FTIR Spectroscopy Research Articles

Structural, Spectral, Pharmacokinetics Analysis (in-Silico), Drug-Likeness, NCI Analysis (ELF, LOL, IRI & DORI) & Molecular Docking Computations of 2-Hydroxy 2-Phenyl Acetophenone a DFT Approaches

This article describes a comprehensive study of the structure and spectroscopy of 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone (benzoin) using density functional theory (DFT) with Gaussian 09 software. Geometrical parameters were calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p) levels and compared to the literature values. An FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy was employed to identify vibrational modes and functional groups. Spectra were obtained in the range of 4000–400 cm−1 (FTIR) and 4000–50 cm−1 (Raman) and compared with theoretical predictions. The optical properties of FMOs are intrinsically linked to their respective energy levels. Consequently, the ΔE Homo-Lumo (ΔE) values were analyzed after the FMO orbitals were meticulously mapped out, and molecular electrostatic potential surfaces indicated regions prone to electrophilic attack, notably O13 and O16. UV spectra were simulated using TD-DFT and CPCM models in various solvents. NBO analysis revealed a stabilization energy of 37.67 kcal/mol, mainly attributed to the donor BD (1) C12-C14 to acceptor BD*(1) (C12-O13) contacts, with an occupancy of 1.93337. Topological indicators (ELF, LOL, RDG, IRI, and DORI) revealed intramolecular and intermolecular connections. The molecule shows potential pharmacological properties, adhering to Lipinski's rule of five, with the lowest binding energy of −6.91 kcal/mol for the 4PES protein. The stability of the target protein was confirmed by the Ramachandran plot.

In vitro digestion and fermentation of polysaccharides from nine common Polygonatum spp. and their impact on human gut microbiota

This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides from nine common Polygonatum spp. during in vitro simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion, in vitro fermentation, and their subsequent effects on human gut microbiota. Results revealed that the total sugar contents of Polygonatum spp. polysaccharides almost had little changes during the vitro digestion, and the molecular weight presented a downward trend. The in vitro digestion process produced almost no free monosaccharide, with small variations on FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. However, during the in vitro fermentation process, the polysaccharides generated remarkable changes, the total sugar showed a downward trend, and the molecular weight was degraded. There were significant changes in the monosaccharide composition, and possibly the sugar occurred isomerism. Regarding the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, both acetic acid and propionic acid were found to be significantly elevated in the treatment group compared to the control group, and the pH value dramatically decreased. Simultaneously, Polygonatum spp. polysaccharides could remarkably modulate the richness of microbial communities and improved their diversity, especially Narrowly Defined Clostridium, and Bacteroidetes. In general, this study can be helpful to better understand the potential digestion and fermentation mechanism of the genus Polygonatum polysaccharides.

Unravelling of cellulolytic fungal consortium from humus soil for efficient lignocellulosic waste degradation

Cellulose is a complex polysaccharide composed of β 1, 4 glycosidic linkages and these linkages are broken down by a complex enzyme system called cellulase. Cellulase is an enzyme complex associated with β 1, 4 endoglucanase, β 1, 4 exoglucanase, and β glucosidase. The fungal strains were isolated from decomposed humus soil and screened for the best cellulolytic activity. Thirty-two isolates were screened among these; three were selected based on their morphological characters and hydrolytic capacity, viz, Cladosporium oxysporum N5, Aspergillus sigurros N6, and Cladosporium cladosporioides N12. Among these fungi, Cladosporium oxysporum N5 shows potential hydrolytic activity and was selected for optimization studies and evaluation of their cellulolytic capability. Cellulolytic strain Cladosporium oxysporum N5 produced maximum amount of cellulase enzyme at 5 days of incubation at 30 ℃ and pH 7, viz, β 1, 4 endoglucanase (167.83± U/ml), β 1, 4 exoglucanase (29.04± U/ml), and β glucosidase (34.07± U/ml). SEM coupled Energy dispersive X-ray and FTIR spectroscopy methods revealed the cellulose degradation efficiency of fungal cellulase by microscopic, elemental percentage, and functional group, respectively. An affordable and eco-friendly fungal-based cellulase that will boost industrially important commodity production such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, fertilisers, and biofuels.

Microwave, ferroelectric and electromechanical studies of free standing blended electroactive polymer films

This study probes the enhancement of the microwave, ferroelectric and electromechanical properties of electroactive polymer (EAP) blended films made out of P(VDF-TrFE) and Nafion. Blended films are synthesized using the solution casting method, with different Nafion volume percentage (0 % to 30 %), and the phase formation is confirmed using XRD and FTIR spectroscopy. The morphological features are studied using FESEM. The reflection loss of the blended films as a function of thickness has been studied in both X and Ku band using a VNA. The contribution of reflection and absorption to the shielding effectiveness are also explored. 10 % Nafion inclusion effectively minimizes microwave reflection. The P-E hysteresis study reveals that the blended films exhibit high performance in terms of the parameters. The electromechanical coupling factor has been enhanced for 10 % Nafion inclusion. These findings suggest that the blended films have potential applications in flexible piezoelectric sensors, capacitors, memory, and microwave devices.

Adsorption Desulfurization of Simulated Diesel Fuel Using Graphene Oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite powder by the improved Hammers method and used for the adsorption of organosulfur compound (dibenzothiophene, DBT) from model diesel fuel. FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDX, and BET were used to characterize the GO. Several factors, such as solution pH, initial DBT concentration, adsorption contact time, adsorption temperature, and adsorbent dosage were used to test the DBT removal efficiency. The results show that the maximum removal was 96.4% at pH = 5, initial solution concentration of 200 ppm, adsorption time of 45 min, temperature of 45C and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g/25 mL.

Color Change of Pear Wood (Pyrus communis L.) during Water Steam Treatment

Hydrothermal treatment of wood, particularly steaming with saturated water steam, is often used to achieve a more intensive and homogenous wood color or to vary its hue. However, information on pear wood (Pyrus communis L.) steaming is limited in the available literature. This paper investigates the influence of steaming on the color of pear wood. Green, water-saturated samples of pear wood heartwood and sapwood were steamed with saturated water steam for 24 h at 98 °C. The color of the heartwood and sapwood was assessed both visually and with a standard three-stimulus colorimeter using the CIEL*a*b* system, and compared to the natural color of pear-wood. Additionally, FT-IR spectrometry was employed to analyze chemical changes in the wood samples. The results showed that both heartwood and sapwood experienced a decrease in lightening (L*), an increase in redness (a*), and a decrease in yellowness (b*) during steaming. Furthermore, a trend toward the equalization of L*, a*, and b* parameters between heartwood and sapwood over time was observed. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that the chemical changes during steaming were primarily related to extractives and hemicelluloses, with no significant changes in cellulose and lignin. The obtained results suggest that pear wood color can be equalized to some extent by steaming and that the extent of the color change to darker tones is dependent on steaming time.

Synthesis, Formulation and Evaluation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle of Capparis zeylanica L. Stem

The current study’s focus is on using Capparis zeylanica L. stem extract to produce nanosized zinc oxide (ZnO) biologically in a way that is economical, effective, and environmentally safe. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using several techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopy. UV-vis spectroscopy ranges 200 to 400 nm. Having particle size 248 nm having zeta potential -3.5 mV with different groups. The current work examined by formation of gel, which shows good spreadability.

Development of Methodology for molecular crystallization of Menthol

Menthol, terpene alcohol with a strong minty, cooling odor and taste is highly popular in food, flavor, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Crystallization of menthol from mint oil is a tedious process involving high cost and a much longer period. The present study has been undertaken to devise a new method with low input and with higher production rates. The crystallization of menthol was performed by the methods including Temperature programmed cooling process (TPCP); Short-path molecular fractional distillation (SPMFD) and Stripping crystallization (SC). About 99 % menthol contained in the mint oil was recovered during the crystallization process. The characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, x-ray diffraction (XRD) for crystal structure and crystallite size evaluation, and FTIR and Raman spectroscopy for analyzing the chemical nature of the crystals.

High Luminescent Carbon Dots Derived from Fermented Beverages for Sensitive Sensing of Tartrazine in Foods.

Highly luminescent carbon dots (CDs) derived from fermented beverages-kvass (K-CDs) were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method with ethylenediamine (EDA) as a surface passivation reagent. Purified K-CDs with a fluorescent quantum yield of 35.1% were obtained after a dialysis process. The K-CDs were characterized by TEM, FT-IR, XPS, fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that K-CDs possess typical excitation wavelength-dependent blue fluorescence emission, and the strongest excitation and emission wavelengths are 350nm and 440nm, respectively. The great spectral overlap between the emission peak (440nm) of K-CDs and the absorption peak (430nm) of tartrazine (TAR) leads to an effective fluorescence quenching phenomenon by TAR through inner filter effect (IFE) and the calculated (lg(I0/I)) showed a linear response to TAR concentration in the range of 0.1-70 µM. The detection limit of the developed method is 23 nM for TAR, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is 3.9% (c = 10 µM, n = 7). The fluorescent sensor for TAR based on K-CDs through the IFE mechanism possesses the characteristics of rapid, sensitive, and high selectivity. It has been successfully applied to detect of trace TAR in foods.

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Biological, DNA Binding, Molecular Docking and ADMET Studies of a New Benzyl (Z)-N’-((E)- 3-Ethoxy-2-Hydroxybenzylidene) Carbamohydrazonothioate and Its Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) Metal Complexes Derived From S-Benzyl Thiosemicabazide-Salicylaldehyde.

This study presents the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of metal complexes derived from benzyl carbamohydrazonothioate. The ligand was synthesized through a condensation reaction and subsequently complexed with various metal ions, including Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Zn(II). The resulting metal complexes were characterized using a range of spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, UV-Vis, and NMR spectroscopy, confirming the successful coordination of the metal ions with the ligand. The structural elucidation was further supported by elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The biological activities of the synthesized complexes were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. The results indicated that the metal complexes exhibited enhanced biological activities compared to the free ligand, suggesting their potential as effective antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study highlights the significance of metal complexation in enhancing the biological efficacy of organic ligands.

Chitosan Coupled Silver Nanoparticles Electrocatalyst Synthesis and Characterization

This study sought to find a suitable technique for synthesizing and characterizing silver nanoparticles due to its applications in various fields such as nanotechnology and medical. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized using SEM microscopy, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The maximum absorbance from the UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with λ max of 418 nm. The FTIR analysis envisaged a strong symmetrical stretching at 1400 cm-1 to 1200 cm-1 with the major peaks recorded at 1390 cm-1 and 1380 cm-1, indicating the presence of nitro components in the sample. The signal at 1658 cm−1 corresponded to the amide (C=O) bonds stretching vibrations, at 1089 cm−1 C-O-C bonds and at 564 cm−1 plane with bends NH, plane-out and bends C−O. C-H stretching vibrational signal was noted at 2927 cm−1, and a broader band at 3426 cm−1 with an overlap between the O−H stretching vibration and N−H stretching vibration of the oligosaccharide applied in the capping. The concentration of chitosan on transmittance was done using 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% solutions with the results from FT-IR showing elaborate intensity at 2.0 % chitosan capping and the least at 0.5 %. Scanning microscope validated characterized silver nanoparticles morphology at 500nm. The results obtained from SEM depicted a size range of 100 nm with resolutions between 0.5 to 4 nm

Green heterogeneous catalyst based on cross-linked carrageenans for direct conversion of fructose to ethyl levulinate

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a biomass-derived compound, capable of being converted to an array of costly compounds and therefore is attracted by many researchers. In the present study, κ and ι-carrageenan grafted methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) catalysts (κC-g-MBA and ιC-g-MBA) were prepared and applied to convert fructose to EL. FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD of both low-angle and wide-angle, N2 adsorption-and-desorption, FESEM, and TGA were used to identify the catalysts. From the catalysts, κC-g-MBA and ιC-g-MBA revealed the desirable results for EL with 80 and 82 % yields, respectively. The various parameters like reaction temperature, time, catalyst quantity, and the original fructose quantity were studied. Furthermore, experimental design was employed to create the ideal conditions for the reaction temperature 180 °C for the reaction, 5 h for the duration of the reaction, and 50 mg of catalyst for EL chosen. In addition, the catalyst's capability for reuse was explored and the catalyst was used repeatedly without a significant change in the catalyst activity.

Dual sustainability of rGO/CuCoO2 nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial insights

New growth and photocatalytic activity of CuCoO2 and rGO/CuCoO2 nanocomposites were demonstrated for model organic pollutant (dye) and antibacterial studies. The rGO/CuCoO2 nanocomposites were designed by hydrothermal technique. CuCoO2 and rGO/CuCoO2 materials were investigated and characterized by several instrumental techniques like FT-IR spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), DRS-UV Visible spectroscopy, HRTEM, FESEM analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET investigations. XRD confirmed the CuCoO2 cubic phase structure. It seems to have been evaluated for FT-IR and the Raman results were better than anything else that should be satisfied. Hence, Cu–O or Co-O (M−O−M) modes were confirmed peaks at 400 to 900 cm−1. We proposed CuCoO2 and rGO/CuCoO2 ((25/75), (50/50) & (75/25)) composite materials band gap energies at 2.8 eV to 2.0 eV. So, these results are also one of the benefits in the application area. A Sedum morganianum Burrito − Burro’s plant’s tail-like morphology was obtained in the pure CuCoO2 materials, and different weight percentages of rGO composites were also identified in FESEM-analysis as wood fungi, rods, and sheets-like structures. The rGO/CuCoO2 sheet-like morphology was confirmed by HRTEM measurements. The elemental composition of materials was investigated by EDX spectroscopy. We can prepare to suggest that the synthesis potential in the prepared matter is tbepensumed Bache formulation and much less explored, first-time declared phases and novelty of the synthetic designs, new morphologies, and bandgap energies. The synthesized rGO/CuCoO2 materials were achieved by 94 % Methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in photocatalytic applications, in which case composites were more efficient with environment-friendly when compared to CuCoO2 nanoparticles. The role of the rGO composite can be divided into three different principles such as absorbance, charge separator, and photosensitizer. This rGO material can reflect a big absorption capacity depending on the dye to rGO, with parallelly obeyed for π-π interactions. Hence, it’s favored for catalytic improvement. Secondly, rGO degradation was improved to the charge separation and may be foiling for the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Finally, transform their wide bandgap semiconductor into the catalyst to facilitate parameters. The rGO/CuCoO2 composite materials have performed well in reusability and radical abilities. The antimicrobial activity of the CuCoO2 nanoparticle was investigated on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus &Enterococcus faecalis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli &Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial strain. As promised rGO/CuCoO2 and CuCoO2 materials were examined for better degradation activities and antibacterial activities. Antibacterial efficacy studies play a major innovative role in the present work and have not been previously published. Hence, we have selected this kind of material.

Spider web-reinforced chitosan/starch biopolymer for active biodegradable food packaging

In this study, starch (ST), chitosan (CH), spider silk (SW), and their hybrid composite bioplastics were fabricated and examined for physicochemical and mechanical properties. The essential oils (EOs) of Rosmarinus officinalis were encapsulated to enhance their biological application. The prepared composite films were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as XRD, SEM, GCMS–, UV–VIS, TGA, and FTIR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared film was tested against S. aureus bacterial and C. albican fungal strains which showed a greater zone of inhibition for the composite film encapsulated with EOs. The biodegradability of the synthesized film was evaluated for 60 days in soil under laboratory conditions. The composite film containing spider web and essential oil significantly improved mechanical properties. The physicochemical results, such as moisture, solubility, swelling, transmittance, opacity, and water vapor permeability, of the prepared bioplastic were comparable with those of the control plastic. The EO-based film had greater antioxidant activity against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and phosphomolybdenum assays, with an inhibition range of 60–70 %. The addition of spider web and essential oil to the chitosan/ starch film significantly increased the shelf life of injera and tomatoes for 7 and 10 days, respectively for the EO-based film. The biodegradability of the synthesized film has shown a great reduction in the weight and growth of microorganisms. In general, the CH/ST/SW and CH/ST/SW/EOs composite films have greater mechanical, biological, physicochemical, and potential improvement of food shelf life applied as either coating or packaging material.

Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of hexa-kis-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN 3)zinc(II) dinitrate.

The synthesis of the title compound, [Zn(C4H6N2)6](NO3)2, is described. This complex consists of a central zinc metal ion surrounded by six 1-methyl-imidazole ligands, charge balanced by two nitrate anions. The complex crystallizes in the space group P. In the crystal, the nitrate ions are situated within the cavities created by the [Zn(N-Melm)6]2+ cations, serving as counter-ions. The three oxygen atoms of the nitrate ion engage in weak C-H⋯O inter-actions. In addition to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the complex was characterized using elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy.

Regulation of the Phase Structure in the Crystallizing Curing System PCL–DGEBA

Qualitative and quantitative aspects of the formation of various types of phase structures, sizes and compositions were considered. For the studied polycaprolactone–epoxy resin/4,4′-diaminediphenylsulfone system, a phase diagram characterized by amorphous separation with a lower critical solution temperature was constructed and its evolution was traced with increasing conversion degree of epoxy groups. A method is proposed for determining the temperature–concentration parameters that determine the type of phase structure of composite materials, based on the optical interferometry method. All types of phase structures and features of structure formation in the phase reversal region and at its boundaries have been studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy methods. The dimensions of the structural elements were determined and their correlation with the temperature and concentration regimes of the system’s curing was established. The composition of phases in cured compositions was studied using FTIR spectroscopy, DSC and scanning electron microscopy. It is shown that by varying the temperature–concentration parameters of curing reactive thermoplastic systems, it is possible to specifically regulate the type of phase structure, phase sizes and their composition, which determine the operational properties of the material.

Synthesis of N-substituted 4-phenyl-2-aminothiazole derivatives and investigation of their inhibition properties against hCA I, II, and AChE enzymes

In this study, thiazole derivatives containing sulphonamide, amide, and phenyl amino groups were synthesized to protect the free amino groups of 5-methyl-4-phenyl-2-aminothiazole and 4-phenyl-2-aminothiazole. Halogenated reactions of N-protected thiazole derivatives have been investigated. LCMS, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to elucidate the structures of the synthesized compounds. Inhibition effects of the N-protected thiazole derivatives against human carbonic anhydrase I, II (hCA I, hCA II), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated. The best results among the synthesized N-protected thiazole derivatives showed Ki values in the range of 46.85–587.53 nM against hCA I, 35.01–578.06 nM against hCA II, and in the range of 19.58–226.18 nM against AChE. Furthermore, in silico studies with the target enzyme of the thiazole derivatives (9 and 11), which showed the best results experimentally, have examined the binding interactions of the related compounds at the enzyme active site.

Solvothermal Polymerization of Diaminomaleonitrile Reveals Optimal Green Solvents for the Production of C=N-Based Polymers.

Solvothermal polymerization (STP) of diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN) was evaluated using a wide variety of solvents and in the temperature range from 80 to 170 °C. The highest yields, almost quantitative, were achieved with protic n-alcohols such as n-pentanol or n-hexanol at 130 and 150 °C, respectively. The kinetic behavior was studied by gravimetry and the DAMN consumption was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and HPLC. GC-MS identified byproducts of the DAMN hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, which were significantly reduced when n-pentanol or n-hexanol were used with respect to hydrothermal conditions. This led to an exploration of compositional changes and microstructural variations by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy and simultaneous thermal analysis. n-Hexanol appears to be an ideal eco-friendly solvent for the DAMN self-STP. The results presented here are not only of interest for the design of polymeric materials based on C=N structures but also show remarkable implications for prebiotic chemistry.

Polymer concentration adjustment for homogeneous carbon nanofibers precursors

Introduction. Carbon nanofibers CNFs have emerged as an important material in many advanced applications, especially those related to high electrical conductivity. Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to prepare a homogeneous CNFs’ precursor (Polyacrylonitrile PAN nanofibers) with improved graphitization through controlling one of the solution parameters, that is, polymer concentration. Methods. Precursors of PAN nanofibers with the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs were prepared with two concentrations of 8% and 10% w/v PAN/MWCNTs to adjust the insertion and uniform distribution of MWCNTs within the PAN nanofibers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy FESEM was used to evaluate the morphology of the electro spun nanofibers and uniformity of the MWCNTs distribution within the PAN nanofibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR was also conducted to notice the interaction between MWCNTs and PAN to yield precursor with better graphitization characteristics. Results. FESEM results revealed more uniformity and homogeneity in the precursor structure with increasing PAN/MWCNTs concentration from 8% to 10% w/v. FTIR results showed increased intensity of the characteristic peaks of PAN and a new peak emerged at approximately 659 cm−1(C=C) which is potentially formed by interactions with MWCNTs and might be associated with cross-linking. Conclusion. Increased PAN/MWCNTs concentration from 8% to 10% w/v improved the insertion of MWCNTs inside PAN nanofibers and FTIR indicated the interactions between the added MWCNTs and PAN in the precursor with better graphitization characteristics.

EFFICACY OF SHRIMP SHELL SYNTHESIZED CHITOSAN AGAINSTPOST-HARVEST SPOILAGE FUNGI OF Sesamum indicum

Contamination of Agricultural commodities by moulds poses significant challenges due to conducive climatic conditions. Mycotoxins produced by moulds like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium present health risks and economic losses. Traditional control measures such as the use of fungicides have drawbacks, necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives. One such alternatives is the use of Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin found in crustacean exoskeletons. This study evaluated the efficacy of chitosan synthesized from shrimp shells in inhibiting the growth of Aspergillus niger, a common food borne mould of oil seeds such as Sesame. Synthesized Chitosan was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and the degree of deacetylation was determined. FTIR analysis showed characteristic absorption peaks ranging from 3911.77 cm-1 to 794.70 cm-1, with higher wave numbers corresponding to stretching vibrations of the C-H, O-H, and N-H bonds functional groups. UV-visible spectroscopy displayed an absorbance peak at 232 nm with an absorbance value of 2.15. The degree of deacetylation of synthesized chitosan was determined to be 98.99%. In vitro experiments showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of A. niger growth by shrimp shell synthesized chitosan. The highest level of inhibition was seen at day 3 with 0.75mg/ml (50%) and 1.0mg/ml (52.1%), meaning the higher the concentration of shrimp shell synthesized chitosan the higher the inhibition. Results suggest chitosan as a potential anti-fungal agent for food preservation and agricultural protection against mould contamination and mitigate post harvest losses and ensure food safety.