Vehicle Fuel Research Articles

Experimental Research on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from E20-Fuelled Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Ethanol as a renewable fuel has been applied in fuel vehicles (FVs), and it is promising in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This work aims to investigate the emission characteristics of ethanol applied in both FVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The paper conducted a real-road test of an internal combustion FV and PHEV, respectively, based on the world light vehicle test cycle (WLTC) by using gasoline and regular gasoline under different temperature conditions. The use of E10 and E20 in FVs has been effective in reducing the conventional emissions of the vehicles. At 23 °C, E10 and E20 reduced the conventional emissions including carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbon compound (THC), non-methane hydrocarbon compound (NMHC), particulate matter (PM), and particulate number (PN) by 15.40–31.11% and 11.00–44.13% respectively. At 6 °C, E10 and E20 reduced conventional emissions including THC, CO, and PM by 2.15–8.61% and 11.02–13.34%, respectively. However, nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions increased to varying degrees. The reduction trend of non-conventional emissions including methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from FVs fueled with E10 and E20 is not significant for vehicles. Overall, the emission reduction effect of E20 is better than that of E10, and the emission reduction effect of ethanol gasoline on vehicle emissions is reduced at low temperatures. Lower ambient temperatures increase vehicle emissions in the low-speed segment but decrease vehicle emissions in the ultra-high-speed segment. HEV emissions of THC, CO, PN, and PM are reduced by 25.28%, 12.72%, 77.34%, and 64.59%, respectively, for E20 compared to gasoline, and the use of E20 in HEVs contributes to the reduction of overall vehicle emissions.

Intersection eco-driving for automated vehicles: SMPC-based strategies for handling leading vehicle starting-up uncertainties

Driving at intersections often differs from regular car-following scenarios, particularly in terms of start-up speed uncertainties. Extracting useful information from these uncertainties is crucial for improving traffic and energy efficiency, ultimately achieving eco-driving goals for automated vehicles. However, traditional car-following models are inadequate for describing intersection driving behaviors, while current eco-driving strategies often lack a thorough consideration of intersection traffic uncertainties. To this end, a new eco-driving strategy based on stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) is proposed, specifically addressing uncertainties in the starting-up behavior of leading vehicle (LV). To begin, a naturalistic driving dataset is constructed for a queuing scenario at a signalized intersection, enabling the establishment of probabilistic models for LV starting-up behavior. Next, an SMPC-based motion planning algorithm is introduced to facilitate optimal control of the ego vehicle (EV), directly incorporating the LV’s uncertainties. Specifically, a phantom LV model is introduced to depict LV’s starting-up probability in its initial preparing stage, and then in the accelerating stage a gaussian process regression (GPR) approach is employed for more accurate prediction of LV acceleration. Then the algorithm’s effectiveness is validated through stochastic and playback simulations in SUMO and Matlab. The playback simulations using conditions from naturalistic driving demonstrate that the algorithm significantly enhances energy efficiency, achieving savings of 21% and 37% compared to electric and fueled vehicles in real-world scenarios, respectively. Surprisingly, despite expectations, the algorithm can also improve traffic efficiency by an average of 17.9% and 13.6% for electric and fueled vehicles, respectively. Finally, the road experiment validates that our algorithm can achieve total savings of 15.8% energy in our experimental electric vehicle compared to real drivers. This algorithm has the potential to serve as an effective eco-driving solution for automated vehicle longitudinal planning and control in urban settings.

Low carbon strategy and coordination for a two-echelon automotive supply chain considering dual credit policy

The dual-credit policy currently plays a crucial role in the automobile industry and significantly contributes to low-carbon operations in the automotive supply chain. This paper employs the game-theoretic approach to build a supply chain comprising a supplier (leader) and an automaker (follower), considers the impact of dual-credit policy, and incorporates vertical spillovers into the supply chain abatement. Both parties lower carbon emissions through vertical spillovers while maximizing profits, thereby studying the low-carbon strategy of the automobile supply chain. Our findings reveal that (1) increased vertical spillover rate reduces the prices of fuel vehicles (FVs) and new energy vehicles (NEVs), raises the low-carbon levels and profits of automakers and suppliers. (2) An increase in the NEV credit ratio under the centralized system raises both price and demand for NEVs, while the low-carbon levels of automotive enterprises are reduced. (3) The carbon emissions of each vehicle under the centralized system will be lower than those of the decentralized system, and the order of total carbon emission levels under both systems is closely related to the credit trading price and credits per NEV. Moreover, we explore the automotive supply chain coordination and find that the Nash bargaining model fully coordinates the supply chain, while the cost-sharing and revenue-sharing contracts do not. Also, numerical analysis shows that the optimal system profit under revenue-sharing is greater than cost-sharing.

Competition between New Energy and Fuel Vehicles with Behavior-Based Pricing Strategies When Considering Environmental Concerns and Green Innovation

Environmental sustainability is an important issue in supply chain management (SCM). New energy vehicles (NEVs) have significant environmental value when compared to traditional fuel vehicles (FVs). Currently, there is intense competition between fuel and new energy vehicles, owing to differentiated pricing strategies. This paper focuses on behavior-based pricing (BBP) strategies between energy vehicles and fuel vehicles in a two-echelon supply chain wherein consumers are environmentally conscious. A two-period game-theoretic model is built to examine the effect of consumers’ environmental concerns on competition between fuel and energy vehicles, behavior-based pricing strategies, supply chain efficiency, and social welfare. The analytical results indicate that consumers’ environmental concerns facilitate the market share competition by new energy vehicle firms in the second period. If consumers care more about the environment, supply chain efficiency is improved in cases of retail as well as wholesale-and-retail behavior-based pricing strategies. Wholesale-and-retail behavior-based pricing strategies benefit all members of the supply chain, but this is not the case for retail behavior-based pricing strategies. If consumers are sufficiently concerned about the environment and new energy vehicle firms are more efficient, a win–win–win scenario for firms, consumers, and social welfare occurs in the two behavior-based pricing strategies. Counterintuitively, green innovation improves new energy vehicle, fuel vehicle as well as overall supply chain efficiency, in three cases.

Automatic Vehicle Fueling System using PLC Controlled Robotic Arm - A Simulation Design.

The objective of this research is to simulate an automatic fuelling system using a PLC LogixPro simulation. The system includes the "FASS" concept, which is Fast, Accurate, Safe and Simple, to allow car users to have an efficient fuel filling system. The design concept consists of three processes - identification of the vehicle, payment, and filling with the fuel. The first process identifies the presence of the car by the in-floor weight sensors. The weight sensor identifies the car, locks it in position, and activates the payment system. The second process activates the payment system. After payment is completed, the fuel cap will be opened to enable the system to start filling the fuel. If the payment doesn't go through the car will be released, manual operation will be initialized, and the entire system will be reset. A timer is included in the payment section to process the payment. In the third process, the filling arm is extended to the car, the fuel cap is opened, the fuel pump is inserted into the tank, and fuel is directed into the tank. Once the tank is full, filling is stopped, the pump is ejected, the fuel cap is closed, and the arm returned back to its position. Thus, an automatic vehicle fuelling system is created to overcome the problems of poor safety and longer waiting time during peak hours. The fuel cap is activated and deactivated by pressure and the sensor filler is stopped by a level sensor. The pump insert is activated and deactivated by a photosensor.

Design and Fabrication of an Acetylene Fuel Vehicle

Abstract: The transition towards sustainable transportation necessitates exploring alternative fuels with reduced environmental impacts. Acetylene has emerged as a promising candidate due to its clean combustion characteristics and high energy density. This abstract outline the design and fabrication process of an acetylene fuel vehicle, focusing on its feasibility and performance. The design phase involves meticulous material selection to ensure compatibility with acetylene's properties while prioritizing safety measures. Key components such as the fuel storage system, combustion chamber, and propulsion system are engineered to maximize energy conversion efficiency and minimize emissions. Safety protocols for acetylene handling and storage are integrated into the design to mitigate risks associated with its high reactivity. Fabrication incorporates advanced manufacturing techniques like additive manufacturing and precision machining to create a robust vehicle prototype. The integration of selected components is optimized to enhance structural integrity and overall performance. Rigorous testing procedures are conducted to validate the vehicle's functionality, including performance metrics, emissions analysis, and safety evaluations. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the feasibility of acetylene as a sustainable transportation fuel. The design and fabrication processes contribute to ongoing research efforts aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of the transportation sector. The results also offer a pathway for future developments in alternative fuel technologies, driving towards a more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient transportation ecosystem.

Analysis of the impact of exhaust gas emissions on diesel fueled vehicles in view from the year of manufacture (Case study on the Mitsubishi L 300 vehicle)

Air pollution is a condition caused by exhaust gas from motor vehicles operating on the highway. To minimize greater air pollution, the government is making preventive efforts by carrying out regular vehicle emission tests which are currently being carried out targeting transport vehicles. This is triggered by the increasing development of the automotive industry so that every year manufacturers produce these vehicles to meet the vehicle market, especially transport vehicle. With the increase in the number of vehicles every year, this is one of the causes of air pollution, so it needs to be controlled. This research aims to determine the effect of vehicle exhaust emissions on the year of vehicle production, in diesel fueled vehicles. The method used is an experiment using two-way Anova analysis on the results of tests carried out on Mitsubhisi L 300 vehicles with a total of 30 test samples, by testing vehicles produced in 2017 - 2022. The results of the research show that older vehicles will produce gas emissions. tall one. This is in accordance with the results of the ANOVA test which accepts the statement that there is at least one vehicle age that has a significant effect on smoke concentration, so it can be concluded that vehicles with an old age, in this case 2017, have the potential to produce high emission gases, therefore preventive efforts need to be taken. to vehicle engines

Repellent and Attractant Activities of Organic Compounds on Female and Male Philonthus decorus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae).

The use of organic compounds in different spheres of human activity is accompanied by their influx to and accumulation in the environment. The negative impact of those compounds can be one of the reasons for a decline in populations and biodiversity of aboveground invertebrates. Chemical compounds can potentially cause a variety of effects (attractant or repellent) on insects, including species of the Staphylinidae family. In a laboratory experiment, we identified repellent and attractant influence of 40 organic compounds and mixtures of compounds (acids, alcohols, ketones, phenols, aldehydes, aromatic carbohydrates solvents, and vehicle fuels) on Philonthus decorus Gravenhorst, 1802. The ambulatory responses of the males and females to the same chemical compounds most often varied. A strong repellent activity against both sexes of Ph. decorus was caused by oleic acid, while hexane repelled the males. Acetic acid, 1-butanol, and ammonia solution were found to be strongly repellent against females. A moderate (average) repellent activity towards male Ph. decorus was displayed by organic solvents and fuels, some alcohols (isopropanol, isoamyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol), acids (acetic, formic acid), aromatic carbohydrates (toluene, xylene), and formaldehyde. Female Ph. decorus in general were less sensitive to the odors. The list of repellents with moderate activity against the females was much shorter: solvent 646, white spirit, toluene, isopropanol, isoamyl alcohol, citric and oxalic acids, and glycerol. Moderate attractant activity for Ph. decorus was exhibited by some amino acids, alcohols, and fuel mixes: glycine and L-cysteine (for the males), and phenylalanine, methanol, and diesel fuel (for the females). The rest of the 40 chemical compounds we studied caused no ambulatory responses in Ph. decorus. The difficulties we encountered in the interpretation of the results suggest a need for further experimental studies that would expand the knowledge of the chemoecology of insects.

Modelling CO2 Emissions from Vehicles Fuelled with Compressed Natural Gas Based on On-Road and Chassis Dynamometer Tests

In response to increasingly stringent global environmental policies, this study addresses the pressing need for accurate prediction models of CO2 emissions from vehicles powered by alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG). Through experimentation and modelling, one of the pioneering CO2 emission models specifically designed for CNG-powered vehicles is presented. Using data from chassis dynamometer tests and road assessments conducted with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), the study employs the XGBoost technique within the Optuna Python programming language framework. The validation of the models produced impressive results, with R2 values of 0.9 and 0.7 and RMSE values of 0.49 and 0.71 for chassis dynamometer and road test data, respectively. The robustness and precision of these models offer invaluable information to transportation decision-makers engaged in environmental analyses and policymaking for urban areas, facilitating informed strategies to mitigate vehicular emissions and foster sustainable transportation practices.

Emergency Fuel Ordering and Management System for Vehicles

In today’s fast paced world, monitoring systems are necessary to track the changes in the environment for better understanding of current scenarios and predictions thereof. The same is true for fuel tanks in vehicles as well. By keeping strict track of fuel intake and consumption, vehicles can be made more fuel and cost efficient. This can be done using remote monitoring and data collection systems deployed at the site of the fuel storage tank. When an agent starts filling petrol in your bike/car, the flow sensor is activated. Capacitance is used in the suggested IoT gadget to measure the amount of fuel. The driver receives a notification through mobile application when the vehicle's Fuel reaches a low level.

Research on the characteristics of EV interior sound quality and its dynamic active control system design and development un-der accelerated driving conditions.

In order to improve the interior sound quality of Electric Vehicles (EV), solve the problem of low sense of power and comfort of the interior sound as well as the large electromagnetic excitation order noise of motor and the sharp interior sound, this article designs a dynamic active sound control system for EV under accelerated driving conditions. Firstly, by comparing and analyzing the sound spectrum characteristics of fuel vehicle (FV) and EV during acceleration, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is adopted to extract and synthesize the engine sound. Secondly, the influence of the engine order composition and the energy distribution in the frequency domain on the sound quality of the vehicle is analyzed, and an active control system for sound quality is proposed. And the software and hardware development of the active control sound system is completed. Finally, through real-vehicle testing and verification, the sense of comfort and power of the EV interior sound has been greatly improved during acceleration, and the total value of interior sound can meet the requirement. The sound pressure level and loudness of interior sound have been increased, and the sharpness of the sound inside the vehicle has been improved, with a maximum reduction of 1.0acum.

Policy proposals for tree-planting according to change in vehicle fuels and air pollutants in Busan

Policy proposals for tree-planting according to change in vehicle fuels and air pollutants in Busan

Towards carbon-free mobility: The feasibility of hydrogen and ammonia as zero carbon fuels in spark ignition light-duty vehicles

Global warming is a major environmental issue caused by the release of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Light-duty vehicles (LDVs) including passenger cars and light-duty trucks, are a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The transportation sector is responsible for approximately 23% of global CO2 emissions, with LDVs accounting for a substantial portion of these emissions. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of zero-carbon fuels with focus on hydrogen and ammonia in spark ignition internal combustion engines for light-duty vehicles. With the increasing demand for sustainable and carbon-free mobility, alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia are gaining attention as potential solutions. The properties and characteristics of these fuels and their potential for utilising them as a fuel in internal combustion engines are also reviewed. Current challenges and opportunities associated with the use of these fuels, including production, storage, and distribution, will be discussed. While there are still technical and infrastructural challenges that need to be addressed, hydrogen and ammonia have the potential to provide clean and efficient energy sources for light-duty vehicles. The development of these fuels, along with advancements in internal combustion engine technology, can help pave the way towards a carbon-free future for mobility.

Symbolic Aggregate Approximation-Based Clustering of Monthly Natural Gas Consumption

Natural gas is an indispensable non-renewable energy source for many countries. It is used in many different areas such as heating and kitchen appliances in homes, and heat treatment and electricity generation in industry. Natural gas is an essential component of the transportation sector, providing a cleaner alternative to traditional fuels in vehicles and fleets. Moreover, natural gas plays a vital role in boosting energy efficiency through the development of combined heat and power systems. These systems produce electricity and useful heat concurrently. As nations move towards more sustainable energy solutions, natural gas has gained prominence as a transitional fuel. This is due to its lower carbon emissions when compared to coal and oil, thus making it an essential component of the global energy framework. In this study, monthly natural gas consumption data of 28 different European countries between 2014 and 2022 are used. Symbolic Aggregate Approximation method is used to analyse the data. Analyses are made with different numbers of segments and numbers of alphabet sizes, and alphabet vectors of each country are created. These letter vectors are used in hierarchical clustering and dendrogram graphs are created. Furthermore, the elbow method is used to determine the appropriate number of clusters. Clusters of countries are created according to the determined number of clusters. In addition, it is interpreted according to the consumption trends of the countries in the determined clusters.

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Vehicle Fuelled with Blended Palm Biodiesel Before and After Engine Overhaul

Rapid industrialization and growth in population have resulted in a rapid increase in energy demand. Pollutant emissions from diesel engines have caused major impacts in disturbing the ecological system. The Malaysian government implemented the B10 biodiesel program for the transportation sector and B7 for the industrial sector in 2019 to drive the demand for palm oil and increase the sustainability of energy resources. For future implementation, the government is looking toward for higher percentage of blended biodiesel, such as B30 and above. This paper presented the effect of engine overhaul on the performance and emissions of a vehicle fuelled with blended biodiesel (B10, B20 & B30) by comparing before and after the engine overhaul. By using a vehicle Toyota Hilux 2.5L, the vehicle was attached to a chassis dynamometer for determining its performance such as brake power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at 45% and 90% of Acceleration Pedal Position (APP), respectively. The exhaust gas emissions were measured using a 5-channel analyser for determining the carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The experiment was conducted in a steady-state condition with a constant speed of 30, 60, 90, and 110 km/h simulating rural, urban, and motorway speeds. The performance results revealed that blended biodiesel B10, B20 and B30, produced higher brake power, and lower brake-specific fuel consumption after engine overhaul. Emissions results showed that CO was increased at 45% APP but decreased at a higher 90% APP, and in most cases, NOx and CO2 emissions were decreased with an increase in speed for both APP.

A Study on the Optimal Penetration of Vehicle Fuel Types to Minimize the Costs Associated with GHG Emissions

A Study on the Optimal Penetration of Vehicle Fuel Types to Minimize the Costs Associated with GHG Emissions

Dynamic game evolution complexity of new energy and fuel vehicle manufacturers under carbon cap‐and‐trade policy

AbstractConsidering customers' preferences for low‐carbon products, the paper delves into the short‐run and long‐run repetitive game involving three oligopolistic manufacturers engaged in the production of new energy vehicles (hybrid electric vehicles [HEV] and battery electric vehicles [BEV]) and conventional fuel vehicles (FV) within the framework of a carbon cap‐and‐trade policy (CaT). In the short‐run game model, this study explores the optimal decision of oligarchic manufacturers and analyzes the efficiency of the supply chain in the context of cooperation and non‐cooperation. In the long‐run repetitive scenario, the article examines the optimal decision of the manufacturer, assuming rational economic behavior aimed at maximizing individual profits within a non‐cooperation game strategy. Finally, the paper investigates the elements that influence the efficiency of the supply chain. The results reveal that (1) fuel vehicles possess greater flexibility in adjusting parameters compared to the other vehicle types; a judicious increase in manufacturers' price adjustment parameters in the stability domain is beneficial to their respective profits and enhances the overall supply chain profitability. (2) Maintaining customers' preference for low‐carbon products within a reasonable range is crucial for the mutual benefit of all manufacturers. (3) The government needs to allocate more carbon emission limits to fuel vehicle manufacturers in order to improve supply chain efficiency.

Fleet operator perspectives on alternative fuels for heavy-duty vehicles

Despite the deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) being one of the promising measures to reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, AFVs still represent a very small share in the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) sector. Understanding HDV fleet operator perspectives on alternative fuels is critical to developing effective demand-side strategies to facilitate wider and more rapid adoption of heavy-duty AFVs. This study explored California HDV fleet operator perspectives on viable alternative fuel options in the next 10–20 years, along with motivators for, and barriers to, such adoption. Eighteen in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted, after which thematic analysis was employed to analyze the interview data. Electric, hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), and hybrid options were commonly perceived as viable in the 2030s by the participating organizations. Various optimistic aspects were addressed, including advanced technologies and emission reduction benefits (electric/hydrogen), continued fuel commitments due to their fleet or infrastructure investments already made (CNG), and lower complexity in fleet routing along with favorable driver acceptance (hybrid options). However, many concerns and uncertainties were also reported, including functional unsuitability (electric), uncompetitive upfront costs (hydrogen), unready infrastructure, perceived unavailability of vehicles, uncertain return on investment (electric/hydrogen), and unpromising support from state government (CNG). The study findings help fill a key knowledge gap in AFV fleet adoption research regarding HDV fleet operator perspectives, and contribute to developing demand-side strategies to aid the success of AFV diffusion throughout the HDV market.

Production mode selection for automakers considering product substitution under the dual-credit policy

Purpose This paper aims to compare and analyze the effect of the dual-credit policy and product substitution rate on the automakers’ operational strategies under different production modes (e.g. centralized and independent), and further illustrate which production mode is more conducive to improving new energy vehicle (NEV) development.Design/methodology/approach The decision-making models for a centralized production mode where an integrated automaker produces both NEVs and fuel vehicles (FVs) and for independent production mode where an NEV automaker faces competition from a traditional FV automaker were formulated. The equilibrium solutions of each production mode were obtained by extreme value and game theory methods. The conclusions of the theoretical analysis were further verified with numerical analyses using IBM-MATLAB R2019a. Some management insights could be obtained by comparison analysis.Findings Under the dual-credit policy, an increase in the NEV credit trading price will always raise production quantity of NEVs, but only in an independent production mode where a higher trading price will also bring higher total profits to NEV automakers. In addition, only when the NEV credit trading price is high enough, a rising product substitution rate will be more favorable to NEV production and restrain FV production. Furthermore, an independent production mode is more favorable for the initial production of NEVs, but as each of the two vehicle types captures a certain amount of market share, a centralized production mode will be more conducive to the full replacement of FVs by NEVs.Originality/value The main contributions of this study include the formulation of decision-making models for FVs and NEVs in not only a centralized production mode but also an independent production mode. Moreover, this paper comprehensively analyzes how the dual-credit policy and product substitution relationship affect automakers’ production and pricing decisions. Then, the specific conditions under which each production mode is more conducive to NEV production and sales are summarized. The results proposed in this study provide scientific managerial insights for automakers and policy makers.

Analysis of Motor Vehicle Tax, Motor Vehicle Title Transfer Tax, and Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax in 2018 - 2022 on Local Revenue in DKI Jakarta Province

This research aims to analyze the effectiveness and contribution of motor vehicle taxes, motor vehicle title transfer fees, motor vehicle fuel taxes to DKI Jakarta's PAD in 2018-2022. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with secondary data obtained from local government financial reports via the official website of the Jakarta Information and Documentation Service. The data analysis technique used is the effectiveness analysis method with the effectiveness ratio and contribution analysis method. The results of this study show that there is effectiveness in the realization of motor vehicle tax with a very good level of effectiveness with an average of 100.81% and motor vehicle transfer fee tax with an average of 102.16% and motor vehicle fuel tax with an average of an average of 103.89% has a very good effectiveness level with a percentage that fluctuates from year to year. Motor vehicle tax contributes quite a bit and motor vehicle transfer fee tax has a low level of contribution to the PAD of DKI Jakarta Province, then motor vehicle fuel tax has a very low level of contribution to PAD of DKI Jakarta Province.