Fuel Exhaust Research Articles

EFFECTS OF ADDING PHTHALOCYANINE TO GASOLINE FUEL ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS IN SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

In this study, phthalocyanines as fuel additives were added to petrol fuel at different ratios by volume and tested in terms of engine performance and exhaust emissions. In the experimental study, the change in engine torque of PG5, PG15, and PG25 blended fuels compared to gasoline fuel was 3.5% decrease, 0.37% increase, and 3.59% increase, respectively. Specific fuel consumption decreased by 6.09% for PG5 fuel, 3.53% for PG15 fuel, and 5.08% for PG25 fuel compared to petrol fuel. The exhaust gas temperature increased by 7.18%, decreased by 0.39%, and decreased by 3.31% with the use of PG5, PG15, and PG25 blended fuels compared to petrol fuel, respectively. CO emissions of PG5, PG15, and PG25 blended fuels decreased by 58.88%, 46.99%, and 53.19%, respectively, compared to gasoline fuel. HC, CO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions of blended fuels increased compared to petrol fuel. Phthalocyanines additives are a type of fuel additive that can help to reduce both fuel consumption and harmful emissions. This can lead to a decrease in vehicle-related environmental pollution.

Mechanistic toxicity assessment of fine particulate matter emitted from fuel combustion via pathway-based approaches in human cells

Fuel exhaust particulate matter (FEPM) is an important source of air pollution worldwide. However, the comparative and mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs emitted from combustion of different fuels is still not fully understood. This study employed pathway-based approaches via human cells to evaluate mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs. The results showed that FEPMs caused concentration-dependent (0.1–200 μg/mL) cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. FEPMs at low concentration (10 μg/mL) induced cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases, while high level of FEPMs (200 μg/mL) caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Different FEPMs induced distinct expression profiles of toxicity-related genes, illustrating different toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, FEPMs inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), which related with reproductive toxicity. Spearman rank correlations among the chemicals carried by FEPMs and the toxic effects revealed that PAHs and metals promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and suppressed PKA activity. Furthermore, PAHs (Nap and Acy) and metals (Al and Pb) in FEPMs were highly and positively correlated with the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, ER stress, metal stress and inflammation. Our findings offered more mechanistic information of FEPMs at the level of subcellular toxicity and help to better understand their potential health effects.

Comparison of CVT Performance with the Manual and Automatic Transmission for Evaluation the Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions

Comparison of CVT Performance with the Manual and Automatic Transmission for Evaluation the Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions

The Effect of Fossil Fuel Exhaust on the Germination and Growth of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

Fossil fuel exhaust contains CO, CO2, SO2, NO, in addition to particulates (soot). It was hypothesized that ryegrass seeds (Lolium multiflorum) when exposed to diesel fuel exhaust would have fewer seeds germinate and sprout. Exhaust collector pans were created and one hundred ryegrass seeds and water were added to each pan. Fossil fuel exhaust was added to two exhaust collector pans. A third pan with no exhaust was prepared. The three pans were placed in a greenhouse for eight days. The seed growth from each pan was calculated and recorded. The mean growth for the control was 100%. The growth for the gasoline exhaust was 85%. The germination for the diesel was 67% and was 19% for sprouting. The t-test analysis of the data had a p-value of 0.0001. The hypothesis was supported because the fossil fuel exhaust did affect the growth of L. multiflorum.

Numerical and experimental investigations on a dual fuel HCCI engine by using ethanol as primary fuel and diesel as secondary fuel for NOX reduction and better performance

ABSTRACTAchieving the new emission norms is a difficult task to today’s compression ignition (CI) engine without any exhaust gas after-treatment technologies. It is necessary to find the practical method which reduces the unsafe emission, with minor modifications of the CI engine. Dual fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine has been recognised as one of the solutions to minimise the emissions and achieve higher performance. In the present study the dual fuel HCCI engine mode of operation carried out by supply of ethanol fuel-air mixture to the engine cylinder through the carburetor and diesel fuel is directly injected at the end of compression for the initiation of ignition. Dual fuel HCCI engine is one of the most promising engines suitable for alternative fuels and lower NOX emissions. An experimental investigation is carried out on dual fuel HCCI engine. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions such as NOX, CO2, CO, HC are measured and compared with conventional CI engine. The results show that NOX emission tends to decrease at low and moderate loads of the engine, but at full load condition it is slightly higher. Further, thermal efficiency is calculated and compared in CI engine; it is observed that there is a slight improvement in thermal efficiency at high load operation. In the dual fuel HCCI engine mode, there is a provision to use of ethanol or any other alternate fuel for better energy efficiencies and low NOX emission.

Optimizing CO Reductions in a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst under Diesel Dual Fuel Exhaust Conditions

Optimizing CO Reductions in a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst under Diesel Dual Fuel Exhaust Conditions

Fuel properties and exhaust emissions of low blending rate soybean oil methyl esters blended with diesel fuel

ABSTRACTThe main properties and engine emissions of low blending rate soybean oil methyl ester blended with diesel from 5 to 30 wt% were compared and analyzed. The experimental results show that, compared with diesel fuel, with an increase in the soybean oil methyl ester percentage in the blends, distillation temperature at 50%, flash point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, gelatine content, carbon residue, acidity and ash increase while a cold filter plugging point, solidifying point and copper corrosion keep constant, sulfur content decreases, smoke density and HC decrease while NOx emission increase, CO increases at 2,200 r/min but decreases at 3,400 r/min.

The Effect of Vessel Speed on Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions

High consumption of fuel and emissions from ships has brought a new perspective tospeed optimization of ship. The reducing in fuel consumption can provide higher savings on the total cost of the vessel. Some regulations on environmental issues have been designated by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and other bodies. This research is based on the development of speed optimization. With case studies of MV. Meratus Mamiri which serving routes of Tj. Priok port-Tj. Perak port, Indonesia. The result of this study expected reduce the fuel consumption and emission of the ship based on speed optimization.

Fuel consumptions and exhaust emissions induced by cooperative adaptive cruise control strategies

Many cooperative adaptive cruise control strategies have been presented to improve traffic efficiency as well as road traffic safety, but scholars have rarely explored the impacts of these strategies on cars' fuel consumptions and exhaust emissions. In this paper, we respectively select two-velocity difference model, multiple velocity difference model and the car-following model considering multiple preceding cars' accelerations to investigate each car's fuel consumptions, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides ( NOX) emissions and carry out comparative analysis. The comparisons of fuel consumptions and exhaust emissions in three different cruise control strategies show that cooperative cars simulated by the car-following model considering multiple preceding cars' accelerations can run with the minimal fuel consumptions, CO, HC and NOXemissions, thus, taking the car-following model considering multiple preceding cars' accelerations as the cooperative adaptive cruise control strategy can significantly improve cars' fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions.

Real-time analysis of organic compounds in ship engine aerosol emissions using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation and proton transfer mass spectrometry.

Organic combustion aerosols from a marine medium-speed diesel engine, capable to run on distillate (diesel fuel) and residual fuels (heavy fuel oil), were investigated under various operating conditions and engine parameters. The online chemical characterisation of the organic components was conducted using a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometer (REMPI TOF MS) and a proton transfer reaction-quadrupole mass spectrometer (PTR-QMS). Oxygenated species, alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons were characterised. Especially the aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkylated derivatives were very prominent in the exhaust of both fuels. Emission factors of known health-hazardous compounds (e.g. mono- and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons) were calculated and found in higher amounts for heavy fuel oil (HFO) at typical engine loadings. Lower engine loads lead in general to increasing emissions for both fuels for almost every compound, e.g. naphthalene emissions varied for diesel fuel exhaust between 0.7mg/kWh (75% engine load, late start of injection (SOI)) and 11.8mg/kWh (10% engine load, late SOI) and for HFO exhaust between 3.3 and 60.5mg/kWh, respectively. Both used mass spectrometric techniques showed that they are particularly suitable methods for online monitoring of combustion compounds and very helpful for the characterisation of health-relevant substances. Graphical abstract Three-dimensional REMPI data of organic species in diesel fuel and heavy fuel oil exhaust.

New Insights into Benzene Hydrocarbon Decomposition from Fuel Exhaust Using Self‐Support Ray Polarization Plasma with Nano‐TiO2

A new insight into self‐support ray polarization (SSRP) of nonthermal plasma for benzene hydrocarbon decomposition in fuel exhaust was put forward. A wire‐tube dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) AC plasma reactor was used at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The catalyst was made of nano‐TiO2 and ceramic raschig rings. Nano‐TiO2 was prepared as an active component by ourselves in the laboratory. Ceramic raschig rings were selected for catalyst support materials. Then, the catalyst was packed into nonthermal plasma (NTP) reactor. Six aspects, benzene initial concentration, gas flux, electric field strength, removal efficiency, ozone output, and CO2 selectivity on benzene removal efficiency, were investigated. The results showed SSRP can effectively enhance benzene removal efficiency. The removal efficiency of benzene was up to 99% at electric field strength of 12 kV/cm. At the same time, SSRP decreases ozone yield and shows a better selectivity of CO2 than the single technology of nonthermal plasma. The final products were mostly CO, CO2, and H2O. Our research will lay the foundation for SSRP industrial application in the future.

Trawler fuel exhaust and respiratory impairments: a cross-sectional pilot study among Indian fishermen working in informal sectors.

An estimated half a billion people are engaged in fishing related occupations in India. Exposure to adulterated fuel exhaust is common among deep-sea fishermen, yet little is known about the potential impacts on the exposure to health. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fuel emission exposure was associated with increased respiratory impairments among fishermen who were occupationally exposed to fuel exhaust compared to fisherman occupationally unexposed to fuel exhaust. This cross-sectional study compared the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function variables between 152 marine-water and 107 fresh water fishermen considering the use of fuel-driven trawlers. Data were obtained from questionnaires and computerized spirometer. Fishermen exposed to trawler fuel exhaust reported more than double the number of respiratory symptoms compared to the unexposed fisherman (86·2 vs. 40·2%). They also had a significantly higher chance experiencing chronic cough (adjusted OR = 3·51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2·09-6·35), chronic phlegm (8·61, 4·76-15·97), and wheezing (4·29, 2·55-7·61) symptoms. Finally, there was a significant reduction of the ratio of mid portion of forced expiratory flow rate and forced vital capacity (FEF25-75/FVC) in the exposed fishermen compared to the unexposed (0·84 vs. 0·73 second(-1), P = 0·015). Fuel exhaust may negatively impact on the respiratory health of Indian fishermen. More attention and surveillance of occupational health for fishermen in India is needed.

Modification of a Hybrid City Bus Powertrain in the Aspect of Lower Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions

In this paper the authors present the methodology and results of exhaust emissions and energy consumption tests of an 18-meter city bus fitted with a serial hybrid drive. During the tests, parameters of the engine operation, capacitor charging level and exhaust emissions were recorded. The tests were performed under actual conditions of the bus operation in city traffic on a regular bus route. The testing cycles were conducted twice on the same vehicle. The first cycle was performed on the bus with the original configuration and the second one - on the optimized engine and drivetrain. The paper presents the results of the conducted investigations and a comparison that tells us whether the optimization changes have a positive influence on the vehicle reducing its energy consumption and exhaust emissions.

Energy Economics and Policy

There are emerging concerns worldwide on management of energy resources and its development, such as control of the environmental impact of energy use, regulation and expedition of the commercialization of renewable energy, and reevaluation of the safety issue of nuclear power. As a result, theoretical and empirical studies on energy economics and relevant policies are of emergent need to assess the performance of previous efforts as well as to guide future development. Especially, investigations on the characters of energy market and governments' roles in it are of significant implication for decision makers concerning different aspects of energy management. 20 papers selected from 36 submissions are published in this issue, which cover many important topics in the field of energy economics and policy. At the macroscale, P. Massot and Z.-M. Chen review the history of global uranium market and discuss the potential coexistence between the rising market of China and the rest of the world. X. H. Xia and Y. Hu use China's subprovince and prefecture level data to analyze the determinants of electricity consumption intensity. B. Zhang et al. provide an overview of resources use and environmental impact of the Chinese industry during 1997–2006 based on an exergetic assessment. The fossil fuels inputs in China during 2000–2010 are estimated by S. Wang et al. in a material flow analysis which takes hidden flows into account. Acknowledging the importance of infrastructure investment for the Chinese economy, the embodied energy use in China's infrastructure investment during 1992–2007 is evaluated by H. Liu et al. based on an energy input-output model. S. Lee et al. analyze the potential economic and environmental effects of carbon tax in Japan using a global macroeconometric model. In the study by F. Tao et al., the directional distance function and the Luenberger productivity index are applied to measure the industry efficiency and total factor productivity at the level of subindustry in China during 1999–2009. By employing an input-output model, S. Guo et al. construct an embodied greenhouse gases emissions inventory for Beijing. Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including nitrogen oxides and particulate matters, by China's auto industry are estimated and related mitigation policies are discussed by Wu et al. In P. Dai et al.'s paper, an integrate optimization model is proposed for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector of China. Other efforts are devoted to energy systems at smaller scales. In the light of the concept of low-carbon community, S. Song et al. propose a life-cycle-based accounting framework for carbon dioxide emissions and employ it to a case in Beijing. As an efficient mode to organize modern production, the industrial park attracts special attentions not only for its important role in economic development but also for its highly concentrated energy use. Four papers in this issue discuss different aspects of the industrial park: the sustainability performance of the industrial park is evaluated based on a life-cycle multicriteria framework by J. Yang et al.; the carbon metabolism of the industrial park is simulated in an ecological network analysis by Y. Lu et al.; the greenhouse gas inventory and ecological-economic benefits of the industrial park are discussed in two papers by B. Chen and his colleagues. Another two papers in this issue focus on renewable energy systems: Y. Wang et al. compare the ecological-economic value of two different biogas plants by an emergy method; Q. Yang et al. assess the nonrenewable energy cost and greenhouse gas emissions of a “pig-biogas-fish” agricultural system based on a life-cycle assessment. To analyze the incentive mechanism of power plant efficiency retrofit, D. Yuan et al. calculate the internal rate of return of an ordinary steam turbine coal-fueled power plant in China under different scenarios. The price elasticity of residential electricity demand is estimated by G. Shi et al. to fill the gap between data requirement for policy making and scientific research outcome. In a more technical research, Z. Wang et al. focus on light extraction efficiency improvement of light-emitting diodes. In summary, economics analysis on energy systems and policies of their development is gaining more and more attention, and the papers presented in this special issue represent the current status of their research. Nevertheless, many problems remain unresolved, and more research is necessary. We look forward to new progress on the basis of and beyond the investigations reported in this issue. Zhan-Ming Chen Bin Chen Han-Song Tang

Inherent Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission of the CNG–Petrol Bi–Fuel Engine Based at Non–Loaded Operation

Gas asli termampat (CNG) merupakan bahan api alternatif yang paling berjaya dan digunakan dengan meluas bagi kenderaan terkini yang berada di pasaran. Kenderaan pacuan petrol bagi tujuan ini biasanya dilengkapkan dengan kit penukar gas asli bagi membolehkan operasian dwi-bahan api di antara CNG dan petrol. Pendekatan secara uji kaji ini difokuskan ke atas penggunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos dan kos bahan api di antara operasian gas asli dan petrol. Rig ujian terdiri dari sebuah sistem enjin teksi dwi-bahan api menggunakan 1500 cc dengan 12 injap sistem karburetor adalah dibina khusus. Penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos yang setara diperolehi pada kelajuan putaran seminit (rpm) enjin yang berbeza ketika operasian menggunakan bahan api CNG dan petrol secara berasingan. Pengoperasian rpm enjin tanpa bebanan diubahsuai dari kedudukan pegun kepada kedudukan melebihi 5000 rpm untuk memperolehi profil penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos. Kedua-dua data yang diperolehi ini kemudiannya digunakan bagi mengira kadar udara bahan api enjin. Kesemua ketiga-tiga parameter yang diperolehi digunakan untuk membuat perbandingan terhadap operasian gas asli dan petrol. Pemerhatian yang dibuat menunjukkan kadar udara bahan api bermula dari 19 ke 16.3 bagi operasian petrol dan dari 40 ke 18.7 untuk operasian menggunakan gas asli. Emisi ketika operasian menggunakan CNG jelas menunjukkan penurunan ketara ke atas keluaran hidrokarbon (HC), karbon monoksida (CO), karbon dioksida (CO2) dan nitrogen oksida (NOx) dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Dari segi kos, penggunaan CNG memberikan keuntungan melebihi 50% terhadap kesemua kelajuan rpm enjin jika dibandingkan dengan operasian menggunakan petrol. Kata kunci: NGV, enjin dwi–bahan api, pengunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos, CNG, gas asli Compressed natural gas (CNG) is the most successful and widely used alternative fuel for vehicles in the market today. Petrol fuelled vehicles are fitted with natural gas vehicle (NGV) conversion kit to enable bi-fuel operation between CNG and petrol. This experimental approach is focused on the fuel consumption, exhaust emission and fuel cost between natural gas and petrol operations. The specially constructed test rig comprises of the bi-fuel fuel system employed in the 1500 cc 12 valves carburettor engine NGV taxis. The inherent fuel consumption and corresponding exhaust emission are acquired at different engine revolution per minute (rpm) during petrol and CNG operation separately. The engine rpm operating without load is varied from idle to more than 5000 rpm to acquire the fuel consumption and exhaust emission profile. These two acquired data are then used to calculate the engine’s air fuel ratio. All three parameters acquired are used to conduct comparisons between petrol and natural gas operation. It is seen that the bi-fuel system operates with air fuel ratio ranging from 19 to 16.3 for petrol operation and ranges from 40 to 18.7 for natural gas operations. The emission during CNG operation clearly shows significant decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) over the use of petrol. In terms of cost, the use of CNG provides savings exceeding 50% through all engine rpm compared to petrol non-loaded operations. Key words: NGV, bi–fuel engine, fuel consumption, exhaust emission, CNG, natural gas

Performance and emissions of a Euro5 small diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel

This article describes the effects of using neat biodiesel on a modern small displacement passenger car diesel engine, highlighting the need for a specific adjusted electronic control unit (ECU) calibration for biodiesel. Engine performance were evaluated at full load with a standard ECU calibration as well as with an ECU calibration specifically adjusted for biodiesel; Break Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust emissions was then evaluated at seven part load operating conditions, representative of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Tests showed that through recalibration it is possible to obtain the same performance measured under diesel operation, with benefits in terms of engine-out emissions, especially as far as smoke emissions are concerned. Moreover, particle number and size distribution at engine outlet were also evaluated at part load operating conditions, showing a significant reduction of particle number and mass with biodiesel.

Study on Fuel Economy and Exhaust Emission of Lean-Burn PFI Engines

Lean-burn engines operate at a very lean air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio under light-load and part-load regions, in order to analyze the effect of engine speed and load on the BSFC (Break Specific Fuel Consumption) and exhaust emission of Lean-burn engine, an experimental research was conducted on a 4 cylinder lean-burn gasoline engine using different A/F ratios. The results show that the CO emission level decrease significantly, HC emission level becomes lower at the same A/F ratio, while the NOx emission increases, hence, advanced technologies are needed to carry out the NOx storage and purge operations in the lean-burn engines. Additionally, the experiment also reveals that the BSFC becomes lower as the engine speed and load increase.

428 ディーゼルエンジン吸気への排ガス成分濃縮注入の燃費および排ガス組成への影響 : NOx吸脱着を用いた排ガス処理システムの開発における考察(エネルギー技術分野における環境関連技術)

428 ディーゼルエンジン吸気への排ガス成分濃縮注入の燃費および排ガス組成への影響 : NOx吸脱着を用いた排ガス処理システムの開発における考察(エネルギー技術分野における環境関連技術)

Analysis of Behavior of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions under On-road Driving Conditions Using Real Car Simulation Bench (RC-S)

Analysis of Behavior of Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emissions under On-road Driving Conditions Using Real Car Simulation Bench (RC-S)

PAHs and their Carcinogenic Potencies in Diesel Fuel and Diesel Generator Exhaust

ABSTRACT The PAH profile was characterized in diesel fuel samples collected from different service stations in Agra (India) by using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The low molecular weight PAHs were predominant, ranging from 4.4 × 102 to 1.7 × 103 mg l− 1 in fuel. Exhaust emissions from a diesel generator and a four-stroke engine (Skoda) powered by these fuels were monitored by a stack sampler and quantified for PAHs. The high molecular weight PAHs (DbA+IP, BghiP, and BaP, BbF+BkF) were the dominant PAHs in exhaust emissions. Differences in PAH emission factors for the two engines were found and these differences could be related to the combustion conditions affecting the temperature of flue gas. Emission factors and output/input ratio for individual PAHs suggest that the low molecular weight compounds in the fuel contribute to pyrosynthesis of high molecular weight in exhaust. Unburnt fuel partially contributes to low molecular weight PAHs in exhaust. Further, the relative carcinogenic contributions of each compound in the fuel and exhaust were calculated using the TEF approach. DbA + IP and BaP were significant contributors to the carcinogenicity of the PAH mixture in the exhaust.