Fueled Compression Ignition Engine Research Articles

Characterization of the hydroxy fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode: Experimental and numerical simulation

This study investigates the characterization of the hydroxy-diesel fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel (DF) mode on a stationary modified engine. Hydroxy gas (HHO) is supplied along with diesel at three different flow rates of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 lpm. A significant reduction in emission parameters was obtained in carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon and smoke emission as ~58%, ~60%, and ~49%, respectively under the DF mode (at 0.75 lpm HHO and 10 kg load). However, a slight increment in nitrogen oxides (NOX) emission is observed due to the O2 contents in HHO gas. It increases the reaction temperature and results in increasing the NOX emission. The brake thermal efficiency and brake specific energy consumption also improved and found to be ~6.5% and ~6% at the optimized condition. Combustion analysis shows the rate of pressure rise increased due to quicker combustion and decreased combustion duration. A numerical simulation has been performed to optimize the engine load and HHO flow rate using the Hybrid Entropy-VIKOR technique. In addition, a good agreement has been found between simulation and experimental values for performance and emission parameters. The results can be further improved by optimizing the engine operating parameters, i.e., injection pressure, compression ratio, and injection timing in the near future. Overall it can be concluded the HHO can be considered as a prominent alternative fuel for the CI engine with increased efficiency and lower emissions.

Energy, exergy, and emission analysis of a hydroxyl fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode

In this study, energy, exergy, and emission analysis were investigated for the hydroxyl fueled compression ignition (CI) engine under dual fuel mode. Hydroxyl gas (HHO) generator was used to supply three different mass flow rates of HHO (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 lpm) along with diesel for the experimental work on a modified constant speed CI engine. Significant improvement of 6.5% in brake thermal efficiency was obtained with 0.75 lpm HHO flow rate at 80% load. However, a slight increment in heat transfer losses and energy in exhaust gas were observed by 6.29% and 8.55%, respectively, at the optimized condition. The work availability, exhaust gas, and heat transfer exergy were increased by 6.54%, 5.69%, and 6.36% (0.75 lpm and 80% load), respectively due to the higher diffusivity of hydrogen and faster oxidation of fuel species within the cylinder. A significant reduction in emission parameters was obtained in carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, and smoke emission as 53%, 62%, and 49%, respectively. High pressure and temperature within the cylinder improve the rate of oxidation of fuel species, which results in decreased HC, CO, and smoke emission. Furthermore, high temperature increases the NOX emission by 35%. Overall it can be concluded the HHO can be used as a prominent alternative fuel with increased exergy and lower emissions.

Performance and emission characterization of a common-rail compression-ignition engine fuelled with ternary mixtures of rapeseed oil, pyrolytic oil and diesel

Biofuels are one of the short-term alternatives for reducing the well-to-wheel greenhouse gas footprint of transport. In the framework of compression-ignition engine fuels. This study investigates the feasibility of using cold-pressed rapeseed oil as a biocomponent, admixed with distilled tyre pyrolytic oil, as an energy-efficient alternative to commonly considered methyl ester-based mixtures in diesel fuel. Selected ternary and binary fuel blends are subjected to engine tests. Their scope covers 80% of the engine map and aims at identifying tradeoffs between fuel composition, engine performance and emissions. The results show that fuel mixtures containing a large fraction of rapeseed oil (up to 55% by volume) can be effectively combusted when pyrolytic oil distillate is introduced as the additive. The deterioration in brake efficiency for such fuel does not exceed 1.2% with respect to diesel baseline. At the same time, the results are superior in terms of both efficiency and emissions when compared to FAME-based biodiesel. Finally, with indicated efficiencies on a similar level as the diesel baseline, suggesting improved burning rate with pyrolytic oil addition, the study identifies parasitic losses in fuel injection equipment as a significant contributor to the overall efficiency penalty for the examined ternary mixtures.

Trend and time series analysis by ARIMA model to predict the emissions and performance characteristics of biogas fueled compression ignition engine

ABSTRACT Biomass-derived biogas is a very promising alternative energy source because of its renewable and clean combustion characteristics compared to fossil petroleum diesel fuel. The forecasting of emissions and performance characteristics is done by using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The R 2, root mean square error (RMSE), and normalized Bayesian information criterion (BIC) are used to test the validity and applicability of the developed ARIMA models revealing adequate accuracy in the model performance. It is inferred from the experimental results that NO x and smoke opacity emissions were lower at all engine operating loads. There is an increase in CO, CO2, and HC emissions at all gas flow rates compared to diesel counterparts. The brake thermal efficiency drops with the increase in biogas flow induction at all engine operating modes. This paper explores and highlights the potential of biogas–diesel dual-fuel combustion mode at different engine operating conditions.

Novel biofuels derived from waste tyres and their effects on reducing oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions

Abstract There are tons of waste tyres produced each year globally. Production of oil from the waste tyre not only manages the wastes but also produces fuels for compression ignition engines. In this investigation, a novel approach developed by Green Distillation Technologies in Australia was used to convert whole end of life tyres (ELTs) into carbon, steel, and tyre oil. The physicochemical properties of the tyre oil are similar to diesel fuel, and the fuel is miscible with diesel in any blended ratio. An engine experiment was conducted on a EURO IIIA diesel engine. All experiments were performed at constant speed and four different engine loads. Two blends (10% and 20%) of tyre oil were compared to reference diesel fuel. Exhaust emissions, including gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) were investigated. The results indicate simultaneous reductions in both diesel PM and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions with the tyre oil blends when compared to diesel. NOx emissions were reduced by approximately 30% with both blends with respect to diesel. The reduction in PM and PN emissions were in the range of 35–60% and 5–20%, respectively. Carbon monoxide (CO) were increased by ∼ 10% compared to the reference diesel except at quarter load. Insignificant change in brake power (BP), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were observe with the tyre oil blends. The engine remained compliant with its EURO IIIA guidelines during the use of the tyre oil blends. Based on the engine performance and emission result, the tyre oil could be alternative to traditional diesel fuel.

Effects of EGR Dilution on Combustion and Emission Performance of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Dimethyl Carbonate and 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate Additive

The combination dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/diesel-blended fuels and the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) can decrease nitrogen oxide (NOX) and soot emissions simultaneously emitted from the compressio...

Research on Performance And Emission on Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled With Blends of Neem Bio-Diesel

In this contemporary era it is mandatory to increasing the usage of non edible biodiesel to replace the fossil fuels. This non edible biodiesels are produced from vegetable oils which is clean burning and renewable. This paper deals with the performance and emission characteristics on diesel engine with blends of Castor oil as biodiesel. Castor oil biodiesel is prepared by the use of adding 1% v/v H2SO4 after the transesterification process. The engine tests were performed with various blends B20, B40, B60 on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, diesel engine. The result shows Higher performance and lower emissions for B20 than the diesel and other blends. The brake thermal efficiency is higher than the diesel and CO, HC and NOX emissions were 22%, 8.4%, and 21% lesser than that of diesel.

Urea-Appended Amino Acid To Vitalize Yeast Growth, Enhance Fermentation, and Promote Ethanol Production.

The development of sustainable protocols for enhancing the production of ethanol is highly important for its utilization in automotive transportation and energy sector. Up to 15% ethanol can blend with diesel to make e-diesel that can be used in fuel compression ignition engine. Urea-modified amino acids can be used as a very good vitalizer for yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Baker’s yeast (ATCC 204508)) growth and thus promote ethanol production. A simple, one-step, room-temperature synthetic procedure has been developed for urea-appended α-amino acids from amino acid by treatment with KCNO. Single-crystal X-ray studies confirm the successful synthesis and molecular structures of the urea-appended α-amino acids. Out of 20 urea-appended amino acids, Arg-, Pro-, His-, and Gln-containing compounds promote yeast growth significantly after 12 h at pH 6.8 and 38 °C. These compounds are nontoxic. The urea-appended Arg shows 2-fold increase of yeast growth. However, urea-appended m-aminobenzoic acid and p-aminobenzoic acid inhibit yeast growth. NMR experiments confirmed the enhanced production of ethanol by glucose fermentation in the presence of 2.5 μmol urea-appended Arg. Not only glucose but also commercially available sugars and feedstock of the starch slurry drained out after boiling of rice exhibit significant enhancement of ethanol production under same conditions.

Investigation of cyclic variations in air-fuel ratio, cylinder wall temperature, and residual gas fraction of a dual fuel compression ignition engine

Dual fuel operation in compression ignition engines is an effective way to reduce the NOx emission. Within the certain range of fuel premixing ratio (PR), the dual fuel operation in CI-engines results in improved thermal efficiency. The dual fuel CI-engine has relatively higher cyclic variations in comparison to conventional CI-engine which limits the range of fuel premixing in dual fuel CI-engine. The cyclic variations in air-fuel ratio, cylinder wall temperature, and residual gas fraction are the major factors, which governs the variations in combustion parameters. The cyclic variations in combustion need to control for stable engine operation. The present study estimates the cyclic air-fuel ratio, cylinder wall temperature, and residual gas fraction from the measured in-cylinder pressure data of dual-fuel CI-engine. The experiments are performed on a modified single cylinder CI-engine equipped with a separate port fuel injector and its controller to operate an engine in dual fuel mode. In this study, 1500 consecutive engine cycles are recorded, and air-fuel ratio, cylinder wall temperature, and the residual gas fraction is estimated for each cycle. Pressure moment method is used to estimate the cyclic air-fuel ratio. The cyclic cylinder wall temperature is calculated by determining the inversion angle. The cyclic variations are analyzed using statistical methods.

Effect of hydrogen fumigation on combustion stability and unregulated emissions in a diesel fuelled compression ignition engine

The automotive pollution norms throughout the world are getting increasingly stringent, which has made achieving the emissions regulation significantly challenging for the automakers. Additionally, energy security remains a matter of concern for all the economies due to depleting fossil fuels and fluctuating crude oil prices. These factors have motivated researchers to invest resources in the exploration of alternative fuels. Hydrogen has been consistently pitched and researched upon as a viable fuel for the future, meeting all these requirements. In this context, the presented work explores the dual fuel mode combustion in a single-cylinder constant speed engine. Under variation of engine load (25, 50 and 75%) different levels of hydrogen energy substitution are investigated. This study examines the combustion performance of hydrogen diesel dual-fuel through peak pressure location, cycle to cycle variability and combustion noise. The detrimental effects of hydrogen substitution at lower and mid loads are observed on the stability of combustion as cycle to cycle variability of combustion metrics show an increase. Additionally, the effect of hydrogen energy substitution on unregulated emissions like aldehydes and aromatics is reported. These unregulated emissions at these operating conditions are relatively unexplored despite being reported as carcinogens and precursors for soot formation.

A Review on Performance and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol-diesel Blend

A Review on Performance and Emissions of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol-diesel Blend

Duel fuel compression ignition engine fuelled with homogeneous mixtures of propane and kerosene-based fuel

The paper presents some results of examination of DF CI engine fuelled with kerosene-based fuel (Jet A-1) and propane. The aim was to obtain the maximum engine thermal and overall efficiency and checking the engine emissions for the application of significant share of propane as a main source of energy. The fuel which initiates the ignition was Jet A-1 provided by common rail system during the beginning of compression stroke. Propane was provided to inlet manifold in a gas phase. The method of providing of both fuels to the engine cylinder allowed to create nearly homogeneous mixture and realized HCCI process for dual fueling with Jet A-1 and propane. It was possible to compare two combustion strategies PCCI and HCCI for fuelling of CI engine with single fuel (Jet A-1) and dual fuelling with Jet A-1 and propane. The results of experiment show that the NOx and soot emissions are much lower than for standard CI or SI engines. The results also show very interesting potential role of propane in control of HCCI dual fuel combustion process which gives the new perspective of dual fuel engine development. The low levels of toxic components in exhaust gases encourage to test and develop this type of fuelling which could radically confine the negative influence on the environment as well as enable to apply an alternative fuels.

Investigation of performance and emissions of DI diesel engine with cottonseed biodiesel along with diethyl ether

In this paper, we found a way to solve the demand for compression ignition engine fuels and their good fuel efficiency but they produce severe exhaust emissions. This will result in the further examination of ways which the composition of the fuel used in a Diesel engine could be changed to decrease emissions. To get oxidation in diesel fuel by adding oxygen enriched fuel is a method for complete combustion. In addition, many oxygenates have higher cetane values and their addition with diesel fuel results in the increase of overall cetane number which in turns leads to higher combustion rate and enhanced combustion with lower emissions. Diesel oxygenates blends are the recent research areas. In this paper, biodiesel was blended at different proportions of cottonseed oil and diesel with diethyl ether as diesel oxygenates. investigation of performance and emission characteristics was done on varying loads.

Effective power and effective power density analysis for water in diesel emulsion as fuel in diesel engine performance

In the present theoretical study, a comparative performance analysis of a single cylinder compression ignition engine with diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion as fuels have been investigated. Effect of variation in engine operating parameters like inlet pressure, friction coefficient compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and a residual gas fraction on engine performance parameters, i.e., effective power, effective power density, and total heat loss have been analyzed. Analysis has been carried out on the basis of isobaric heat addition and isochoric heat rejection assumptions with temperature variable specific heats and composition of alternative fuels. Microexplosion phenomenon for secondary atomization in water in diesel emulsion fuels improves the fuel combustion efficiency for better performance.The theoretical analysis revealed that the effective power and effective power density for diesel fuel are found to be increased by 14.4% and 28.6% respectively, compared to 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels in compression ignition engine at 1 bar inlet pressure. Highest effective power and effective power density are obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 for all mentioned fuels. Increase in inlet pressure results in increase effective power, effective power density, and total heat loss performances. Highest effective efficiency has been found with an equivalence ratio of 0.89 for diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels and is highly affected by inlet pressure for all mention fuel type. Also, an increase in friction coefficient and residual gas fraction decreases effective power, effective power density and effective efficiency for diesel, 5% and 10% water in diesel emulsion fuels. Obtained results are an essential tool for compression ignition engine designer and also provoked to use the water in diesel emulsion fuels as an alternative fuel in place of neat diesel fuel.

Study of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel engine with tea tree oil-diglyme blends

This investigation explored engine performance, combustion and exhaust emissions with a new series of fuels for compression ignition engine. Three blends were formulated using diesel, tea tree oil and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGM). Low grade tea tree oil is considered as waste, which was used as fuel in this investigation. DGM was blended with tea tree oil and diesel as an additive for its high oxygen content and cetane number. Diesel was chosen for comparison purposes. The three blends examined in this study were, 70-30-0, 70-20-10 and 70-10-20 in ratios of diesel-tea tree oil-DGM. A six-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged diesel engine was used in this experiment. Four different loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 1500 revolutions per minute (rpm) were selected for the experiments. Engine performance parameters like efficiency, power, mean effective pressure and specific fuel consumption were considered. In-cylinder pressure, the rate of heat release, peak and boost pressure were considered for combustion parameters. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) were considered for emission parameters. A maximum of 70% PM, 54% PN and 33% CO reductions were observed with three blends. However, 16% higher NOx emissions were observed with the blends.

Experimental investigation of particle emissions from a Dieseline fuelled compression ignition engine

Achieving low-smoke and low-NOx premixed compression ignition (PCI) combustion at a wide engine operating load range has been a challenge; especially in multi-cylinder engines running at higher loads for which less data is available in the literature. More specifically, it is of interest to characterise particle emissions under these conditions and identify their possible reduction benefit in different size classes compared to conventional diesel combustion. Mixing diesel with gasoline (Dieseline) as an incentive to reduce fuel reactivity (cetane-number) and consequently improve premixing is believed to be useful for PCI. In this study, the feasibility and benefits of using low cetane-number (<30) and wide boiling range G75-Dieseline (75% gasoline in diesel based on volume) in a production light-duty 4-cylinder CI engine are investigated at medium-high loads of 6, 12 and 17.3 bar BMEP. It was found that G75 combustion resulted in lower particle emissions (both number and mass), by up to 99.5%, while maintaining the same range of efficiency and NOx compared to diesel combustion. Bimodal particle size distributions were observed for both G75 and diesel while concentrations of G75 particles were much lower across the entire diameter range. For G75, increasing the fuel injection pressure decreased particle number concentration (especially in nucleation mode) while particle mass was less affected. At medium loads, because of longer ignition-dwell of G75 compared to diesel, variations of combustion and emission characteristics were more sensitive to injection timing. At high loads, mixing-controlled combustion phase was observed for G75 and highlighted the importance of investigating advanced intake pressure boosting systems and interactions between fuel spray and piston.

Experimental study of engine performance and emissions for hydrogen diesel dual fuel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

With an alarming enlargement in vehicular density, there is a threat to the environment due to toxic emissions and depleting fossil fuel reserves across the globe. This has led to the perpetual exploration of clean energy resources to establish sustainable transportation. Researchers are continuously looking for the fuels with clean emission without compromising much on vehicular performance characteristics which has already been set by efficient diesel engines. Hydrogen seems to be a promising alternative fuel for its clean combustion, recyclability and enhanced engine performance. However, problems like high NOx emissions is seen as an exclusive threat to hydrogen fuelled engines. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), on the other hand, is known to overcome the aforementioned problem. Therefore, this study is conducted to study the combined effect of hydrogen addition and EGR on the dual fuelled compression ignition engine on a single cylinder diesel engine modified to incorporate manifold hydrogen injection and controlled EGR. The experiments are conducted for 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loads with the hydrogen energy share (HES) of 0%, 10% and 30%. The EGR rate is controlled between 0%, 5% and 10%. With no substantial decrement in engine's brake thermal efficiency, high gains in terms of emissions are observed due to synergy between hydrogen addition and EGR. The cumulative reduction of 38.4%, 27.4%, 33.4%, 32.3% and 20% with 30% HES and 10% EGR is observed for NOx, CO2, CO, THC and PM, respectively. Hence, the combination of hydrogen addition and EGR is observed to be advantageous for overall emission reduction.

Assessing Combustion Performance of a Diesel Reciprocating Engine Under Various Fuel Blends Using a Calculus-Statistical Time-Series Vibration Based Approach

The increasing use of biofuels in recent years has resulted in renewed consideration of compression ignition (CI) engines for power generation. However, the differences in chemical properties of these fuels have led to some variation in key engine performance parameters. Accordingly, researchers have begun to investigate the use of vibration-based approaches in assessing these behaviors. Despite some progress in assessing the use of diesel in CI engines, very little has been done on assessing the use of fuel blends. The current work, therefore, proposes a vibration-based approach to assessing engine performance in CI engines. It hypothesizes that the variation in cylinder pressure with combustion can be effectively monitored via engine vibration signals. It further proposes the use of a hybrid calculus-statistical method for the analysis of the vibration data. Accordingly, tests were conducted using a single-cylinder engine made to operate on different fuel blends. Conventional thermodynamic data were recorded during its operation. These data were used to calculate fundamental engine performance indicators. Simultaneously, vibration data were collected from the engine using an accelerometer mounted on the engine casing. The vibration data were analyzed using a matlab algorithm. The results showed that the proposed method is able to track the variations in combustion performance, for changes in the fuel used. More importantly, based on the approach, a parameter, which characterizes the nature of combustion taking place, is proposed. The approach proves to be a feasible method for assessing combustion performance of different fuels in CI engines, with minimal computational requirements.

Production of syngas from agricultural residue as a renewable fuel and its sustainable use in dual-fuel compression ignition engine to investigate performance, emission, and noise characteristics

ABSTRACTIn the present era, the world is in a difficult position as the prime problems, like continuous depletion of nonrenewable energy resources at a brisk rate and environment pollution due to emission of greenhouse gases which are released on burning fossil fuels, are worsening day by day. Due to this, the interest of the researchers is shifting toward the idea of alternative fuels derived from biomasses, which are renewable in nature and eco-friendly in contrast to the conventional fossil fuels, to reduce the dependence on exhausting nonrenewable energy sources. In the present study, agricultural residues like cotton stalks and wheat straws are processed in a downdraft gasifier to produce syngas through biomass gasification. The produced syngas is further inducted in a gasifier-coupled dual-fuel compression ignition (DFCI) engine to investigate the performance, emission, and noise characteristics of the dual fuel engine to compare the standard diesel operation and syngas-diesel dual fuel operation. The results during the investigation concluded that Dual Fuel Compression Ignition (DFCI) engine works satisfactorily in dual fuel mode of syngas-diesel. Moreover, a maximum 44.44% of reduction in diesel consumption is observed with a slight decrease in indicated power by 3.49% at the maximum loading condition. In addition to the reduction in diesel consumption, the emission of nitrogen oxide was reduced by maximum of 76.74% in dual fuel mode as compared to standard diesel operation.

Combustion and emission characteristics analysis of waste tyre pyrolysis oil

The need of the substitute fuels in compression ignition engines has been the major requisite of the today’s world. Due to progressive diminution in crude oil and their subsequent environmental effects many researchers are working on various alternative fuels like biodiesel, methanol, alcohols, CNG, LPG, biogas. Fulfillment of the stringent emission norms is also a great concern as the fuel suggested should also offer the desired performance and should be economically and environmentally proven. Hence the oil extracted from the waste tyre is the biggest emanating fuel tested for its behavioral analysis when blended with diesel on single cylinder Variable compression ratio diesel engine. Trials are conducted with 100% diesel and then 10%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 60%, 75% and 90% TPO (tyre pyrolysis oil) blends with diesel with varying the load. It is observed that the various performance indicators like BP, IP and BMEP are boosted with rise in the proportion of TPO in the fuel oil for all loads. Increase in the BTE is found highest for moderate load up to 2.6 kg and maximum for TPO 90. Mechanical efficiency found to be maximum at TPO 35 at higher load. Lower specific fuel consumption obtained for TPO10 blend at low load and maximum at TPO 60. From the emission analysis it is found that CO emission tends to reduce up to moderate load, but increases consistently further with the load. HC emission found to be decreased with increase in TPO proportions with minimum for TPO 90 at all loading conditions. CO2 emission gradually increased with progressive rise in the load and increases rapidly for higher loads. NOx emission and smoke increased gradually with increase in the TPO proportion. Analyzing the performance of TPO for different proportions with diesel, TPO 90 is the better alternative to enhanced output and efficiency. Whereas for lower fuel consumption and emissions TPO 10 be recommended. Again it is also seen that moderate proportion of TPO (TPO35) gives highest cylinder pressure and reduction in the fragrant sulfur.