energetic point of view.

Investigation of the main exhaust emissions of HCCI engine using a newly proposed chemical reaction mechanism for biogas fuel

In this study, the main exhaust emissions from biogas fueled homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine model were investigated using a newly proposed reaction mechanism. The study was conducted by reducing a full detailed reaction mechanism using a combined algorithm built based on the graph-based approach. The exhaust emissions were estimated using a modified multi-zone combustion model. The chemical kinetics model was built using CANTERA reaction flow package and MATLAB® software. The new reduced mechanism (42 species and 228 reactions) showed higher agreement with the experimental data than the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism (53 species and 325 reactions). The effects of many parameters on emissions, including the equivalence ratio (0.25–0.4), CH4% (30%–80%), and the inlet intake temperature (420 K–500 K), were investigated. The results indicated that increasing the equivalence ratio above 0.25 increases the NOx emissions significantly as it increases the combustion peak bulk temperature. The same observation was obtained as the intake temperature and the CH4 content were increased above 420 K and 30% respectively and for the same reason. However, CO and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) emissions were decreased significantly as the equivalence ratio increased above 0.25, while they slightly changed with increasing the CH4% and the inlet intake temperature.

Production of fuel-blends from waste tyre and plastic by catalytic and integrated pyrolysis for use in compression ignition (CI) engines

The increase in energy demand and depletion of oil reserves has prompted researchers to seek alternative fuels for compression ignition engines. In this study, the characteristics of the fuels obtained from waste tyres/plastics were determined and compared with those of diesel fuel. The waste plastic oil was obtained from polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, low-density polyethylene, and poly (vinyl chloride), thereafter, they were each blended with distilled waste tyre oil from used Dunlop tyres, in different ratios, for use as substitute fuels in a CI engine. The engine (Kirloskar, TAF 1 model) performance was studied based on its combustion, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission characteristics when run on the fuels obtained from the waste-tyres/plastics. The test results showed the engine gave a higher performance in terms of BTE for E (33.9%) and F (36.9%) whereas, others gave lower performance (A- (31.9%), B (30%), C (29.7%), D (32.4%) with respect to diesel fuel. The pyrolyzed Polystyrene/tyre blends gave the highest BTE of 36.9%, with low emission. Although lower emissions were recorded for the blended fuels relative to the diesel fuel, the resulting peak emissions for the blends are in the following increasing order: unburnt HC (B (30.1) < D (30.1) < F (30.2) < A(30.4) < E (30.7) < C(31 ppm), NOx (F (1001) < B (1100) < D (1107) < C (1107) < E (1108) < 1150 ppm) and CO (F (0.003) < E (0.004) < B (0.005) < A(0.006) < C(0.007) < D (0.008) ppm.

Assessments of Pressure-Based Ignition Delay Measurements of Various Cetane Number Fuels in a Small-Bore Compression Ignition Engine

Assessments of Pressure-Based Ignition Delay Measurements of Various Cetane Number Fuels in a Small-Bore Compression Ignition Engine

Effect of Oxygen Enhancement In Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Blends

Effect of Oxygen Enhancement In Four Stroke Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Blends

Simultaneous reduction of nitric oxide and smoke emissions in a jatropha biodiesel fuelled CI engine with water emulsion

Aiming towards mitigating the pervasive effect of the fossil fuel and its environmental pollution crisis, the present work aims to decrease nitric oxide and smoke emissions simultaneously using water emulsion in a jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) fuelled compression ignition (CI) engine. Biodiesel derived from biomass is the viable alternate fuel due to its availability and renewable nature. JOME is derived from jatropha oil through tranesterification process and emulsified with water in the ratio of 5%, 10% and 15%. Tests were carried out in a one cylinder, liquid cooled, direct injection (DI) engine delivering 5.2 kW at full load. Results indicate a significant reduction in NO and smoke release with water emulsion at all loads. With JOME85+W15, NO emission decreases by 21.1% and 23.9% compred to diesel and JOME respectively at maximum load. with JOME85+W15, smoke emission decreases by 15.8% and 5.5% compred to diesel and JOME respectively at maximum load. However increasing the quantity of water in the emulsion decreases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), in-cylinder pressure and net heat release rate (NHR).

Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of biofuel spray (biodiesel and alcohols) in CI engines: A review

Spray characteristics are among the most important factors affecting compression ignition (CI) engine performance and emission levels. Fuel flow visualisation and optical diagnostics have been widely employed as methods for investigating combustion processes in CI engines. Due to the increase in the number of renewable alternative fuels and more stringent legislation governing engine pollutant emissions, it is important to characterise the spray behaviour of these alternative fuels in CI engines under different operating conditions.This study reviews and summarises the practice of spray visualisation to determine macroscopic characteristics, such as spray tip penetration (S) and spray cone (θ); and microscopic characteristics such as spray droplet diameter and Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). It also provides literature reviews: experimental efforts regarding optical techniques; spray operating conditions (injection pressure, ambient conditions, and injector geometry), fuel types (biodiesel and alcohol blends) and numerical studies regarding software usage, spray models and simulation cases results.Increasing fuel injection pressure (FIP) initiates combustion due to improved spray penetration length and atomisation, however SMD decreases with increasing FIP. Fuel properties and ambient temperatures have a significant impact on both spray penetration length of the liquid phase and, two-phase interaction between liquid and vapour. Velocity of spray droplets is impacted by ambient gas and aerodynamic and viscous properties because of their impact on spray breakup processes. The higher viscosity and higher surface tension of the biodiesel blend resulted in a reduction of the Weber number and injection velocity with a corresponding increase in droplet size and SMD. All alcohol blends improved the atomisation performance of biodiesel and diesel fuel because alcohol blends have low kinematic viscosity, boiling point and surface tension leading to improved atomisation and vaporisation rate. Piezo-driven injection system atomisation performance is better than that of the solenoid-driven injection because of its faster response time. Finally, simulation studies of spray visualisation revealed good agreement with the experimental investigation so simulation studies can save time and effort.

Experimental analysis of CI engine using zirconia ceramic powder coated piston fuelled with Karanja biodiesel

The purpose of this research work is to find the performance of bio -diesel fueled compression ignition engine with and without Zirconia ceramic powder as a thermal barrier coating on the piston head by using plasma spray technique. Experiments were carried out on water cooled engine at constant speed and fixed loaded compression ignition engine, to find the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and brake power for various injection operating pressures and compression ratios. With an increased compression ratio from 13.99 to 17.5 the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were found to improve by 2.55%, 20.75% and 9.23% respectively, similarly as injection operating pressure was increased from 160 to 190 bar the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were found to be improved by 1%, 9% and 3.26% respectively.