Fucose Content Research Articles

Exploration of an efficient and universal extraction strategy for fucoidan with glycolipid-lowering activity from typical brown algae: The importance of ball milling combined with acid treatment

Fucoidan possesses a variety of biological activities beneficial for human wellness. It is a good candidate for ameliorating obesity and diabetes. However, high-purity fucoidan products are limited due to the co-extraction of impurities i.e. alginate, protein and small molecular substances. In this study, the optimal preparation strategy for high-purity fucoidan from a template brown alga (Saccharina japonica) was screened out by the exploration of key and auxiliary steps. The key step was confirmed as moderate-temperature acid extraction and the auxiliary steps were fixed on ethanol refluxing and ball milling pretreatment. The fucose content of S. japonica fucoidan increased by 7.15 times and the sulfate group content increased by 4.87 times compared with those of fucoidans prepared by classic high-temperature acid extraction. Ball milling-assisted moderate-temperature acid extraction performed great effectiveness and universality in the extraction of high-purity fucoidans derived from four brown algae including S. japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum fusiforme, and Fucus vesiculosus. Glycolipid-lowering activities of four fucoidans were confirmed by their interactions with intestinal bile acid, cholesterol micellar, glucose and probiotics including butyrate-producing bacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus. Our study provided an efficient and universal extraction process for high-purity fucoidan with glycolipid-lowering activity from typical brown algae.

Anti-Melanogenic Effects of a Polysaccharide Isolated from Undaria pinnatifida Sporophyll Extracts.

Undaria pinnatifida is a temperate brown alga known to exert free radical-scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the skin-whitening effects of U. pinnatifida sporophyll extracts (UPEs) in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. The crude polysaccharide fraction (UPF) was obtained via ethanol precipitation. Four polysaccharide fractions (UPF1-4) were isolated and purified using ion-exchange column chromatography, and their anti-melanogenic activity was evaluated. UPF3 exhibited the highest anti-melanogenic activity, showing the highest sulfate (39.79%), fucose (143 μg/mg), and galactose (208 μg/mg) contents. UPF3 significantly inhibited intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells. We also evaluated the melanogenic signaling pathway to determine the mechanism of action of UPF3 in melanongenesis. UPF3 reduced the expression of tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), and tyrosinase, which play important roles in melanin production. Therefore, UPF3 has high potential for use in skin-whitening functional pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Корекція пробіотиком пародонтального синдрому у тварин за умов ожиріння і хронічного стресу

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of obesity and chronic stress on periodontal tissues, both separately and in the combined comorbidity of these conditions in rats, and the role of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei in the correction of periodontal syndrome under these conditions. Methods. The development of periodontal syndrome and the effectiveness of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei IMV B-7280, administered to rats from one month of age intragastrically in a volume of 1 mL (5 · 108 CFU) in two-week courses with breaks of 2 weeks, were studied in a model of glutamate-induced obesity and chronic stress - in combination and separately. In periodontal tissues, the total proteolytic and antitryptic activity, free fucose and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) content, catalase activity, thiobarbiturate active products (TBA reagents), and the content of oxidatively modified proteins (OMP) and molecules of average mass (AMM) were determined; in bone tissue, the molar root exposure coefficient was calculated. The anthropometric parameters of the animals and the Selye triad were studied. Results. We have substantiated the development of periodontal syndrome in animals with glutamate-induced obesity against the background of chronic stress, as evidenced by the activation of free radical oxidation of lipids and proteins, depolymerization of fucoproteins and proteoglycans of periodontal connective tissue, which causes exposure of molar roots by almost 65%. The administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei in two-week courses with intervals of 2 weeks to obese rats with chronic stress prevented the development of obesity, as evidenced by a significant decrease in visceral fat mass, Li index, and BMI, as well as the severity of stress syndrome, as evidenced by a decrease in ulcer formation, thymus involution, and adrenal hypertrophy. The periodontoprotective effect of Lactobacillus casei under the combined influence of obesity and chronic stress was proved by significant changes in oxidative stress, free fucose, and GAG content and a 1.5-times decrease in the molar root exposure ratio. Conclusions. Periodic administration of Lactobacillus casei to rats treated with sodium glutamate in the neonatal period against the background of chronic stress prevented the development of obesity, the severity of stress syndromeб and damage to periodontal tissues, as evidenced by the prevention of oxidative stress, increased catabolism of extracellular connective tissue proteins and antiresorptive effect.

Structural characterization and immunomodulating assessment of ultra-purified water extracted fucoidans from Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta and Laminaria hyperborea

Fucoidans, a group of high molecular weight polysaccharides derived mainly from brown algae, are characterized by their high fucose content, degree of sulfation (DS), and intra- and interspecific structural variation. Fucoidans are increasingly recognized due to various reported bioactivities, potentially beneficial for human health. To unlock their potential use within biomedical applications, a better understanding of their structure-functional relationship is needed. To achieve this, systematic bioactivity studies based on well-defined, pure fucoidans, and the establishment of standardized, satisfactory purification protocols are required. We performed a comprehensive compositional and structural characterization of crude and ultra-purified fucoidans from three kelps: Saccharina latissima (SL), Alaria esculenta (AE) and Laminaria hyperborea (LH). Further, the complement-inhibiting activity of the purified fucoidans was assessed in a human whole blood model. The purification process led to fucoidans with higher DS and fucose and lower concentrations of other monosaccharides. Fucoidans from SL and LH resembles homofucans, while AE is a heterofucan rich in galactose with comparably lower DS. Fucoidans from SL and LH showed complement-inhibiting activity in blood and blood plasma, while no inhibition was observed for AE under the same conditions. The results emphasize the importance of high DS and possibly fucose content for fucoidans' bioactive properties.

Characterization of low-molecular-weight fucoidan prepared by photocatalysis degradation and its regulation effect on metabolomics of LPS-stimulated macrophages

Fucoidan (ANP) from Ascophyllum nodosum demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity. Because lower-molecular-weight polysaccharides usually process even better bioactivities, in the present study, the photocatalytic degradation method with TiO2 and H2O2 was used to prepare low-molecular-weight derivatives (D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5) with molecular weight of 5.0 kDa and 2.3 kDa, respectively. The characteristics of D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5 were identified by chemical composition analysis, high-performance gel permeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array mass, and Fourier transform-infrared spectrum, and compared with that of original fucoidan. The sulfate group retention rates of D-ANP-1.5 and D-ANP-3.5 were over 90.0% and the fucose and total sugar contents increased. However, the uronic acid and protein contents were decreased and the functional groups were not changed during degradation. Subsequently, 7 oligosaccharides in D-ANP-3.5 were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization detector mass and 6 of them were sulfated. Moreover, D-ANP-3.5 (2.3 kDa) supplement showed stronger inhibition effect of nitric oxide production than D-ANP-1.5 and undegraded ANP in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, metabolic profiles results indicated that arginine biosynthesis, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism, along with influencing metabolic biomarkers such as betaine, arginine, NAD+, ATP, and pyroglutamic acid, were involved in the effects of D-ANP-3.5. The superior regulation effect on metabolomics in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells of D-ANP-3.5 could be attributed to its relatively low molecular weight and high fucose content. The present study advance understanding of the mechanism for the anti-inflammation of D-ANP-3.5.

Compositional, structural, and functional characterization of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island, Bangladesh

Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide with diversified biological activities commonly found in brown seaweeds. In our present study, fucoidan was extracted from Sargassum polycystum collected from Saint Martin's Island in three different extraction methods. The composition of the fucoidans was determined by measuring the total carbohydrate, sulfate, uronic acid, fucose, and protein contents. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) were studied to determine the structural groups of extracted fucoidans. Functional activities were analyzed by antioxidant activity and anti-diabetic activity assay. Fucoidan yield was obtained highest in the acid extraction method (0.061 ± 0.007 g/g), followed by the water extraction method (0.058 ± 0.005 g/g) and salt extraction method (0.041 ± 0.005 g/g). Water extracted fucoidan showed the highest carbohydrate content (62.97 %), uronic acid content (6.46 %), and protein content (2.62 %). Sulphate content (28.56 %) was highest in salt extracted fucoidan, whereas fucose content (24.0 %) was highest in water extracted fucoidan. FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis confirm several characteristic picks for the extracted fucoidans. Extracted fucoidans presented comparable antioxidant activity, but salt-extracted fucoidan presented the highest DPPH radical scavenging assay (86.85 ± 0.74 %, IC50 = 0.03 mg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging assay (65.13 ± 0.92 %, IC50 = 1.94 mg/mL), Phosphomolybdenum assay (4.356 ± 0.11) and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay (57.08 ± 0.52 %, IC50 = 3.73 mg/mL) in dose-dependency manner. Further anti-diabetic activity assay resulted in the highest α-amylase inhibition activity (62.82 ± 1.36 %, IC50 = 2.30 mg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition activity (55.73 ± 0.84 %, IC50 = 3.71 mg/mL) by salt-extracted fucoidan. These functional potentials of seaweed may add significant value to the development of functional food and pharmaceutical materials.

Medium composition optimization and characterization of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma boninense along with antioxidant activity

Ganoderma is a well-known medicinal macrofungal genus, of which several species have been thoroughly studied from the medicinal perspective, but most species are rarely involved in. In this study, we focus on the polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma boninense and their antioxidant activity. Ganoderma boninense is a serious pathogen of oil palms that are cultivated commercially in Southeast Asia. Response surface methodology was conducted to optimize the liquid medium composition, and the mycelia biomass reached 7.063 g/L, that is, 1.4-fold compared with the seed medium. The crude and purified polysaccharides extracted from the fermentation broth showed well 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging abilities, and the scavenging abilities of purified polysaccharides reached 94.47 % and 99.88 %, respectively. Six fractions of polysaccharides were extracted and purified from fruiting bodies, mycelia and fermentation broth separately with the elution buffers of distilled water and 0.1 M NaCl solution. Generally, the polysaccharides from fruiting bodies showed stronger protective effect on H2O2-induced HepG2 cell oxidative damage than other fractions. A total of five to seven monosaccharides were identified in the six fractions of polysaccharides. The correlation analysis revealed that the content of fucose was significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides, while xylose showed negative correlation results. In summary, the polysaccharides from G. boninense have a potential to be used as natural antioxidants.

Elevated fucose content enhances the cryoprotective performance of anionic polysaccharides

Biological cryopreservation often involves using a cryoprotective agent (CPA) to mitigate lethal physical stressors cells endure during freezing and thawing, but effective CPA concentrations are cytotoxic. Hence, natural polysaccharides have been studied as biocompatible alternatives. Here, a subset of 26 natural polysaccharides of various chemical composition was probed for their potential in enhancing the metabolic post-thaw viability (PTV) of cryopreserved Vero cells. The best performing cryoprotective polysaccharides contained significant fucose amounts, resulting in average PTV 2.8-fold (up to 3.1-fold) compared to 0.8-fold and 2.2-fold for all non-cryoprotective and cryoprotective polysaccharides, respectively, outperforming the optimized commercial CryoStor™ CS5 formulation (2.6-fold). Stoichiometrically, a balance between fucose (18–35.7 mol%), uronic acids (UA) (13.5–26 mol%) and high molecular weight (MW > 1 MDa) generated optimal PTV. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that fucose enhances cell survival by a charge-independent, MW-scaling mechanism (PC1), drastically different from the charge-dominated ice growth disruption of UA (PC2). Its neutral nature and unique properties distinguishable from other neutral monomers suggest fucose may play a passive role in conformational adaptability of polysaccharide to ice growth inhibition, or an active role in cell membrane stabilization through binding. Ultimately, fucose-rich anionic polysaccharides may indulge in polymer-ice and polymer-cell interactions that actively disrupt ice and minimize lethal volumetric fluctuations due to a balanced hydrophobic-hydrophilic character. Our research showed the critical role neutral fucose plays in enhancing cellular cryopreservation outcomes, disputing previous assumptions of polyanionicity being the sole governing predictor of cryoprotection.

DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ORAL CAVITY ORGANS OF ANIMALS UNDER CONDITIONS OF POLYNEUROPATHIES OF DIFFERENT GENESIS

The aim of our research is to study the effect of polyneuropathy of different genesis on the development of pathological changes in the large salivary glands and periodontal tissues of animals. Methods. The study was conducted on 62 laboratory rats of both sexes. Toxic polyneuropathy was induced by paclitaxel injection, experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus was modeled by streptozocin injection, and alcoholic polyneuropathy was induced by chronic administration of increasing concentrations of ethanol. The development of polyneuropathy was confirmed by a change in the the pain sensitivity threshold (PST) using the Randall-Selitto tensoalgometric method. In the homogenate of oral cavity organs, total proteolytic and total antitryptic activity, catalase activity, content of TBARS, average mass molecules, oxidatively modified proteins, fucose and glycosaminoglycans (GAG), and amylase activity were determined. The level of total, protein-bound and non-protein sulfhydryl groups, activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase; content of reduced and oxidized glutathione, diene conjugates and Schiff bases were determined in blood serum. Results. We established the increasing of PST in animals that were simulated neuropathies of different genesis. All three types of polyneuropathies are accompanied by the development of carbonyl-oxidative stress in the soft tissues of the periodontium and large salivary glands of rats, which is evidenced by a probable increase in the content of oxidatively modified proteins and the content of TBARS, as well as average mass molecules compared to these indicators in intact animals . Under the conditions of modeling all three polyneuropathies, the protein-synthetic activity in the large salivary glands is suppressed, as evidenced by a decrease in the activity of α-amylase. Under conditions of experimental diabetic and toxic neuropathy in the salivary glands of animals, changes in the proteinase-inhibitor balance of the compensatory type are observed. We found that polyneuropathies of different genesis cause increased catabolism of biopolymers of the extracellular matrix of the periodontal connective tissue of rats, which confirms the increase in the content of GAG and fucose compared to these indicators in control animals. Conclusions. Under conditions of diabetic, toxic and alcoholic neuropathy, the amylolytic activity of the large salivary glands of animals is suppressed, the balance of the pro- and antioxidant system changes. When modeling peripheral polyneuropathy in animals by administration of paclitaxel, streptozocin, and ethanol, the development of periodontal syndrome is observed, the leading pathogenetic mechanisms of which are increased catabolism of connective tissue glycoconjugates and the development of oxidative stress and proteinase-inhibitor imbalance.

Characterization of ‘novel fucoidan’ extracted from brown seaweed (Sargassum echinocarpum J. Ag.) using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and its potential antioxidant activity

Fucoidan of Sargassum echinocarpum was extracted using the UAE method. This method produced a fucoidan extract with a yield of 2.82-3.93% and antioxidant activity of 44.57-98.77 ppm at different temperatures and extraction times. The total sulphate, fucose, phenolic, protein, and uronic acid contents were 5.50-6.24%, 17.22-63.22%, 14.66-78.20 mgGAE/g, 0-14.42 mg/g, and 191.43-353.76 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, extraction treatment with UAE also affected the topology and morphology of the fucoidan extract. The analysis results showed the presence of monosaccharides such as galactose 1.37%, mannose 0.642%, and xylose 2.86%, while glucose and rhamnose were not detected. The extract also had the same absorption band as the fucose and fucoidan standard (F. vesiculosus) as well as a similar basic skeletal structure. Based on the experimental results, the fucoidan extract had excellent antioxidant properties.

In vitro and in vivo immuno-enhancing effect of fucoidan isolated from non-edible brown seaweed Sargassum thunbergii

Fucoidan has been reported to have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antitumor and anticoagulant, with various health benefits. However, few studies have been conducted to extract fucoidan from Sargassum thunbergii in terms of its immuno-enhancing activities. This aim of this study was to investigate the immuno-enhancing effect of fucoidan (S3) isolated from Sargassum thunbergii through water extraction and ethanol precipitation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results showed that S3 contained a relatively high content of fucose and sulfated polysaccharide. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results show that the characteristic peaks at 845 cm−1 and 1220-1270 cm−1 indicate that S3 contains sulfate groups. In vitro, S3 effectively enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytic activity. In addition, the results of the study demonstrated that the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-10 was upregulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, S3 activates zebrafish immune responses by promoting secretion of NO and activating the NF-κB pathway. Overall, these results suggest that S3 could be used as a functional ingredient added to nutritional supplements and functional foods.

Physicochemical Properties and Biological Characteristics of Sargassum fusiforme Polysaccharides Prepared through Fermentation of Lactobacillus

Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs) have multiple activities. The fermentation of S. fusiforme by Lactobacillus can alter its polysaccharide properties and biological activities. In this study, three different Lactobacillus species (Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA), and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR)) were selected to ferment S. fusiforme. The polysaccharides SFP (unfermented) and FSFP (fermented by LP, LA, or LR denoted as LP-SFP, LA-SFP, and LR-SFP, respectively) were extracted, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were investigated. According to the results, fermentation caused significant changes in the physicochemical properties and biological activities of SFP. Specifically, FSFP showed a significant increase in uronic acid and fucose content and a significant decrease in molecular weight; LA-SFP and LR-SFP had stronger DPPH scavenging abilities; LR-SFP had the strongest inhibition of ROS production and cell mortality; LP-SFP and LR-SFP significantly increased SOD activity in zebrafish; LA-SFP had a significant effect on the proliferation of Lactobacillus plantarum; LP-SFP had a significant effect on the proliferation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus; and LA-SFP had a stronger food-excretion-promoting activity. In conclusion, the fermentation of Lactobacillus for the preparation of SFPs can change the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides and has broad potential for improving their biological activity.

Advanced culture strategy shows varying bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides of Poria cocos

This study compares the bioactivity of six sulfated polysaccharides derived from glucose- and sucrose-feeding extracted from P. cocos. Anti-inflammatory potentials of these polysaccharides were evaluated by pretreating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells. Of the tested polysaccharides, the sulfated polysaccharide derived from sucrose-feeding at the concentration of 40 g/l (referred to as “suc 40”) exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, of 83 %, and 33 % inhibition of IL-6 and TNF-α secretion, respetively. It achieved this by inhibiting the p-38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPK signaling pathways. On the other hand, the sulfated polysaccharide derived from glucose-feeding at a concentration of 20 g/l (referred to as “glc 20”) demonstrated the greatest anti-lung cancer activity. This was achieved by inducing apoptotic-related molecules, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and CHOP. Furthermore, glc 20 had the highest contents of sulfate, fucose, and mannose compared to the other tested polysaccharides. This suggests that the composition of monosaccharide residues are critical factors influencing the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of these sulfated polysaccharides. Overall, this study highlights the potential of sulfated polysaccharides derived from P. cocos to function as bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.

Physicochemical characterization and cosmetic application of kelp blanching water polysaccharides

Seaweeds account for half of global mariculture and have become a key player in bio-based industries. Seaweed process typically starts with hot water blanching that helps reduce postharvest quality deterioration but also generates large amounts of hydrothermal waste. This study aims to explore the feasibility of isolating water-soluble biopolymers from seaweed hydrothermal waste and their potential applications. Using Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) blanching water as example, 2.9 g/L of polymeric substances were efficiently isolated by ultrafiltration, implying biopolymer coproduction potential of ~5.8 kt from blanching wastewater of current kelp industry. Physicochemical characterizations revealed polysaccharidic nature of the biopolymers, with high contents of fucose, uronic acids and sulfate, showing distinct but also overlapping structural features with hot water-extracted kelp polysaccharides. The main fraction of the blanching water polymers after anion exchange chromatography was acidic polysaccharide, the major backbone residues of which were (1–4) linked mannopyranose, (1–4) linked gulopyranose and (1–2) linked fucopyranose while the branched residues were primarily 1,3,4-, 1,2,4- and 1,4,6-linked hexoses but also 1,3,4-fucopyranose. Furthermore, the polysaccharides were found to have a good compatibility in cosmetic creams with added cohesiveness and freshness, demonstrating the application potential of such natural biopolymers from currently underexplored seaweed blanching water.

GC-MS analysis of the composition of serum IgG glycans as a potential diagnostic marker of advanced endometriosis – Preliminary report

BackgroundEndometriosis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease that causes the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. Diagnostics of this disease are difficult, often invasive, and time-consuming, therefore non-invasive diagnostic methods and parameters are very desirable in endometriosis detection. ObjectivesThe study aimed to check whether there are any differences in the monosaccharide composition of N-glycans in serum IgG of women with advanced endometriosis and women with mild gynecological diseases. Materials and methodsThe study material consisted of IgG samples isolated from blood sera derived from patients diagnosed with advanced endometriosis and women without endometriosis but with other gynecological diseases. To determine the monosaccharide composition of N-glycans in IgG, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used. ResultsIt was observed a significantly higher content of GlcNAc in the group of women with mild gynecological diseases, compared to the group of patients with advanced endometriosis (6.5 ± 5.2 and 4.5 ± 5.7; p = 0.0007704, respectively). In addition, the content of fucose was significantly higher in the group of women with mild gynecological diseases compared to women with advanced endometriosis (1.9 ± 0.5 and 1.7 ± 1.2; p = 0.000274, respectively). ConclusionsThe content of GlcNAc and fucose in serum IgG may be useful markers differentiating patients with advanced endometriosis from women without endometriosis but with mild gynecological diseases.

Comparison of different green extraction techniques and their influence on chemical characteristics of sulfated polysaccharide (fucoidan) from Padina tetrastromatica and Turbinaria conoides

Conventionally, fucoidan from brown macroalgae is extracted by solubilizing cell wall polysaccharides in hot water, acidic/alkali, and organic solvents. This study depicts the use of various green extraction techniques, including ultrasound assisted extraction, enzyme assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction, to isolate fucoidan from brown macroalgae (Padina tetrastromatica and Turbinaria conoides) for its conversion to value added products. The result demonstrated that these extraction strategies had a significant impact on extraction yields, chemical characterization, monosaccharide composition, structural properties, microstructures, and biological activities of fucoidan. Subcritical water method produced a higher yield of fucoidan (~13 %) from both the biomass, with the sulfate content of fucoidan up to 33 %. Analysis of monosaccharide composition revealed that fucoidan contained the highest fucose (~83 %) and galactose (~30 %) contents with small amounts of arabinose, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannitol, mannose, rhamnose and xylose. Fucoidan extract contained polyphenolic (5.5 ± 0.6 mg GAE g−1) and flavonoid (3.2 ± 0.2 mg QE g−1) compounds and exhibited effective in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (1.3 ± 0.07 mg mL−1) as well as 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (0.01 ± 0.0 mg mL−1) radical scavenging activities. By investigating the various outcomes, subcritical water technique was considered as the efficient and environmentally friendly approach for the extraction of fucoidan. Consequently, investigating the impact of extraction technologies on key structural components could aid multiple industries, including the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics sectors, in gaining a better understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of various methods for upscale extraction.

Changes of bacterial community structure,monosaccharide composition and CO2 exchange along the successional stages ofbiological soil crusts.

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are a dominantecological landscape of drylands, which have asignificant impact on global biogeochemical flux. However, it is unclear how bacterial community and physiological characteristics vary along the BSCssuccessional stages. In this study, bacterial community composition, physiological characteristics, and monosaccharide composition of extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs)were compared among different successional stages. Our findings demonstrated that besidesthe dominant bacterial species, the bacterial communities also showed considerable differences between these two stages. Cyanobacteria were keystone taxain the early stage, while heterotrophic bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria) were keystone taxa in the later stages. According to the results ofCO2 exchange, cyanobacterial crusts accumulated net carbon faster than moss crusts, whilemoss crusts had a significantly higher respiration rate. The monosaccharide analysis indicated that the EPSs components also varied depending on BSCs' successional stages. Specifically, the contents of rhamnose and arabinose were higher in thecyanobacterial cruststhan other types of crusts, while the contents of fucose, xylose, mannose and glucose were the highest in cyanobacterial-lichen crusts, andgalactose contentwas highest inthe moss crusts. Altogether, our results stress the heterogeneous variation of BSCs along with succession, andthis work offered a fresh viewpoint for a deeper comprehension of the interactions between the monosaccharide components of EPS and the networks of bacterial communities in BSCs.

Bioprospecting for new exopolysaccharide-producing microalgae of marine origin.

Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms that can produce biomolecules with industrial interest, including exopolysaccharides (EPS). Due to their structural and compositional diversity, microalgae EPS present interesting properties that can be considered in cosmetic and/or therapeutic areas. Seven microalgae strains from three different lineages, namely Dinophyceae (phylum Miozoa), Haptophyta, and Chlorophyta, were investigated as EPS producers. All strains were found to be EPS producers, though the highest EPS yield was obtained for Tisochrysis lutea, followed by Heterocapsa sp. (126.8 and 75.8 mg L-1, respectively). Upon assessment of the polymers' chemical composition, significant contents of unusual sugars, including fucose, rhamnose, and ribose, were found. Heterocapsa sp. EPS stood out due to its high content of fucose (40.9 mol%), a sugar known to confer biological properties to polysaccharides. The presence of sulfate groups (10.6-33.5 wt%) was also noticed in the EPS produced by all microalgae strains, thus contributing to the possibility that these EPS might have biological activities worth exploring.

Abstract 710: Preclinical development of ALD2510, a Next-Gen Fc-enhanced, TREG-selective and IL-2-sparing anti-CD25 antibody for the treatment of solid tumors

Abstract Within the tumor microenvironment (TME), TREGS have been associated with worse prognosis and/or resistance to checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy in various cancer diseases, making these cells a promising target for the development of new immunotherapies. Here, we present recent preclinical development data about ALD2510, a next-gen low-fucose IL-2/TCONV-sparing anti-CD25 antibody designed for the selective depletion of CD25high TREGS and the boost of host anti-tumor immunity. Ultra-humanization of parental anti-CD25 antibody was achieved through phage display and, in parallel, all putative liability sequences were replaced for maximizing developability while minimizing off-target and immunogenicity risks. ALD2510 sequences were re-formatted and used for further CHO cell line development, using the GlymaxX™ technology which boosts Fc effector functions. Early tox ALD2510 material was produced following 10L fed-batch USP/DSP and analytical characterization, including a 6-month early stability study. Preliminary safety and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) profile of ALD2510 were then determined through a non-GLP MTD/DRF study in cynomolgus monkey. ALD2510 demonstrated excellent potency (TREG depletion, ADCC, ADCP), manufacturability and stability together with very low immunogenicity potential. CHO productivity reached ~4g/L in 10L fed-batch bioreactor and characterization revealed excellent purity and activity in line with its low fucose content, together with very low levels of process- or cell-related impurities. This material showed a good behavior during the 6-month stability study and was therefore administered in cynomolgus monkeys during a non-GLP exploratory MTD/DRF study. Increasing doses of ALD2510 (from 0.3 to 100mg/kg) were given to four animals during MTD and same animals received three additional doses at 100mg/kg during DRF. Very good tolerability and safety were reported in animals. ALD2510 half-life and exposure were found consistent with that of humanized IgG1 in cynomolgus. Strong TREG depletion was monitored in the blood in all animals with, importantly, no drop was observed in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells, confirming ALD2510 capacity to selectively target TREGS while sparing TCONV. Overall, ALD2510 demonstrated excellent potency, manufacturability and stability during the 1st phase of preclinical development. Very good tolerability and safety profile together with satisfying PKPD data were reported during exploratory MTD/DRF study in cynomolgus monkeys. Noteworthy, strong TREG depletion was confirmed while CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells were not impacted, confirming ALD2510 selectivity for TREGS while sparing TCONV. This makes ALD2510 a promising candidate for the treatment of solid tumors, in particular those where the presence of TREGS in the TME is associated with worse prognosis and/or resistance to CPI. Citation Format: Jemila Houacine, Riad Abes, Anne Marie-Cardine, Aude Le Roy, Bettina Serbin, Lucie Robert, Jérôme Giustiniani, Anne-Sophie Chrétien, Stéphane Fattori, Laurent Gorvel, Armand Bensussan, Daniel Olive, Arnaud Foussat. Preclinical development of ALD2510, a Next-Gen Fc-enhanced, TREG-selective and IL-2-sparing anti-CD25 antibody for the treatment of solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 710.

Phytochemical and antiulcer properties of aqueous crude extract of Sargassum wightii from subtidal region of the Mandapam coast area, Gulf of Mannar, India

Peptic ulcers (PU) are sores or lesions in the gastrointestinal mucosa extending throughout the muscularis mucosae, typically characterized by different stages of necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, blood flow reduction, increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Peptic ulcer is the disease that is associated with wound in the muscular mucous layer of the stomach. Sargassum wightii is a brown seaweed that contains bioactive components including fucoidan and fucoxanthin as well as large amounts of polyphenols and is used by locals for the treatment of peptic ulcer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-ulcer properties of aqueous crude extract of Sargassum wightii using a rat ulcer model. Antiulcer activity was performed by analysing the content of total protein, sialic acid, fucose, hexose, glycoproetein, lipid peroxidation, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in gastric juice and by histopathology studies on stomach tissue after treatment. The results showed that 500 mg/kg of the seaweed extract showed good anti-ulcer activity as compared with the standard drug (20 mg/kg Omeprazole). Thus, the present work validates the use of Sargassum wightii for gastric ulcer treatment.