Fuel System Research Articles

Incorporating biochar into fuels system of iron and steel industry: carbon emission reduction potential and economic analysis

Biochar as a prospective renewable energy candidate could be incorporated into the iron and steel production system to replace part of fossil fuels and reduce high-intensity greenhouse gas emissions. However, great uncertainties still exist on biochar's emission reduction capacity and economic feasibility, depending on different biochar precursors, substitution scenarios, energy consumption of biochar production and financial cost. This study aimed to explore the optimized substitution strategies concerning the above issues. A systematic carbon accounting was performed by material flow analysis method (MFA). Two biochar incorporated iron and steel production routes, integrated production route (BF-BOF) and short production route (EAF), which took the proportion of 71.5% and 28.2% in worldwide production, were considered. CO2 Supply Curve (CSC) was conducted to carry out a quantitative economic viability analysis of biochar substitution under carbon emission trading schemes (ETS). Results showed that compared with straw-based biochar, wood-based biochar showed stronger carbon reduction capacity of 1.47 t CO2e (CO2-equivalent) /t crude steel, and the reduction potential reached 66.94% mostly. Among all the steel production processes, Blast furnace in BF-BOF route had the largest emission contribution proportion (72.06%), achieving the best GWP100 reduction potential of 73.66%. The incorporation of wood-based biochar in sintering (−0.037 yuan/t CO2e) was selected as the scenario with both reduction potential and economic viability. If the scenario was fully implemented in China, it could reduce 2.01 million tons of CO2e in 2021. This study would play a vital role in guiding iron and steel industry for biochar substituted fuels.

Automated Fuel System

Automated Fuel System

Comparative study on thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cells supplied with methanol or ammonia

The increasing demand for green hydrogen and power production necessitates the development of novel and upgraded power generation technologies. The solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power (SOFC–CHP) system is a promising solution due to its high efficiency, clean operation, and fuel flexibility. In practical terms, SOFCs can operate using a variety of fuels such as alcoholic fuel, hydrogen, ammonia, etc. Recently, methanol and ammonia have become noteworthy alternative fuel options as it possesses advantages such as low transportation cost and high hydrogen storage capacity. In this paper, we have established two SOFC–CHP models fueled by methanol or ammonia integrated with the steam Rankine cycle. A comprehensive thermodynamic model is proposed for energy and exergy analyses. Sensitivity analysis is performed to study the system's characteristics. The results show that the SOFC–CHP system fueled by ammonia exhibits superior performance, the maximum electrical power, efficiency, and exergy efficiency is 430W, 7% and 10% greater than the methanol fueled system. The operating temperature is about 30K higher in methanol supplied system. The largest thermal power difference can reach 0.65 kW. Overall, the ammonia fueled SOFC–CHP system shows greater potential than that fueled by methanol.

Assessing the Impact of Modifying the Fuel System of a Small Power Generator on Exhaust Emissions—A Case Study

Small power generators (up to 5 kW) with a dual-fuel function rely on the use of fuels with standardized quality parameters. The use of gaseous and liquid biofuels, produced by the prosumers themselves, to power the engines of these generators poses the problem of their impact on the operation of the fuel system and on exhaust gas emissions. The goal of this study was to indicate the environmental effects of adapting the internal combustion engine of a 2 kW multi-fuel generator to burn gaseous and liquid biofuels produced by the prosumer. Exhaust emission tests were carried out for the combustion of biogas, methanol, natural gas (methane) and conventional fuel. Forms of propellants that were generated at laboratory scale were used during the tests. Anaerobic organic waste management technologies were used in the tests. Biogas and biomethanol were generated for the tests. A modified SI generator fuel system: pressure reduction and fuel pre-conditioning, was tested burning gasoline, methanol, biogas and natural gas with 98% methane content. Exhaust gas emission tests in three operating states (idle, 50% load, 100% load) indicated CO2, CO, NOx and HC emission levels. The feasibility of using renewable fuels in a low-power generator was demonstrated, as well as the correct operation of the author’s system for supplying the generator with gaseous fuels. In the case of bioethanol, better complete combustion of the fuel was achieved than with gasoline, which was characterized by, among other things, 20% lower carbon monoxide emissions at full load. NOx emissions from the combustion of bioethanol compared to gasoline were 1.75 times lower at full load, and HC emissions were almost twice as low. In the case of biogas, there were significant carbon dioxide emissions due to the high carbon dioxide content of the fuel (40%). The other emission results for biogas were not significantly different from those from natural gas combustion.

Design and Build of Electronic-Based Cessna 172 Aircraft Fuel System Simulator

Airplanes need a system that can control the distribution of fuel in each operation so that the resulting fuel supply is stable. Based on the research results of Edgar Dale (1969), 90% of a person has the ability to absorb objects of knowledge by doing.This final project discusses the design and manufacture of a fuel flow simulator for an aircraft fuel system using LED lights as a substitute for fuel. This final project aims to design and create a fuel flow simulator for an aircraft fuel system as an alternative learning medium. There are two methods used in completing this Final Project, namely analytical and experimental methods which consist of several stages including problem identification, data collection, tool design, tool design, and tool testing.The results showed that with the Design and Build of the Electronic-Based Cessna 172 Aircraft Fuel System Simulator, where the value of cadets when learning using simulation tools has increased compared to without using tools. Itcan be concluded that this fuel system simulation tool can scientifically increasethe value and understanding of cadets, especially material about fuel systems.

Design and Implementation of a Diagnostic Solid Propellant Fuel System Based on Laser Illuminator

Design and Implementation of a Diagnostic Solid Propellant Fuel System Based on Laser Illuminator

Model-free control applied to a direct injection system: Experimental validation

This work presents the design and application of the Model-free controller with algebraic estimator and ultra-local model on the common-rail high-pressure in a Direct Injection Fuel System of an internal combustion engine. In this application, the PID controller is traditionally used, but it needs different settings as modifications in the operating point occur. These changes encompass motor rotation, injection time, or torque demand. On the other hand, this paper considers only a single set of control parameters that provides good performance considering a broad range of operating points. A commercial electronic control unit (FlexECU) offering the possibility of new software development was used to implement the control algorithm and manage all engine functions. The tuning process of the controller is presented and discussed. Tests were carried out, and the results were graphically demonstrated, evidencing the easy applicability, robustness, and ability of the considered Mode-free scheme to control nonlinear systems, even facing important dynamic variations.

Enhancement of a 300 kWth pilot plant for testing the indirectly heated carbonate looping process for CO2 capture from lime and cement industry

The indirectly heated carbonate looping process (IHCaL) is a promising technology for decarbonizing the lime and cement industry. Advantages of the IHCaL are the synergy with these industries using same solid materials and the avoidance of an air separation unit (ASU), since no technical pure oxygen is necessary in this capture process. Former pilot tests showed the feasibility of the IHCaL for applications in the power plant sector. However, the integration of the IHCaL into cement and lime plants, as well as the usability of spent sorbents as educts in these processes, has not yet been proven in industrially relevant conditions. In this study, the modification of an existing 300 kWth pilot plant for demonstrating the IHCaL process are described, aiming in accelerating the demonstration in an industrially relevant environment for cement and lime industries. A flue gas circulation system and a solid fueling system into the combustor, allowing the heat generation for the calcination with e.g. waste derived fuels, have been designed and installed. Results gained during the operation with the modified reactor configuration, are presented in order to assess the performance of the new components in the framework of the IHCaL configuration. The external combustor was operated while co-firing propane with either dried lignite or waste derived fuels. The carbonator was fluidized with a real flue gas from the external combustor, having CO2 concentrations between 11 and 18 vol-%dry. The results, obtained within more than 200 h of continuous testing with modified reactor configuration, show a good hydrodynamic behavior and adequate reactor performance, while providing a sound basis for further improvement and up scaling of the technology.

Pollutant Emissions Reporting and Performance Considerations for Ammonia-Blended Fuels in Gas Turbines

Abstract To limit climate change and promote energy security, there is widespread interest toward transitioning existing fossil fueled combustion systems to sustainable, alternative fuels such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) without negatively impacting air quality. However, quantifying the emission rate of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) is a nuanced process when comparing pollutant emissions across different fuels, as discussed in our paper GT2022-80971 presented last year. That study indicated that the standardized approach for measuring combustion emissions in terms of dry, oxygen-referenced volumetric concentrations (i.e., dry ppmv at the reference O2 concentration (ppmvdr)) inflates reported pollutant emissions by up to 40% for hydrogen combustion relative to natural gas. In this paper, we extend our prior analysis of these so-called “indirect effects” on emissions values to ammonia (NH3) and cracked ammonia (i.e., molecular hydrogen and nitrogen, 3H2 per N2) fuel blends. The results reveal that ppmvdr-based pollutant reporting approaches have a less prominent influence on emissions interpretations for molecular ammonia–methane blends than for hydrogen–methane blends. Nonetheless, we still find that ppmvdr reporting induces up to a 10% relative increase in apparent emissions when comparing 100% NH3 and 100% methane (CH4) fuels at an equal mass-per-work emission rate. Cracking the ammonia is shown to increase this relative bias up to 21% in comparison to a methane system. Further analysis shows how drying, dilution, thermodynamic, and performance effects each influence the relationship between ppmvdr and mass-per-work emissions across the spectrum of fuels and fuel blends. Following discussion of these findings, we conclude that quantifying combustion emissions using ppmvdr is generally inappropriate for emissions comparisons and advise the combustion community to shift toward robust mass-per-energy metrics when quantifying pollutant emissions.

Comparative Study of Thermodynamic Performance and System Characteristics of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System with Three Different Fuels

The global demand for hydrogen is increasing as the global warming problem emerges. Hydrogen, which does not produce air pollutants, is attracting attention in various fields such as transportation and power generation. However, there are drawbacks in storing and transporting hydrogen in its own form. Hydrogen must be stored in the form of low-temperature and high-pressure liquefied hydrogen, which requires a lot of energy, and transportation costs are also high due to the low mass energy density of hydrogen. Therefore, there is a need to store and transport hydrogen in different forms, and a means to convert and use these different forms of hydrogen is needed.Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the energy conversion devices capable of using various types of hydrogen with high efficiency. Due to the high operating temperature of SOFC, fuel can receive adequate heat for reforming process from high temperature SOFC exhaust gas. Therefore, SOFC can use various types of fuels, such as methane and ammonia.Due to the fuel flexibility of SOFC, many SOFC system study using various fuels have been conducted. However, the SOFC operating conditions and system layout used in each study are all different. Also, most of studies lacked parasitic power consideration due to the pressure drop in system components. These limitations make it difficult to compare each SOFC system and find out effect of fuel on SOFC system.In this study, a quantitative comparison of SOFC using three different fuels, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, was conducted. Thermodynamic models of a SOFC stack and balance of plant components developed from the previous study are used for the system simulations. Two system layouts, non-recirculation, and anode recirculation were chosen, and thermodynamic feasibility test was conducted based on T-Q diagram analysis at heat exchanger and reformer. With these system layouts, thermodynamic performance of the system and the design characteristics of the system components were compared. Boundary conditions, such as SOFC operating temperature, air and fuel utilization remains the same to compare each system result quantitatively. Also, most of design variables of system components are fixed to find out the effect of fuel on system components.Among three non-recirculation systems, ammonia fed non-recirculation system showed the highest electrical efficiency, while methane fed anode recirculation system showed the highest electrical efficiency among the anode recirculation systems. With the anode recirculation, SOFC power drop occurs due to the lower hydrogen concentration in the SOFC. However, fuel input drop due to anode recirculation is greater than the SOFC power drop, which positively affects system performance. But parasitic power is also increased due to recycle blower and higher mass flow rate of anode recirculation flow. In the case of ammonia fueled system, this increase in parasitic power leads to decrease in electrical efficiency.In this study, there are many constraints in operating conditions and BoPs designs to compare each system with different fuel. Therefore, operating conditions and BoPs designs are not optimized, so each system performance for each fuel may increase with appropriate system design. This optimization will be done in further study. Figure 1

Effect of Fuel System Snags on the Performance of a Military Turbojet Engine

Various snags in the fuel system of a military turbojet engine are analyzed and the effect on the engine performance is studied. Causes of the defects and remedial measures suggested to address such snags are also highlighted in this paper.

Fuel systems of high power stationary engine

The use of alternative fuels and, in the future, synthetic fuels has forced changes in the design of fuel supply systems in internal combustion engines. When operating a stationary engine at constant load, the possibility of using lean fuel mixtures appears. Selection of a precisely operating mixture ignition system requires changes in traditional fuel systems. The article presents the current designs of fuel supply systems and their properties. Attention was paid to operating parameters resulting in acceptable emissions of toxic exhaust gas components. Control systems that make the operation of the fuel system dependent on the properties of fuels are being developed.

Design and development of biogas electrical power generation with an adaptive control mechanism for rural electrification

The primary goal of this research is to implement a model of biogas power generation unit used for rural electrification. A biogas reactor, a microturbine, a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), a rectifier, and a permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC) make up the proposed system. The biomass used to fuel the biogas reactor is typically derived from the surplus agricultural and animal waste found in rural areas. The operation of the biogas power system, design, and detailed mathematical modeling of each segment is described in this paper. In addition to that, an adaptive control mechanism is added to improve the system stability. The MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to develop the overall biogas fueled power system and thus obtained various parameters. The observation in the development has shown an improvement in biogas power generation unit’s suitability for standalone applications such as water pumping in rural area.

Fuel Supply Safeguard System

This project is an online application designed to streamline the pre-ordering of petrol, prioritizing speed and convenience. This platform incorporates advanced technology to display a map of available fuelling facilities, offering users a visual reference for nearby options. Additionally, the web application provides valuable information to aid travellers in their petrol orders. Every user request is meticulously recorded and maintained for future reference. This initiative marks a critical step toward enhancing the online experience for mobile users. Emergency Fuelling System simplifies the process of ordering petrol online, allowing customers to place orders, access additional services, and make payments from any location. Admins have the flexibility to add various petrol types, set availability, and even manage parking space reservations. The system also supports pricing adjustments based on booking duration and special promotions, offering a dynamic and user-friendly solution for both customers and administrators.

An example of adoption of the model-based design (MBD) methodology in the development process of an LPG fuelling system

An example of adoption of the model-based design (MBD) methodology in the development process of an LPG fuelling system

Operational Control of Power Indicators of Diesel Engines with Common Rail Fuel System

Introduction. Operational methods to monitor the power indicators of engines for continuous diagnosis of their technical condition are of particular interest for creating optimal operating conditions of motor and tractor machinery. The methods are characterized by the mechanical efficiency, determined in the conditions of repair shops with the use of complex braking devices. Aim of the Article. To present the results of research on the development of an operational method for determining the mechanical efficiency of diesel engines with batteryoperated electronically controlled fuel supply systems. Materials and Methods. The Bashkir State Agrarian University proposed and successfully tested an operational method for assessing the technical condition of diesel engines with direct-acting fuel equipment on their mechanical efficiency, which is determined by the performance of their fuel equipment adjusted using the diesel itself as an adjusting stand. The possibility of using the proposed method for diesel engines with storage fuel systems was investigated. Results. The accuracy of determining the mechanical efficiency of diesel engines by electronically controlled fuel systems of battery type can be affected by the features of their work – the correction of cyclic feeds by the electronic engine control unit depending on the technical condition of the cylinders and high fuel injection pressure. To test this hypothesis, there were carried out studies on a four-cylinder D4EA 2.0 engine of a Hyundai Tuscon car with a Common Rail type storage fuel system. The engine fuel supply system was supplemented with an electronic unit integrated between the injector and the standard engine control unit, which interrupted the transmission line of the control signal to the injector according to a given algorithm without the standard unit transition to emergency mode. It has been found that the proposed method can successfully determine the technical condition of the engine as a whole and of its individual cylinders (alternating disabled and working cylinders). Discussion and Conclusion. The proposed operational method for determining the mechanical efficiency can be successfully used for diesel engines with accumulator electronically controlled fuel supply systems. At the same time, an increase in the cyclic supply by the electronic control unit of the engine fuel supply system reduces the mechanical efficiency slightly, and it can be taken into account only in special cases.

Fuzzy-Reset Joint Controller Design for Robust Frequency Adjustment of Hybrid Microgrid including Fossil Fuel Systems, Photovoltaic, Fuel Cell and Energy Storage Systems

Fuzzy-Reset Joint Controller Design for Robust Frequency Adjustment of Hybrid Microgrid including Fossil Fuel Systems, Photovoltaic, Fuel Cell and Energy Storage Systems

Design, optimization and economic viability of an industrial low temperature hot water production system in Algeria: A case study

Solar energy has a great potential in many areas of industrial activity in Algeria. This is because most of Algeria has high levels of sustainable solar insulation. Unfortunately, few industries use solar energy for hot water generation, but some industrial processes require hot water at temperatures that can be easily obtained from solar thermal panels. This paper presents a case study to investigate the technical and financial feasibility of a solar-powered industrial agro-processing system in Algiers. Based on the solar collectors connection type for which the economic feasibility study was carried out, an appropriate design of the system was determined. The latter was actually done by analyzing the levelized cost of energy savings. The design of the thermo-solar process is carried out based on F-chart method with a new approach by integrating the incidence angle modifier and of using real and experimental data requirements to determine realistic achievable performance of the solar process. The results showed that, in comparison to the currently used electrical system, the electrical energy savings achieved by the solar-powered system make it an economically viable option with a solar coverage rate of 80%. The investment depreciation balance shows that the use of such a thermal solar energy system will be more competitive than fossil fuels system if the price of electricity in the country increases from 0.048 to 0.075 €/kWh.

Experimental study on fuselage fuel hose guillotine test of civil aircraft

The crash-worthiness design of civil transport aircraft fuel systems is significance to improve the safety of the aircraft in the case of a crash. CCAR25.993 (f) requires that “fuel feed line in the fuselage shall be assembled to allow reasonable deformation and tension without fuel leakage”. Fuel system fuselage fuel supply line with the appropriate hose configuration can take the advantage of the ductility of the material, and the guillotine test is accepted by worldwide examiners to validate the deformation and tensile capacity of the fuel hose to keep it from leaking fuel.

Kinetic effects on geodesic acoustic modes and Stringer spin-up driven by a poloidally asymmetric particle source

The impact of the poloidally inhomogeneous particle source on the onset of Stringer spin-up (SSU) and geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) is investigated. Using a gyrofluid model with Hammet–Perkins closure, it was found that Landau damping stabilizes both waves and subsequently makes a threshold. To capture the full effects of Landau damping, a gyrokinetic model is adopted and results are compared with those from the gyrofluid model. Both models predicted the same value of the threshold for SSU, while for the case of GAM, the gyrofluid model overestimates the threshold value. Considering maximal throughput of the ITER pellet fueling system, the source intensity is calculated at a similar or slightly lower level compared to the source threshold for SSU.