Fuel Consumption Research Articles

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Combustion of Semi-Coke Obtained from Coniferous Wood and Mixtures on Their Basis

Coal remains one of the most used solid fuels for heat and electricity generation but burning coal releases large amounts of CO2 into the urban atmosphere in addition to harmful substances. In order to reduce the consumption of solid fossil fuels, it is necessary to search for fuels capable of replacing coal in terms of its thermal and environmental characteristics. One of the best alternative fuels is biomass, which is considered carbon neutral, but its thermal characteristics are worse than those of solid fossil fuels. In this work, an alternative to coal was studied for the first time, which was semi-coke, obtained by gasification at a temperature of 700–900 °C, the heat of combustion of which turned out to be higher than that of biomass before thermal treatment by 75%. We also studied fuel mixtures based on the resulting semi-coke. The aim of the work is to determine the main characteristics of combustion of semi-coke obtained from coniferous wood and mixtures based on them. The method of thermogravimetric analysis in oxidising medium at a heating rate of 20 °C/min was applied for the research. According to the results of this analysis, the ignition and burnout temperatures were determined, the combustion index was determined, the duration of coke residue combustion was determined, and synergetic interactions between the mixture components influencing the combustion characteristics were established. It was found that the ignition temperature of semi-coke is more than 50% higher than that of biomass and the burnout temperature is 10% higher. Adding 50% of biomass to semi-coke increases the combustion index by more than 30% and decreases the ignition temperature and burnout temperature. The mixture components synergistically interact with each other during combustion to reduce the value of maximum mass loss rate. It was found that the atomic ratios of O/C and H/C in semi-coke are lower than in biomass before gasification.

Fossil Fuel Consumption, Meat Production, Forest Cover, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Indonesia

Fossil Fuel Consumption, Meat Production, Forest Cover, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Indonesia

RSM Hybrid Modeling of a BSFC for a Single Cylinder Four Stroke CI Engine Fueled with Nano-additives Added to Diesel-biodiesel Fuel Blends

Introduction: The expanding need for fossil fuels emphasizes the necessity to comprehend renewable energy sources. Methods: This study examined the performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine using Jatropha biodiesel and aluminum dioxide—the research aimed to evaluate engine reactivity to compression ratio and load variations. The experiment employed with varitaion compression ratios. Results: This study used the Response Surface Methodology to find the best Brake Specific Fuel Consumption performance indicator location. The researchers used a Central Composite Design setup for analysis. A regression model employing the response surface approach was then created to predict fuel phase-out likelihood. Conclusion: This study examines multiple factors' effects. According to studies, Jatropha biodiesel and its blends may improve engine efficiency and lower brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel fuel. Minor input parameter modifications are needed to gain these benefits.

A Review of the Sustainability of Helium: An Assessment of Its Past, Present and a Zero-Carbon Future

Helium, as a by-product of the natural gas industry, will be impacted by the decline in consumption of fossil fuels as the world moves towards net-zero carbon emissions. In September 2022, all assets relating to the US government’s previous helium industry were sold. In the US, helium is now only available from private suppliers. In June 2022, Russia banned the export of helium to “unfriendly” countries, highlighting the geopolitical issues surrounding the industry. In the past, helium was popularized, and the industry was supported by its military applications (filling dirigible aircraft, welding fighter jets and purging rocket engines). It also plays an important role in supporting present-day technologies (e.g., MRI machines and spectroscopy) and will also be important for a high-tech future (e.g., in quantum computing, fusion power, and space exploration). Shortages of helium will inevitably cause skyrocketing prices and consequently lead to significant challenges for research and development (as has happened in the past) and technological progress, as well as a slowdown in world economic growth and prosperity. Anticipated declines in natural gas production, associated with moves towards net-zero carbon emissions targets, make helium less accessible. While this is problematic for industry in the short term, it perhaps preserves some low entropy helium within the ground, making it more accessible to future generations. Given anticipated limitations to the future supply of helium, technological developments are currently focused on a few areas: the replacement of helium by other gases in industrial applications, changing technological approaches to not require helium, and reducing the cost of obtaining helium from the atmosphere. This paper explores the past, present and future of helium, focusing on the sustainability of the helium industry.

Furfural production from xylan using a Pueraria Residues carbon-based solid-acid catalyst.

The conversion of biomass into high value-added platform compounds is an important method of biomass utilization. The conversion of hemicellulose represented by xylan into furfural can not only reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, but also promotes the development and utilization of non-edible biomass resources. In this study, a bifunctional solid-acid catalyst prepared from agricultural and forestry waste Pueraria (P. eduli) Residues was used to convert xylan into furfural in a biphasic system. In this study, P. eduli Residues was used as raw material to prepare a P. eduli Residues-based carbon solid-acid catalyst (PR/C-SO3H-Fe) by one-step sulfonation carbonization and impregnation. The catalyst catalyzes the conversion of xylan to furfural in a biphasic system (2-methyltetrahydrofuran/water). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ammonia temperature-programmed desorption. Subsequently, the experimental conditions were studied and optimized, such as metal species, iron ion concentration, reaction time and temperature, volume ratio of organic phase to water phase and ratio of substrate to catalyst. The results showed that under conditions of 160 °C, 50 mg catalyst, 100 mg xylan and 7 mL reaction solvent, the yield of furfural could reach 78.94% after 3 h of reaction. This study provides an effective research method for the conversion of xylan into furfural, and provides a reference for the catalytic conversion and utilization of hemicellulose in agricultural and forestry biomass. It also provides a feasible method for the resource utilization of agricultural and forestry waste. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhancing biodiesel engine performance and emission reduction using Fe and Zn coated zeolite catalytic converters

ABSTRACT This study evaluates the performance and emission characteristics of diesel, fish biodiesel (comprising 20% fish oil and 80% diesel), and fish biodiesel using Fe and Zn-coated zeolite catalytic converters. The research aims to mitigate environmental challenges associated with diesel engines by exploring the efficacy of metal-doped zeolite catalysts in reducing harmful emissions. Fish biodiesel was derived from fish waste via transesterification and tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Key performance metrics, including Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Exhaust Gas Temperature, cylinder pressure, Heat Release Rate, and ignition delay, were measured. Emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxide, and smoke opacity were also analyzed. Results showed diesel had the lowest Specific fuel consumption, ranging from 730 g/kWh at 25% load to 320 g/kWh at full load. Fish biodiesel exhibited higher Specific fuel consumption, from 770 g/kWh to 350 g/kWh. Regarding emissions, the NOx of the biodiesel increased significantly compared to diesel; the use of a catalytic converter has reduced the NOx emission to a maximum extent of 37.5% at full load for a Fe-coated converter. The Zn-coated converter also improved emissions by up to 33% for NO but was slightly less effective than the Fe-coated converter. The study concludes that Fe-coated zeolite catalytic converters significantly enhance biodiesel-fueled diesel engines’ performance and emission characteristics. Both catalytic converters reduced the smoke emission significantly. These findings highlight the potential for developing more efficient and eco-friendly emission control technologies and promoting using renewable transportation fuels.

A Hybrid Approach Integrating Physics-Based Models and Expert-Augmented Neural Networks for Ship Fuel Consumption Prediction

A Hybrid Approach Integrating Physics-Based Models and Expert-Augmented Neural Networks for Ship Fuel Consumption Prediction

Reversible MOF-Based mixed matrix membranes for SO2/N2 separation: A photo-responsive approach

Fuel consumption for industrial development, SO2 gas emissions are increasing year by year and have become a focal point of air pollution. Membrane separation method photo-responsive materials and MOFs have attracted more and more attention in a variety of fields. This is because the membrane separation method uses less energy and is an uncomplicated process; MOFs have superior gas adsorption capabilities; and the photo-responsive materials are controllable. In this study, mixed matrix membranes are prepared using Uio-66-NH2 and photo-responsive materials CE-Azo-Uio-66 as fillers and Pebax as base membranes. By improving the dissolution-diffusion mechanism for SO2 gas molecules, SO2/N2 gas separation is accomplished. More channels for the mass transport of SO2 gas through the membrane can be created by MOFs increased porosity and larger specific surface area. Secondly, the SO2 adsorption and dissolution-diffusion mechanism of the mixed matrix membrane are strengthened by the grafted SO2 affinity groups on the MOF. Moreover, Pebax/CE-Azo-Uio-66 membranes is not only significantly more permeation selective than Pebax/Uio-66-NH2 membranes, but also shows photo-responsive characteristic. The SO2 permeability and selectivity of Pebax/CE-Azo-Uio-66 mixed matrix membranes at CE-Azo-Uio-66 content of 20 % are increased by 191 % and 179 %, respectively, compared to pure Pebax membranes. It is also found that the SO2 permeability and SO2/N2 selectivity of the membranes show regularly reversible changes at the UV–Vis photoconversion conditions of Pebax/CE-Azo-Uio-66-20 % membranes, indicating the photo-responsive characteristics of mixed matrix membranes that include Azo groups. The SO2 permeability of the Pebax/CE-Azo-Uio-66 membrane is increased by 1300 Barrer and the SO2/N2 selectivity is increased by 350 when the light source is changed from UV to Vis light, achieving a controlled separation of SO2/N2. Besides, the addition of MOF particles significantly enhances the mechanical properties and stability of the membrane.

Interpretable Machine Learning: A Case Study on Predicting Fuel Consumption in VLGC Ship Propulsion

The integration of machine learning (ML) in marine engineering has been increasingly subjected to stringent regulatory scrutiny. While environmental regulations aim to reduce harmful emissions and energy consumption, there is also a growing demand for the interpretability of ML models to ensure their reliability and adherence to safety standards. This research highlights the need to develop models that are both transparent and comprehensible to domain experts and regulatory bodies. This paper underscores the importance of transparency in machine learning through a use case involving a VLGC ship two-stroke propulsion engine. By adhering to the CRISP-DM standard, we fostered close collaboration between marine engineers and machine learning experts to circumvent the common pitfalls of automated ML. The methodology included comprehensive data exploration, cleaning, and verification, followed by feature selection and training of linear regression and decision tree models that are not only transparent but also highly interpretable. The linear model achieved an RMSE of 23.16 and an MRAE of 14.7%, while the accuracy of decision trees ranged between 96.4% and 97.69%. This study demonstrates that machine learning models for predicting propulsion engine fuel consumption can be interpretable, adhering to regulatory requirements, while still achieving adequate predictive performance.

Dominant factors for solar energy choice by Manufacturing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs’) in Tanzania

Energy demand by manufacturing industries has increased significantly whereby fossil fuels consumption is dominant. Increased concern over resource depletion, and environmental impacts, suggests future dependence on renewable energies. Tanzania is blessed with abundant solar energy and its exploitation may contribute to increased energy access. Despite the paybacks of renewable energy, studies on the exploration of the dominant factors for energy choice by manufacturing MSME’s are scarce. This study explored the dominant factors for solar energy choice by manufacturing MSME’s. Questionnaires were used to collect data (n = 236) from employees in manufacturing MSMEs’ whereby descriptive and multinomial probit (MNP) model were employed to establish the dominant factors. The findings of MNP revealed that not expensive energy, and other factors (e.g., availability of solar appliances) have significant influence on solar PV use, while the adoption of hydro-electricity was significantly influenced by not expensive and advised to use energy. Easy access, and not expensive have significant influence on fossil fuels. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results revealed that all factors (i.e., environmental, social, and economic) have significant influence on workers perception of sustainable manufacturing. These findings provide critical information for policy making instruments in Tanzania for informed decisions in the formulation of policies in the utilization of renewable energy technologies.

Modeling and Optimization of the Inland Container Transportation Problem Considering Multi-Size Containers, Fuel Consumption, and Carbon Emissions

This paper investigates the inland container transportation problem with a focus on multi-size containers, fuel consumption, and carbon emissions. To reflect a more realistic situation, the depot’s initial inventory of empty containers is also taken into consideration. To linearly model the constraints imposed by the multiple container sizes and the limited number of empty containers, a novel graphical representation is presented for the problem. Based on the graphical representation, a mixed-integer programming model is presented to minimize the total transportation cost, which includes fixed, fuel, and carbon emission costs. To efficiently solve the model, a tailored branch-and-price algorithm is designed, which is enhanced by improvement schemes including a heuristic label-setting algorithm, decremental state-space relaxation, and the introduction of a high-quality upper bound. Results from a series of computational experiments on randomly generated instances demonstrate that (1) the proposed branch-and-price algorithm demonstrates a superior performance compared to the tabu search algorithm and the genetic algorithm; (2) each additional empty container in the depot reduces the total transportation cost by less than 1%, with a diminishing marginal effect; (3) the rational configuration of different types of trucks improves scheduling flexibility and reduces fuel and carbon emission costs as well as the overall transportation cost; and (4) extending customer time windows also contributes to lower the total transportation cost. These findings not only deepen the theoretical understanding of inland container transportation optimization but also provide valuable insights for logistics companies and policymakers to improve efficiency and implement more sustainable operational practices. Additionally, our research paves the way for future investigations into the integration of dynamic factors and emerging technologies in this field.

AI in Business Aviation Route Optimization: Reducing Fuel Consumption and Environmental Impact

Purpose: This paper reviews ways that artificial intelligence could be used to make business aviation operations most fuel-efficient, cheapest in cost of operation, and smallest in terms of ecological footprint. The research elaborated possible ways of using AI in the spheres of flight planning, predictive maintenance, fuel management, emission tracking, and compliance in business aviation. Methodology: It was also empirical case-study-oriented research that investigated the impacts of AI-driven technologies on business aviation operators, basically NetJets, VistaJet, and Flexjet. The impacts are from route optimization to predictive maintenance, fuel management, and compliance with regulations. Information such as fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and operational efficiency was obtained before and after the adoption of AI technologies. Findings: The fuel savings from AI-driven systems are reaching a point of salience, at 9 to 14% in the various cases, with associated reductions in CO2 emissions. AI-powered predictive maintenance resulted in a 20% reduction in unscheduled events, thereby bettering the availability of fleets. Artificial intelligence increased overall efficiency and improved decisions for in-flight, real-time operations management while conforming to regulatory requirements in reporting. Additionally, AI is going to bring tremendous values in optimizing SAFs and aircraft energy-efficient technology to make flying sustainable. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy, and Practice: This work contributes to AI in aviation by demonstrating its practical application in reducing environmental impacts and operational costs in business aviation. It provides a framework for integrating AI into aviation management systems and highlights the importance of public-private cooperation for wider AI adoption. The findings are valuable for policymakers, business aviation operators, and industry leaders aiming to advance sustainability and regulatory compliance

The future of clean energy: Agricultural residues as a bioethanol source and its ecological impacts in Africa

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of Africa's potential to produce bioethanol from agricultural residues and its environmental impact. The relentless consumption of fossil fuels and associated environmental challenges necessitate a shift toward sustainable energy sources, with bioethanol emerging as a promising alternative. This study evaluates the capacity for bioethanol generation from agricultural residues in Africa, considering its land, water, and carbon footprints. Based on data from 85 primary agricultural residues across Africa, approximately 102.256 Gt of fresh agricultural residue is estimated to be available in Africa, translating to approximately 62.117 Gt of dry-weight material. This significant capacity indicates a substantial potential for bioethanol production in Africa, corresponding to a net output of 207.127 EJ. The coproduction potential of bioethanol and electricity are also highlighted, with electricity accounting for 8.016 % of the total net bioethanol energy production. However, the environmental impact of bioethanol production varies across African nations, suggesting the need for optimization and sustainable practices. Additionally, the study discusses the challenges encountered in the bioethanol sector, including the sustainability of production, emission reduction, technological and financial constraints, and the broader context of biomass usage. In conclusion, although bioethanol production from agricultural residues is a promising alternative for Africa's energy sector, it should be realized only after a multifaceted assessment involving technological, economic, policy, and environmental considerations.

The contribution of clean energy consumption and production to sustainable economic development: New insights from the PSTR model

Massive consumption of fossil fuels has posed significant threat to sustainable development. Therefore, clean energy is an urgent requirement for sustainable economic development (SED). There is no comprehensive assessment of the relationship between clean energy and the SED, signifying a research gap in understanding the non-linear effects between them. This study fills this gap by calculating the SED index for China and using a panel smoothed transformation regression model. The findings reveal that the impact of clean energy development and utilisation on SED is characterised by non-linearity, which manifests in two key aspects: (1) Clean energy consumption (CEC) positively influences SED, with its impact strengthening alongside improvements in industrial structure optimisation and economic growth. Notably, the threshold values for the industrial optimisation level, industrial structure level, and economic development are 1.0390, 0.4667, and 43730, respectively. (2) The relationship between clean energy production (CEP) and SED follows a U-shaped curve; once economic development surpasses 38,588 units, CEP transitions from a negative to a positive influence on SED. This study provides valuable insights into comprehensive measurement of SED, offering guidance for countries worldwide to formulate context-specific energy policies aligned with their respective industrial structures and stages of economic development to foster SED growth.

Fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from Euro 6d vehicles fueled by innovative LPG/DME blend

The aim of this research was to investigate the exhaust emissions from vehicles when fueled by a new and fully renewable fuel if made of bio-LPG and renewable dimethyl ether (DME), in comparison with standard gasoline. For this purpose, DME was mixed with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and used to fuel three bi-fuel LPG/gasoline spark-ignition engines light-duty vehicles. The suitable fuel blend was selected based on several octane tests using CFR engines. Exhaust emissions were tested over the WLTC and over the hot-start CADC cycles, as well as on the road. All Euro 6 standards were well fully met over the WLTC with both fuels. Switching from gasoline to LPG/DME fueling, the CO and NOx emission factors increased for two vehicles, whereas THC and NMHC decreased. Regarding particulates, for two vehicles the emission factors decreased, too. Generally, when the vehicles were driven on the CADC, lower gaseous emissions were observed compared to WLTC: excluding one vehicle, when switching from gasoline to LPG/DME fueling, the overall emission profiles reflected those of the same vehicles run on the WLTC. The unregulated particulate emissions measured over both testing cycles reflect what was detected for the regulated ones. Except for PN10, which was not measured, all regulated emissions were found to meet the (most severe) Euro 7 standards proposed at first by the European Commission. RDE tests showed that all vehicle emissions obtained from on-road tests were also found to meet the RDE standards, regardless of the fueling. Concerning CO2 emissions, LPG/DME fueling guaranteed a systematic decrease for all vehicles and cycles, both on road and in the laboratory. The present investigation aims at demonstrating that the innovative LPG/DME 80 %/20 % (m/m) blend not only can be deemed as potentially suitable for GHG emissions reduction, as long as both DME and propane are obtained from renewable sources, but even compliant with EN 589 and both Euro 6 and part of preliminary Euro 7 exhaust emission proposal.

Thermal management of sodium-oxygen-hydrogen (Na-O-H) thermochemical water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production

Owing to environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels and the growing global demand for energy, interests in usage of hydrogen as a green energy carrier has grown. In particular, water is considered a prospect source for green hydrogen production. In this paper, a three-step sodium-oxygen-hydrogen (Na–O–H) thermochemical cycle, which is a newly developed cycle that can operate between 400 and 500 °C is implemented. Also, low number of steps, which results in less system complexity and easier system design is another advantage of the Na–O–H thermochemical cycle. In the first step of this study, a basic model of the three-step pure Na–O–H cycle is modeled in order to produce 1 kg/s of hydrogen. Moreover, output data from basic modeling is used for cycle energy management. Then, heat recovery is performed within the cycle streams to reduce the external energy demand and make the Na–O–H cycle more feasible. To achieve this objective, pinch method, which is an effective method for designing and optimizing plants is used. Several heat exchanger network designs have been developed and compared from different aspects. Finally, a design with the least heat requirement among others is selected and optimized based on total annualized cost objective function to introduce the optimum final design exchanger network. As a result of this work, it is found that using the final optimized design, external heating loads accounted for just 5.8% of the total load, while external cooling loads accounted for 19.3% of the total load. This implies that the Na–O–H thermochemical cycle recovered 74.7% of the energy required for heating and cooling of the streams. The implementation of the proposed heat exchanger network design boosts the overall energy efficiency of the Na–O–H thermochemical cycle. Using final heat recover scheme the overall efficiency of the cycle increased from 45.36% to 52.86%, representing an impressive 7.50% improvement. This significant achievement underscores the pivotal role of this study in developing an effective and optimized model for the Na–O–H thermochemical cycle, which holds great promise for future applications.

Design and analysis of zero-energy and carbon buildings with renewable energy supply and recycled materials

Given the notable consumption of fossil fuels, buildings prioritize their energy utilization. This paper’s aim is to explore the primary strategies in attaining zero-energy and zero-carbon buildings. The investigation employs two specialized software programs: Design Builder, which analyzes energy usage, and PV Syst, which evaluates renewable energy requirements. The study is conducted in Fort Myers, USA, and Dubai, UAE, leveraging diverse regional and climate discrepancies, and real-world data on zero-energy and carbon constructions for comparison and validation. Within the Design Builder software, the research examines four strategies, with the first serving as the realistic baseline. By implementing the second strategy, utilizing internal shading devices such as Shade Roll, a reduction of 376 kWh in Fort Myers and 591 kWh in Dubai is achieved. The third strategy encompasses the deployment of blind-type internal shading systems, resulting in reductions of 212 kWh in Fort Myers and 348 kWh in Dubai. The fourth strategy involves integrating renewable energy via photovoltaic panels, injecting 323.5 kWh in Fort Myers and 2237 kWh in Dubai into the power grid for lighting purposes. Furthermore, 3200.5 kWh and 4722 kWh of energy are respectively injected into the grid for heating in Fort Myers and Dubai. Cooling, however, necessitates additional energy from the grid, amounting to 2243.94 kWh in Fort Myers and 9211.64 kWh in Dubai. In the pursuit of zero-carbon goals, the implementation of suitable low-carbon recycled materials, in place of primary building materials, reduces carbon dioxide emissions from 79 tons to 7.315 tons in Fort Myers and 7.038 tons in Dubai. By employing appropriate materials, the zero-carbon objective is attained.

Analysis of Biomass Co-firing Combustion Test using Corn Cobs at Punagaya CFPP as A Green Energy Alternative

Abstract Indonesia is determined to reduce fossil fuels by 2060 set a national renewable energy mix target of 23% by 2025 and be free of fossil fuels by 2060. One of the PLN’s (a national electrical company in Indonesia) efforts to increase carbon emissions reduction and strengthen local new renewable energy is co-firing biomass on CFPP. Indonesia, which is located in a tropical area, has a large potential for biomass resources. Corn cob, one of the biomass types, has a big potential to replace coal as fuel in CFPP especially in Jeneponto Region, South Sulawesi. By utilizing corn cobs as a fuel with a co-firing mechanism, it can generate green energy. The methodology for assessing the corn cob co-firing combustion test’s performance at Punagaya CFPP is presented in this paper. It is based on a multi-criteria assessment designed to examine the technical, financial, and environmental effects of operating parameters with a mixture composition of 95% coal and 5% corn cobs at 70 MW load for 10 hours. From the test results in terms of operational aspects, the parameters have changed but it still in the normal operating range; FEGT increased by 5.3°C, bed temperature increased by 8.9°C, air chamber pressure decreased by 0.05 kPa, and total airflow decreased by 4.5 T/h. From the financial aspect, it has benefited from a decrease in the value of Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), which is 0.014 kg/kWh compared to 100% coal. From the environmental aspect, the overall results of emission parameters are still by environmental quality standards and have decreased for NOx and SO2 parameters.

Demise of fossil fuels part I: Supply and demand

According to United Nations , the world needs to reduce the emission of CO2 and other global warming gases by 45 % by 2030 and to negligible amount by 2050. According to UN, this is necessary to keep the goal of keeping earth temperature not exceeding 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial level temperatures.To achieve this objective means reducing the fossil fuel consumption. Fossil fuels are largely responsible for emitting CO2; therefore, without significant reduction in fossil fuels consumption by 2050, the net zero emission by 2050 is not possible.One argument advanced in support of reducing fossil fuels consumption is limited supply. Using the principle of “Peak Oil Theory,” proponents state that fossil fuels is a limited resource and the world will simply run out of it. Based on the available data, we demonstrate that supply of fossil fuels is relatively abundant, and we will not run out of fossil fuels in near term. Using shale formations as an example, we demonstrate how the success of drilling horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures have significantly increased the oil and gas resource available for exploitation. To reduce fossil fuels demand, the available solutions include improving energy efficiency, reducing subsidies on fossil fuels, imposing carbon tax and life choice changes. We discuss some of those alternatives. Fossil fuel supply is relatively abundant and only possible solution to reduce the consumption is to reduce the demand. By comparing developed countries' consumption with developing countries’ consumption, we see a pathway where growth in GDP can be achieved without significant increase in fossil fuels consumption. Because of efficiency gains in energy usage, GDP in developed countries continues to grow without increase in fossil fuels consumption. Faster we reach the efficiency stage in developing countries, easier it would be reduce the fossil fuel consumption in the world.

Reduction of Emission and Fuel Consumptions based on Mingled Nano Additives in Biodiesel

Using the lipids identified as well as extra residual cooking oil, vegetable, and animal fats, bio-diesel a substitute for fuels derived from petroleum can be produced. Since the 1970s oil crisis, there has been a resurgence of interest in using biodiesel as a fossil fuel substitute due to the fuel's rapidly rising prices, availability uncertainties, and growing environmental and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns.To produce biodiesel, glycerin and fat or vegetable oil are separated chemically through a process termed transesterification. Glycerin, a valuable byproduct that is typically sold to be used in soaps and other products, and methyl esters, the chemical term for biodiesel, are the two products left over from the process. The industrial term for diesel derived from petroleum, petro diesel, and biodiesel have similar viscosities. Due to the nearly zero sulfur content,it is recommended to be used as an additive in diesel oil formulations to improve the lubricity of pure ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD).The current work focuses heavily on reducing emissions and fuel consumption in automobiles. In addition to lowering pollutants and fuel consumption, the transition metal oxide (Copper oxide) additions in nanocrystalline particle form aid in molecular combustion. To create a stable Nano fluid, soap nut biodiesel is combined with metal oxide additive and ultrasonicated. For our experimental investigation, single cylinder, air cooled, constant speed Kirloskar engine is used. The reduction of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is investigated. The highest break power of the biodiesel employed in the study is 3.82 KW, greater than the typical diesel's 3.23 KW. The result shows improved engine efficiency, reduced emissions, and better brake thermal efficiency.