Fuels For Internal Combustion Engines Research Articles

Study of low compression ratio on the performance of diesel engine in dual fuel operation with different flow rates of acetylene

Using fossil fuels in internal combustion engines was associated with concerns like health hazards due to harmful emissions, rising fuel prices, and depletion of fuels. Many researchers focussed their attention on the use of acetylene as an alternative fuel owing to the characteristics such as ease of availability, better combustion characteristics, and reduction in harmful emissions. The present experimental investigation was carried out on a variable compression ratio CI engine in dual fuel mode with reduced CR from 18 to 13 and flow rates of acetylene from 2 LPM to 5 LPM. The reduced CR of 15 and 4 LPM of acetylene showed better results considering performance parameters and emission. Mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency found increased by 30% and 19% respectively. Also, brake specific energy consumption was found reduced by 19%. CO2 and HC emissions decreased by 4% and 56% respectively, however, increased CO and NOx emissions observed at elevated load conditions and low CR, as in similar studies by other researchers.

The effects of the use of acetylene gas as an alternative fuel in a gasoline engine

In internal combustion engines, the use of gas fuels is becoming widespread due to its advantages such as low cost and being more environmentally friendly. Acetylene is one of the gas fuels seen as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels in internal combustion engines. In this experimental study, the availability of acetylene gas, a gas fuel, at 1600 rpm, 2400 rpm and 3200 rpm engine speeds in a spark plug-fired engine was investigated. Acetylene gas was added to gasoline by 5% and 10% of the mass and its effect on exhaust emissions was studied. The results showed that adding acetylene gas to gasoline by mass increased CO, CO2 and NOx emissions and exhaust gas temperature. HC, oxygen emissions and air supply coefficient decreased.

Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

The recent transport electrification trend is pushing governments to limit the future use of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). However, the rationale for this strong limitation is frequently not sufficiently addressed or justified. The problem does not seem to lie within the engines nor with the combustion by themselves but seemingly, rather with the rise in greenhouse gases (GHG), namely CO2, rejected to the atmosphere. However, it is frequent that the distinction between fossil CO2 and renewable CO2 production is not made, or even between CO2 emissions and pollutant emissions. The present revision paper discusses and introduces different alternative fuels that can be burned in IC Engines and would eliminate, or substantially reduce the emission of fossil CO2 into the atmosphere. These may be non-carbon fuels such as hydrogen or ammonia, or biofuels such as alcohols, ethers or esters, including synthetic fuels. There are also other types of fuels that may be used, such as those based on turpentine or even glycerin which could maintain ICEs as a valuable option for transportation.

Investigation of the portion size of rapeseed oil for ethanol ignition in a diesel engine

Currently, the search for alternative renewable fuels for internal combustion engines is becoming strategic. At the same time, it is necessary to work on adapting and improving the design of power transport units, conduct research on optimizing the composition of fuels, their quality and safety, and improve the combustion process of fuels in the cylinder. Vegetable oil-based fuels and alcohol-based fuels are well established and widely distributed. Their valuable property is that when burned, they are less prone to the formation of toxic components and carcinogens. The purpose of this work was to analyze the characteristics of the diesel engine and the combustion process when working on ethanol and rapeseed oil when changing the ratio of cyclic feeds. At the same time, diesel fuel was not used and alcohol fuel was injected into the combustion chamber by a separate injector and ignited with a flame from the rapeseed oil. A 2F10,5/12,0 tractor diesel was upgraded to run on alternative fuels. The article presents the effective characteristics, indicator diagrams, the functions of heat dissipation and the average gas temperature at various portions of the rapeseed oil. The optimal relations portions of the fuels (ethanol and rapeseed oil) is established and justified.

Methodology for the Development of Empirical Models Relating 13C NMR Spectral Features to Fuel Properties

Effective formulation of new gasoline or diesel fuels for internal combustion engines would benefit from the development of reliable models for predicting key fuel properties based on a set of mole...

Biodiesel as alternative additive fuel for diesel engines: An experimental and theoretical investigation on emissions and performance characteristics

ABSTRACT The use of fossil-based fuels in internal combustion engines has become a major challenge and faces with serious transformation regarding emissions. Herein, alternative fuel usage becomes prominent, thanks to a great reduction of these emissions. In this study, using 20% (B20), 50% (B50), and 100% (B100) of waste frying oil biodiesel (WFOB)–diesel blends has been experimentally and theoretically investigated on emission and performance parameters at full load conditions of 1,500–3,000 rpm ranges in the diesel engine. According to the experimental results, it has been shown that torque has not changed significantly, but brake specific fuel consumption enhanced up to 12.98% owing to the lower heating value of biodiesel. In terms of emissions, biodiesel fuels reveal different results. Whereas HC, CO2, and NOx slightly increase with B100, all emissions almost reduce with B20, including NOx and smoke opacity. Maximum reductions of B20 are obtained as 4.51% in CO2, 29.27% in CO, 39.06% in HC, 6.52% in NOx, and 25% in smoke opacity emissions. In compliance with theoretical results, usage of biodiesel reduces exergy destruction rate as up to 7.03% and increases exergetic efficiency as up to 5.86% compared to neat diesel except 2,700–3,000 rpm. Consequently, the small addition of waste frying oil biodiesel as 20% is an optimum solution under favor of minimum increase of specific fuel consumption and reduction in all emissions.

Unburned hydrocarbon formation in a natural gas engine under sea wave load conditions

Although natural gas is documented as a low-emission fuel compared to the other traditional fossil fuels in internal combustion engines, recent research indicates large amounts of methane emission released by lean burn gas engines and highlights the importance of this emission on global warming. This paper aims at illustrating the main sources of unburned fuel in internal combustion engines with an emphasis on spark ignited natural gas engines. In addition, two unburned hydrocarbon modeling patterns, empirical and thermodynamic, are proposed. Moreover, a verified engine model including all components with an implemented dynamic load based on harmonic sea waves has been set up and coupled to the unburned hydrocarbon formation models. Results show that load variation may contribute to further methane slip and this increment rises sharply when the load amplitude enlarges. The maximum amount of methane slip occurs at reduced loads when the time lag of the control system of the turbocharger causes additional fresh air to flow towards the combustion chamber and brings the flame into the quenching area. As well, inspecting unburned hydrocarbon emission in diverse air–fuel ratios but with the same wave frequency and amplitude uncovers the sensitivity of lean burn gas engines to the dynamic load.

Passenger gas diesels to preserve the city’s ecology

Today, one of the main tasks of manufacturers of automobiles and mobile power tools is to increase the efficiency of using motor fuels in internal combustion engines while reducing the aggressiveness of toxic components contained in exhaust gases. The paper deals with the main aspects of converting diesels to work on the gas-diesel cycle and presents the results of upgrading a city passenger bus with a modified power system for working on natural gas.

Renewable Pulverized Biomass Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

Biomass is currently one of the world’s major renewable energy sources. Biomass in a powder form has been recently proposed as the most encouraging of biomass contours, especially because it burns like a gas. In the current study, biomass powder was examined, for the first time, as a direct solid fuel in internal combustion engines. The aim of the current study was to investigate modeling tools for simulation of biomass powder in combustion engines (CE). The biomass powder applied was in a micro-scale size with a typical irregular shape; the powder length was in the range of 75−5800 μm, and the diameter was in the range 30−1380 μm. Different mechanisms for biomass powder drying and devolatilization/gasification were proposed, including different schemes’ and mechanisms’ rate constants. A comparison between the proposed models and experiments was carried out and results showed good matching. Nevertheless, it is important that a biomass powder simulation addresses overlapping/complicated sub-process. During biomass powder combustion, tar was shown to be formed at a rate of 57 wt.%, and, accordingly, the formation and thermal decomposition of tar were modelled in the study, with the results demonstrating that the tar was formed and then disintegrated at temperatures between 700 and 1050 K. Through biomass powder combustion, moisture, tar, and gases were released, mostly from one lateral of particles, which caused ejection of the solid particles. These new phenomena were investigated experimentally and modeled as well. Results also showed that all the proposed models, along with their rate constants, activation energies, and other models’ parameters, were capable of reproducing the mass yields of gases, tar, and char at a wide range of working temperatures. The results showed that the gasification/devolatilization model 3 is somewhat simple and economical in the simulation/computation scheme, however, models 1 and 2 are rather computationally heavy and complicated.

Research of the influence of alternative fuels on diesel engine noise level

One of the advantages of using alternative fuels in internal combustion engines is the possibility of reducing noise. The article presents the methodology and some results of the research of structure-borne noise of internal combustion engines related to the working process. The main characteristics of alternative fuels allowing reduction of the noise level by modifying parameters of the heat release law and reducing the pressure growth rate are analyzed. The results of calculated and experimental research of the diesel engine structure-borne noise during its operation on gas and mixed fuels are presented. The research showed that the greatest effect is achieved when converting diesel engine to spark ignition gas engine. For gas-diesel engines, noise reduction of the working process is much lower because a high compression ratio is preserved. The use of mixed fuel revealed a need to correct the injection advance angle to reduce the noise level.

Laminar burning speeds and flame instabilities of isobutane carbon dioxide air mixtures at high pressures and temperatures

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), such as isobutane and propane, find applications as working fluids in refrigeration and as fuels in internal combustion engines. Isobutane is typically used as a precursor molecule in the synthesis of isooctane, a component of gasoline. It can also be used as a natural low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant, however, there are fire safety concerns. This work investigated the effects of adding carbon dioxide (CO2) to isobutane (iC4H10) to evaluate its effects on flammability and flame propagation. This paper also compared isobutane results with propane (the major LPG component) results, which were adapted from a previous study. The laminar burning speeds of blends of iC4H10/CO2/air were measured in a constant volume spherical chamber. The flame stability/instability was evaluated in a cylindrical chamber where the flame propagation was captured with a high-speed camera in a Z-shaped Schlieren system. A power law correlation was developed to determine laminar burning speeds for blends of iC4H10/CO2/air at CO2 mole fractions of 0–80%, equivalence ratios of 0.8–1.2, temperatures of 298–580 K, and pressures of 0.5–4.2 atm. Results were compared with experimental studies from the literature and numerical data obtained using 1–D premixed flame code from CANTERA. Both experiments and numerical predictions showed that the laminar burning speeds of iC4H10/CO2 mixtures decreased with increasing CO2 mole fraction, and that the maximum laminar burning speed shifted towards stoichiometric mixture. Carbon dioxide acted as an inhibitor of flame instability, as verified both experimentally by photography and theoretically by calculating the critical Peclet number.

CFD analysis on particle diameter in hydrogen-enriched diesel engine for different piston bowl geometries

Hydrogen is considered as one of the best alternative fuels for internal combustion engines because of its unique combustion properties. Especially, after impingement of the spray against a combustion chamber of the piston, the spatial distribution of the droplet diameter is one of the most important factors for exhaust emissions, but it is complex to study sufficiently because of the difficulties encountered in measuring the droplet diameter. To achieve controlled combustion, an attempt is made to investigate the effect of change in bowl geometry and its special distribution in the combustion chamber of a diesel engine with and without the enrichment of Hydrogen. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect on particle diameter of the injected fuel to the combustion chamber with hydrogen enriched with 2 LPM flow rate with diesel fuel and compare the results using the CFD analysis for different combustion bowl geometries. Abbreviations: CA: crank angle; CI: compression ignition; CFD: computational fluid dynamics; CO: carbon monoxide; HCCI: homogeneous charge compression ignition; HC: hydrocarbons; ICEM: internal combustion engine meshing; µm: micrometres; LPM: litres per minute; NOx: oxides of nitrogen

Fuel Properties, Performance and Emission of Alternative Fuel from Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Pyrolysis oil extracted from waste plastics, by pyrolysis, as a fuel for internal combustion engines has been demonstrated to be one of the best available waste management methods. This research aimed to study and compare fuel properties, engine performance and emission of alternative fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastics, which focused on physical and chemical properties of waste plastic crude oil (WPCO) and waste plastic oil (WPO) obtained by fractional distillation process. The result shows that the physical and chemical properties of WPCO are quite diffrent from commerical diesel while the fuel properties of WPO were found to be similar to that of diesel. The experimental results showed that the use of WPO led to an increase in brake specific fuel consumption but the slightly reduction in the brake thermal efficiency was founded with respect to diesel fuel. The combustion of WPO tended to increase NOX while a reduction in smoke was obtained compared with the pure diesel fuel.

Agricultural tractor engine combustion in dual-fuel mode: Optimization of pilot fuel injection

Presently, ecological degradation due to pollutant emissions and the gradual depletion of fossil fuels, becoming very worrying, are prompting Asian directives to set emission limits for pollutants. This has led manufacturers to continue their research into the development of clean and efficient engine designs using alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. In this work, we focus on the study of engines operating in dual-fuel mode to improve its combustion. The charges take into account, are, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the full engine load, for a speed of rotation kept constant at 1500 rpm. Two types of primary fuels were considered, natural gas and biogas.Biogas is generally composed mainly of methane (CH4) and dioxide carbon (CO2), with a volume composition varying from 50% to 70% for methane and from 30% to 50% for carbon dioxide.In the present study, biogas is composed of 70% methane (CH4) and 30% carbon dioxide (CO2). The results showed that the injection advance improved the effective yield from an advance of 4.5 °CA to 6 °CA.

Emission analysis of tractor engine in dual-fuel mode: Optimization of pilot fuel injection

Presently, ecological degradation due to pollutant emissions and the gradual depletion of fossil fuels, becoming very worrying, are prompting Asian directives to set emission limits for pollutants. This has led manufacturers to continue their research into the development of clean and efficient engine designs using alternative fuels in internal combustion engines. In this work, we focus on the study of engines operating in dual-fuel mode to improve its combustion. The charges take into account, are, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the full engine load, for a speed of rotation kept constant at 1500 rpm. Two types of primary fuels were considered, natural gas and biogas. Biogas is generally composed mainly of methane (CH4) and dioxide carbon (CO2), with a volume composition varying from 50% to 70% for methane and from 30% to 50% for carbon dioxide.In the present study, biogas is composed of 70% methane (CH4) and 30% carbon dioxide (CO2). In this work, we focus on the study of engines operating in dual-fuel mode to minimize pollutant emissions, particularly HC and CO. For this, experimental studies were conducted. A good agreement was noted between the predicted and experimental results.

Power‐to‐Fuels: E‐Fuels as an Important Option for a Climate‐Friendly Mobility of the Future

AbstractThe Paris climate accord – in continuation of the original Kyoto agreement – and the German federal government's climate protection plan establish ambitious goals for overall CO2 reduction. In 2050, a reduction of 80–95 % in comparison to the reference year 1990 is aspired for. This essay tries to outline challenges and boundary conditions for using e‐fuels to directly substitute currently used fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and turbines.

ТЕХНОЛОГИИ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДОПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НА ТРАНСПОРТЕ

In modern conditions, the problem of waste pollution of the earth bowels, the atmosphere, natural and artificial water areas is especially acute. Domestic wastes are incinerated or taken to a landfill, as a result, there is an environmental damage – the area of alienated land resources increases and the atmosphere is polluted. The negative impact of municipal solid waste (MSW) on the environment, leading to climate change, an increase in the greenhouse effect and an increase in the number of natural hazards, makes it necessary to search for solutions to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere, increase the energy efficiency of processes, in particular, in transport systems, due to fuel efficiency using. The most negative impact on the state of the air environment is exerted by emissions in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, including those using natural gas, nitrogen monoxides and dioxides as fuel. Reducing harmful emissions is possible, for example, by improving the technology for producing generator gas as an alternative fuel, which makes it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in any devices for burning up solid, liquid and gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines. The article discusses the issues of waste generation and their impact on the environment, the technologies for rational use of natural resources in transport and methods for improving waste processing technologies are presented. A new horizontal design of a combined automobile gas generator has been developed. It makes it possible to transfer the power supply from liquid motor fuel to generator gas produced from woodworking industry waste, agricultural waste, solid household and polyethylene-containing waste. This will reduce pollution of the world’s oceans by slowly decomposing polyethylene, which are now acquiring the character of a disaster on a planetary scale. An increase in the environmental level of gasoline engines and a decrease of the amount of waste during the operation of road transport will be achieved with the modernization of the waste processing plant to obtain energy carriers for transport. In its turn, it will make it possible to form a natural and technical system to ensure environmental safety and protect the natural environment.

Analysis and Performance Optimization of Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine using Canola Oil Based Biodiesel

Rapid development of the global economy demands huge amount of Energy. Transportation sector contributes major part of economy development. Fossil fuels like Petrol and Diesel are used for transportation and heavy duty vehicles. Higher rate of consumption of these naturally available fuels leads to its depletion and deterioration of environment. To solve such issue many researchers are interested in identifying and using alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is renewable fuel and can be used as alternative fuel for Diesel engines. In present work Canola oil based Biodiesel (COB) is blended in Diesel with different concentration like B20, B40 and B60. Engine input variables like compression ratio (13:1, 15:1, 17:1) and load (4, 8,12kg) are considered to optimize the results. The Performance of Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Diesel Engine is evaluated using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance is conducted to recognise the significance of input variables on Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake power Specific Fuel Consumption. Results of optimization showed that load is the most crucial factor which affects the engine performance i.e. Increase in load decrease the Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Power and increases the Specific Fuel Consumption.

Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines

Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.

Particle and Gaseous Emissions from a Heavy-Duty SI Gas Engine over WHTC Driving Cycles

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The use of gaseous fuels in internal combustion engines is increasing, due to several reasons, first of all their low environmental impact, large availability and low cost. Nevertheless, the need to reduce emissions also from gas engines is an important aspect to be considered in order to comply with future engine emissions regulations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">In this scenario, an extensive experimental activity was performed to fully characterize an heavy duty spark ignition engine, under development for Euro VI compliance and designed to run with gaseous fuels. Two separate sets of experiments were carried out, in order to analyze the engine behavior when burning LPG and CNG, respectively. To this aim, the engine was installed on a dynamic test bench, accurately instrumented to characterize the combustion evolution, performance and exhaust pollutant emissions, along the World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC), the new European driving homologation cycle.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The main part of the manuscript addresses the analysis of the exhaust particulate emissions, in terms of soot concentration, particle number (PN) and particle size distribution function (PSDF). More in detail, a photo-acoustic sensor and a fast particulate spectrometer were adopted for on-line soot, PN and particle size measurements, during the transient engine tests.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The results revealed that although the gaseous emissions were within homologation limits, soot and PN could represent an issue for this class of engines. The experiments allowed to highlight that most part of the particles are emitted during specific phases of the driving cycle and could be ascribed to the engine oil vapors combustion.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Moreover, the investigation, indicating which engine operating conditions displayed the highest contribution to particles emissions, may provide helpful insights to deal with such critical conditions.</div></div>