FTIR Spectrophotometry Research Articles

Enhancement in the antibacterial activity of Rifaximin by delivery through gelatin nanoparticles

Objectives Bacterial infections are a noteworthy global health concern that necessitates the development of new strategies to enhance the potency and efficacy of antibiotics. Rifaximin (RFX), a broad-spectrum antibiotic, exhibits promising antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains. However, its insolubility and impermeability impede the exploitation of its full potential. The objective of the current study is to overcome the inherent caveats of RFX to exploit its maximum potential. Significance The exploitation of the full potential of antibiotics is necessary for reduction in their dosage and to minimize antibiotic pollution. This is a preliminary study aiming for maximum utilization of RFX at the target site and reduction in its release in unmetabolized form. Methods Gelatin is a biopolymer that has gained significant attention for biomedical applications owing to its inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, bovine gelatin nanoparticles (BGNPs) were fabricated by the self-assembly method for their application as a carrier of RFX to enhance its antibacterial activity. The study employs a comprehensive range of experimental techniques to characterize the fabricated BGNPs such as DLS, Zeta Potential, FT-IR, AFM, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results The average size of the fabricated BGNPs was 100 nm with a zeta potential value of −15.3 mV. The loading of RFX on BGNPs rendered an increase in its size to 136 nm with a zeta potential value of −16 mV. In-vitro assays and microscopic analyses were conducted to compare the antibacterial efficacy of RFX and RFX@BGNPs. An excellent loading capacity followed by sustained release of RFX from RFX@BGNPs rendered a significant enhancement in its pharmaceutical efficacy. The release of RFX from RFX@BGNPs followed the Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The antibacterial efficacy of RFX against Staphylococcus aureus has doubled by delivery through RFX@BGNPs, assessed by inhibitory and biofilm inhibitory assays. The enhancement in the antibacterial efficiency was further endorsed by SEM and microscopic imaging of the control and treated bacterial colonies. Conclusion The study demonstrates an enhancement in the antimicrobial efficacy of RFX by its delivery in the form of RFX@BGNPs to exploit its full potential for practical applications.

Characterization of Adsorbed Hydrocarbons in Deposit Sands and Well Fracture in the Burgos Basin

Objective: The objective of this research is to determine the potential adsorption by the solids carried by the hydrocarbon production stream to the surface by characterization to identify its origin. Theoretical framework: In the natural gas producing wells of the Burgos Basin, there is the presence of solids in the production fluids, these can be from the reservoir or from fracture. The reservoir solids are created from the carbonates, sandstones and shales inside the well, the fracture solids are better known as props, they are mixed with the drilling fluid so that inside the well they act as packs in the fractures where the hydrocarbon can flow for extraction. In this Basin, horizontal hydraulic fracturing is used for the extraction of hydrocarbons, the solids present adsorb part of the hydrocarbons and are contaminated with them. Method: Sand samples from 4 wells were used, which were extracted with Soxhlet equipment to separate the organic content of the sand. Using ASTM (2003) and US EPA (1996) methods D5369-93 and 3540C-3541 as a reference. Subsequently, the hydrocarbon concentrate was fractionated using the method reported in the manual of soil analysis techniques of Fernández et al., (2006) who adapted the methods 3600C, 3610B and 3611B of the US EPA (1996). The analytical method consisted of reading the spectra of each fraction in a UV-Visible Shimadzu UV-1800 spectroscopy equipment and by FT-IR spectrophotometry, in a Nicolet iS10 equipment, with a DTGS KBr detector. The physical characterization of the sands was performed by recording the particle size using the API-RP56 standard. Finally, X-ray diffraction is used to determine the phases of the sands by the method 05LA-34080109-DRX-MP-01. Results and discussion: The amount of total hydrocarbon extracted from the sands was in a range of 2,975-0,060 gr. The identification of hydrocarbons extracted by Uv-Visible and FTIR showed functional groups of aliphatic, polycyclic and nitrogen compounds. The particle size of the sands was measured between 45-311 nm. And finally RX identified the type of sand to analyze, being well 1: reservoir sand, well2: fracture sand, well 3: fracture sand and well 4: reservoir sand. Implications of the research: This research presents a study on the classification of the type of sands that are being dragged to the surface with the hydrocarbon stream of well production. These are data that show a fact that occurs and gives the certainty of what happens at the bottom of the well. Originality/value: The analysis of the results allows decisions to be taken to prevent corrosion and plugging problems of surface equipment, which can cause explosions such as the one of September 19, 2012 in the PEMEX gas pipeline at the Km 19 Measuring Center in Reynosa, Tamps. Mexico.

Exploring novel porphyrin photocatalyst for the conversion of frying oil to biodiesel: A step for globular economy

The current protocol addresses the outcomes on the photo-transesterification of frying sunflower oil (FSO) catalysed by porphyrin comprising sulphonic acid functionalized pyridinium ionic liquid (PcSAFPyIL). A novel photocatalyst was synthesized and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, Powder XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and fluorescence emission spectrophotometry. The energy band gap (1.85 eV) was determined by cyclic voltammetry, Hammett acidity (H0 = 0.217) by UV–visible spectrophotometer and metal free nature by powder XRD and XPS. The photocatalytic activity of PcSAFPyIL in the visible region was confirmed by reflecting intense Soret band (421 nm) and four Q bands (515, 554, 591 and 647 nm). This may be due to inherent aromatic characters and conjugation with chromophore groups at meso-position of porphyrin ring. The obtained photocatalyst was scrutinized for the photo-transesterification of FSO in a lab-made photoreactor. The ideal reaction parameters were found to be 20 mg photocatalyst quantity with 1:12 (FSO: ROH) under exposure of 2 x 5 W LED at room temperature, to afford 90 % biodiesel in 24 h. Moreover, the formation of biodiesel was confirmed by (1H, 13C) NMR, FT-IR, DEPT-135, and GC–MS. Further, stability, heterogeneous nature and the gram scale reaction PcSAFPyIL was also efficiently accomplished using the optimized photocatalytic conditions. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel fuel B15 (15 % blended with marketed diesel) and pure marketed diesel are consistent. Moreover, the engine performance and emission characteristics of B15 such as brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) found comparable and better than commercial diesel.

A Green Approach of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Dodonaea viscosa and Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Abstract The current study focused on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO) from the Dodonaea viscosa roots and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of phytochemicals in the root extract of D. viscosa root extract was analyzed with different solvents including methanol, chloroform, aqueous and petroleum ether. The methanolic extract had higher activity among the four solvents. UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometry was used to validate the synthesized ZnO. The FT-IR bands revealed the existence of several functional groups, and the UV-Vis spectrum showed theabsorption peak of 371 nm for ZnO nanoparticles. The green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles showed an anti-inflammatory activity that was confirmed by albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization. Maximum inhibition of 70% was observed from ZnO nanoparticle when compared with aspirin. IC50 value of plant extract was 36.34 µg/ml and for aspirin was found to be 36.26 µg/ml. The in vitro RBCs membrane stabilization study emphasized the anti-inflammatory activity of ZnOnanoparticles. The IC50 valve of aspirin was determined to be 21.19, whereas the plant extract was 23.49. At varying doses, the methanolic extract of D. viscosa showed efficacy in preventing heat-induced hemolysis. The three-dimensional data of the protein structure is used to predict the structural levels of proteins. Proteins of D. viscosa were analyzed using Expasy (structural prediction), Protparam server (functional characterization), and (3-D structure) SWISS MODEL, and homology modeling was used to compare them with known plant biomaterials. Bioinformation on useful proteins was also analyzed and reported. Thus, the synthesized nanoparticles possess strong anti-inflammatory activity that could be utilized in numerous pharmacological formulations.

Production, characterization, and potential phenol content of various grades liquid smoke made from coconut shell waste (Cocos nucifera L.)

Liquid smoke contains various compounds that can be grouped into groups of phenolic compounds, acids, and groups of carbonyl compounds. These compound groups act as antimicrobials, antioxidants, flavoring, and coloring agents. Because liquid smoke can act as an antimicrobial and antioxidant, liquid smoke can be used as a preservative. Liquid smoke is classified as grade 3, 2, and 1 according to its properties and applications. The results of this research are phytochemical analysis for all variations of liquid smoke, showing the content of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and steroids/triterpenoids. The characterization results of various grades liquid smoke (3; 2; 1) respectively are yield (9.75% w/w; 60%v/v; 50.9%v/v), pH value (2.68; 2.46; 2.42), total acid (13.44%; 14.34%; 17.36%), specific gravity of (1.0499; 1.0435; 1.0421 g/mL), total phenol content (23.0186; 12.3135; 7.8879), Pb and Cd levels of 0.218; 0.207; 0.202 mg/L and 0.019; 0.010; 0.008mg/L. Identification using UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometry. Isolation using thin-layer chromatography showed that it contained flavonoids with an Rf value of 0.31, 0.31, 0.29. The conclusion was that various grades liquid smoke can be produced with appropriate characteristics and have high total phenol potential.

Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of Cassia fistula mediated Cobalt doped Copper oxide nanoparticle against Salmonella typhi a step toward antibacterial nanomedicine

The green synthesis route is becoming an emerging field of study in nanotechnology due to its biodegradability, eco-friendly nature, and non-hazardous nature. Among a variety of industrial metal nanoparticles (NPs), copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) are the most attractive topic for researchers because of their effective surface area to volume ratio, chemical properties, and antimicrobial activity. The current study consists of the synthesis of Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Cassia fistula extract as a reducing and capping agent and studies its antibacterial activity. The formation of Cassia Fistula mediated CuONPs was identified by color change and was confirmed by FTIR and UV-visible spectrophotometry, revealing an absorbance peak at 235 nm. A shift of 45 nm was observed when the NPs were coated with PEG. Astonishingly, CuONPs showed a virtuous result on 485 ug/ml, showing only 3% of hemolysis; meanwhile, many different concentrations of NPs were used to check whether it would exceed the standard value. However, none of the diluted concentrations were above the standard value, making them biocompatible. The MIC test was performed, showing 250 ml and 350 ml of diluted CuONPs were prominent concentrations for the elimination of bacteria. ROS quantification and identification showed that the ROS produced followed the Type II mechanism in which the singlet oxygen transfers energy to triplet oxygen. We settled that CuONPs possess the ability to delimit the bacteria, specifically Salmonella typhi.

Studies on the Removal of Malachite Green from Its Aqueous Solution Using Water-Insoluble β-Cyclodextrin Polymers.

The rising global pollution of natural waters by dyes has brought to light the need for adaptable and efficient removal techniques. To create water-insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers like CA/-CD, TA/-CD, and MA/-CD, several organic acids including citric acid (CA), tartaric acid (TA), and malic acid (MA) were cross-linked with β-cyclodextrin in this study. The obtained polymers were characterized by different advanced analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Malachite green dye was removed from aqueous solutions using the synthesized polymers by adsorption. The adsorption investigation was conducted under several conditions, including pH, adsorbent mass, dye concentration, temperature, contact time, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics. The adsorbent CA/β-CD shows the highest adsorption of MG dye in all of the conditions because it contains a high number of carboxyl groups. The negatively charged carboxyl ions of CA/β-CD attract the positively charged MG dye electrostatically and remove MG from aqueous media with an efficiency of 91%. As a result, the findings indicated that water-insoluble polymers based on β-cyclodextrin are well-suited as inexpensive adsorbents to remove colors from aqueous media.

Structural, morphological and electrical properties of hydrothermally synthesized cobalt disulfide (CoS2) nanoparticles

Cobalt disulfide (CoS2) is a highly sophisticated metal chalcogenide that has garnered significant attention due to its distinctive properties such as its electrical, optical, catalytic, and magnetic capabilities and potential for use in a range of applications. In this work, pure CoS2 nanoparticles were synthesized using the economical and facile hydrothermal method. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to characterize the synthesized sample, confirming that it has a cubic crystal structure with space group P a −3. The Debye-Scherrer’s formula was implemented to determine the average crystallite size of nanoparticles and found to be 24.24 nm. Through the use of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), the morphology and effective grain size of the obtained sample was determined. FTIR spectrophotometry was used to examine the vibrational stretching of the various bonds in CoS2. UV-Vis spectroscopy is employed to measure the optical property of the sample. The optical bandgap calculated from the Tauc Plot is around 1.90 eV reflecting the presence of photovoltaic properties in the sample. The change in dielectric permittivity and loss have been observed for the sample in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 10KHz at different temperatures between 303K and 423K. The frequency-dependent electrical conductivity of CoS2 is also explained. The observations revealed the presence of unique electrical and structural properties in the synthesized sample.

Measurement of the degree of deacetylation in chitosan films by FTIR, 1H NMR and UV spectrophotometry

The chitosan films were prepared from shrimp, squid, and crab to corroborate that regardless of the source of the chitosan, it was possible to measure the degree of deacetylation. In this work, the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was evaluated via UV, FTIR and 1H NMR spectrophotometry methodologies. Values in a range of 74 to 99% degree of deacetylation (DD) were obtained and varied depending on the method used and the source of chitosan. The spectrophotometric method is one of the most commonly used for this determination; however, it has the limitation that D-glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine share similar wavelengths. All three methods were simple and provided rapid analysis; however, NMR, in particular, was expensive due to its equipment specifications. For this reason, its important to select the simplest method than can be routinely used.•The simplest used technique to determine the degree of deacetylation is infrared spectroscopy.•The degree of acetylation of chitosan is related to its physicochemical properties; its determination is an important parameter due to its association with chitosan applications in different industrial areas.•The 1H NMR method is very precise and requires expensive equipment and trained personal. Thus, it cannot be used routinely to determine the degree of deacetylation.

Facile sonochemically-assisted bioengineering of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and deciphering their potential in treating breast and lung cancers: biological, molecular, and computational-based investigations.

Combining sonochemistry with phytochemistry is a modern trend in the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), which contributes to the sustainability of chemical processes and minimizes hazardous effects. Herein, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were bioengineered using a novel and facile ultrasound-assisted approach utilizing the greenly extracted essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were used to confirm the formation of TiO2 NPs. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed the crystalline nature of TiO2 NPs. TEM analysis revealed the spherical morphology of the NPs with sizes ranging from 5.55 to 13.89 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) confirmed the purity of the greenly synthesized NPs. TiO2 NPs demonstrated outstanding antitumor activity against breast (MCF-7) and lung (A-549) cancer cells with estimated IC50 values of 1.73 and 4.79 μg mL-1. The TiO2 NPs were cytocompatible to normal cells (MCF-10A) with a selectivity index (SI) of 8.77 for breast and 3.17 for lung cancer. Biological assays revealed a promising potential for TiO2 NPs to induce apoptosis and arrest cells at the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle phase in both cancer cell lines. Molecular investigations showed the ability of TiO2 NPs to increase apoptotic genes' expression (Bak and Bax) and their profound ability to elevate the expression of apoptotic proteins (caspases 3 and 7). Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding interactions for TiO2 NPs with caspase 3 and EGFR-TK targets. In conclusion, the greenly synthesized TiO2 NPs exhibited potent antitumor activity and mitochondrion-based cell death against breast and lung cancer cell lines while maintaining cytocompatibility against normal cells.

تقييم تأثير توليفة نباتية على مكافحة الخلايا السرطانية مختبريا In Vitro

The present century has witnessed the development of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and its wide application in the medical field. The green synthesis method is the most stable, highly effective and easy to prepare method for producing AgNPs. Figs, olives and moringa trees are grown in Iraq and have been mentioned in the Holy Qur’an several times and their benefits, as well as the proof of intensive scientific studies of the benefits of figs, olives and moringa, whether their leaves or fruits against microbes, oxidation, cancer and various therapeutic applications. Accordingly, the study aimed to examine the plant composition of leaves (fig, olive and moringa) and the possibility of forming AgNPs nanoparticles against the activity of cancer cells. The surface properties of AgNPs were confirmed and described by UV-Vis, XRD, SEM, TEM, AFM and FTIR spectrophotometry. And also FESEM, TEM technique was used to find the average size and the morphological shape of AgNPs. And the TEM results showed the average size of the nanoparticles of the plant synthesis of fig, olive and moringa (FOM) between 44.08-71.57 nm. Also, the ability of FOM mixture extract with silver nanoparticles to inhibit a type of FCM 7 cancer cell lines was studied. The results of the study showed the significant presence of the biological active components of the plant synthesis. Also, the ability of FOM mixture extract with silver nanoparticles to inhibit a type of FCM 7 cancer cell lines was studied. The results of the study showed the significant presence of the biological active components of the plant synthesis. Nanomaterials of synthetic nanoparticles have also demonstrated the size and shape of the nanoparticles and the presence of reactive chemical bonding sites. The study also proved that using concentrations higher than 50 µg/mL that there is a possibility to kill and inhibit the growth of cancer cells of type FCM 7 in later study.

Synthesis of Carboxylated Chitosan Amide Using Some Cyclic Anhydride and Their Activities as Antifungal

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has antifungal activity. It is necessary to modify chitosan into its derivatives to increase its activity. One modification of chitosan that has the potential to be developed as an antifungal is carboxylated chitosan amide because this chitosan derivative contains a carboxylic group and is more hydrophilic. This research aims to synthesize chitosan amide carboxylate using several cyclic anhydride compounds and test its antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. The cyclic anhydrides used in this research are maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. In the initial stage of chitosan amide carboxylate synthesis, reaction optimization was carried out at varying temperatures of 25, 50, and 72oC for 7 hours. Compound characterization was carried out using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The disc diffusion method tested the chitosan amide carboxylate product for its antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. The optimal MCA (Maleoyl Chitosan Amide) product is (MCA_50), synthesized at a reaction temperature of 50oC. Under these optimal reaction conditions, PCA_50 (Pthaloyl Chitosan Amide) was successfully synthesized to produce a brownish-yellow solid with a yield of 46.1% (w/w) and a degree of substitution (DS) of 41.93%. The diameter of the inhibition zone against Aspergillus flavus for PCA_50 was 30 mm at the 12th hour of observation. The product (PCA_50) has better antifungal activity than chitosan and MCA_50.

Proteolytic Changes During Ripening Of Kučki Cheese

Summary Production of various traditional dairy products, particularly cheese, has a long history in Montenegro. White-brined cheeses are the most well-known. One of them is Kučki cheese, with distinct flavor and higher level of proteolysis. The aim of this research was to analyze the proteolysis process during ripening of Kučki cheese. The cheese is produced using traditional technology. FTIR Spectrophotometry was used to calculate the amount of total protein in cheese (IDF141C: 2000). The degree of proteolysis was determined by SDS PAGE (Laemmli, 1970). The cheese was examined for their water-soluble nitrogen (WSN) content using Kuchroo and Fox’s method from 1982, as well as their 5% phosphotungstic acid soluble nitrogen (PTAN) content using Stadhouser’s method from 1960. The results were expressed as percentages of WSN and PTAN of the total nitrogen matter (WSN/TN and PTAN/TN), as well as PTAN as a percentage of WSN (PTAN/WSN). All analyses were done on 10th, 20th and 30th day of cheese ripening. Four samples of cheese were analyzed for each ripening period. The content of proteins increased during the ripening period. The parameters that determine the process of proteolysis increased during the first 30 days of ripening. The WSN/TN ranged from 13.33 to 44.32%. Also, PTAN/WSN varied from 3.79 to 21.57%. The initial results show that uneven ripening conditions have a direct impact on how proteolytic changes develop throughout ripening. Due to the absence of established cheese-making procedures, Kučki cheese has a considerable degree of heterogeneity in their protein content and proteolysis parameters. However, it is not possible to strictly define the optimal values of the degree of ripening for Kučki cheese. In order to reach certain conclusions, it is necessary to carry out further studies focusing on analyzing a larger number of samples.

Synthesis methods, characterizations and usage areas of medicinal compounds from THP, and their Ag(I)-NHC complexes, and their antimicrobial efficiencies

Natural or synthetic substances can be used to create smart medications, which can enhance cognitive performance in healthy individuals. They are frequently used to boost memory, concentration, creativity, intelligence, and motivation in the fiercely competitive world of today.To achieve optimum results, the drug should be applied to the target site at the appropriate concentration, with as few or no adverse effects as possible due to off-target actions. Recent studies have shown that such drugs, which are often used in chemotherapy, can reduce the level of discomfort cancer patients endure. In this study, metal complexes that can carry silver nanoparticles with electrical and optical properties were formed. This article examines the potential of man-made silver N-heterocyclic complexes as smart drugs. Following the synthesis of new carbene species from the Xthantine compound, metal complexes were produced for this use. The chemical structures of these carbenes and metal complexes were investigated using a variety of methods, including melting point studies, conductivity, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, LC-Mass, FT-IR, TGA, and UV-vis spectrophotometry. These metal complexes differ mostly due to their solubility in water. Using the disk diffusion method, the antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of silver(I)-NHC complexes were examined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. It has been observed that the antimicrobial activity of 7,9-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-9-ium silver(I)bromide compound is high. These data suggest that this compound has strong antibacterial properties.

Plackett-Burman design in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with Mutisia acuminatta (Chinchircoma) and preliminary evaluation of its antibacterial activity.

Background: The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the methanolic fraction of Mutisia acuminatta leaves using Plackett-Burman design to optimize process parameters and to evaluate its antibacterial effect. Methods: For the separation of Mutisia acuminatta phytoconstituents, chromatographic techniques were used. For characterization and identification, UV - VIS spectrophotometry, FTIR spectrophotometry, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. The Plackett-Burman design used polynomial regression statistical analysis to determine the most influential variables. Results: UV-VIS spectroscopy reported an absorbance concerning surface plasmon resonance between 410-420 nm wavelength for the AgNPs. FTIR spectrophotometry reported characteristic peaks in the biosynthesized AgNPs, observing the disappearance of spectral peaks between 1000-1500 cm -1. By UHPLC-MS, caffeic acid derivatives, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, disaccharide and a complex formed between silver and the solvent (AgCH3CN+) were identified. Using DLS, the AgNPs presented an average hydrodynamic size of 45.91 nm. TEM determined the spherical shape of the AgNPs, presenting diameters in the range of 30 to 60 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than the total extract, the methanolic fraction and pure methanol. The polynomial model in the biosynthesis was validated with an adequate fitting representing the experimental data of the process. The most significant variables for the model obtained were the reaction pH (X 2) and the concentration of the precursor salt AgNO 3 (X 6). Conclusions: The synthesized AgNPs offer a viable option for further development due to the presence of bioactive compounds, adequate characterization and antibacterial activity.

Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Phthalocyanine Complex Using Substituted 4-Nitrophthalonitrile Ligand

In this research work, four compounds: 4-nitrophthalamide, 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 4-(ciproxy) phthalonitrile and phthalocyanine complex were synthesized. The synthesis began with the nitration in the position 4 of phthalamide which led to the formation of 4-nitrophthalamide. Dehydration by the thionyl chloride in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) led to the formation of 4-nitrophthalonitrile and further reaction of ciprofloxacin with 4-nitrophthalonitrile in DMF forms the phthalonitrile derivative, cyclotetramerization of 4-(ciproxy) phthalonitrile in the presence of nickel salt gave substituted metal phthalocyanine complex. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, FT-IR spectrophotometry and UV-VIS. Melting point of the compounds ware checked by Griffin MFB-590. The melting points of 4-nitrophthalamide and 4-nitrophthalonitrile were found to be 223 oC and 175 oC respectively. Solubility of the compounds was confirmed in some common laboratory solvent (acetone, methanol and DMF). The electronic spectra of nickel phthalocyanine compound in DMF showed intense Q absorption at 690 nm. The thermal stability of the phthalocyanine derivatives was checked by TGA; the phthalocyanine was heated up to 700 oC to determine the degradation temperature. The temperatures at which the phthalocyanine began to exhibit weight loss was 309 oC. It could, therefore, be concluded that the metal phthalocyanines prepared in this study showed suitably high thermal stability and can be used for further analysis.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL PHTHLOCYANINE COMPLEX USING CIPROFLOXACIN-SUBSTITUTED LIGAND

In this research work, two metal complexes were synthesized from the prepared 4-nitrophthalonitrile ligand. It began with the cyclotetramerization of 4-(ciproxy) phthalonitrile in the presence of metals salt (cobalt and copper), which gave substituted metal phthalocyanine complexes. The formation of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by FT-IR spectrophotometry, Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and UV-VIS spectrophotometry. At a heating rate of 10 oC min-1, TGA was conducted under Argon using a SHIMADZU Thermogravimetric Analyzer TGA-50 Instruments. Solubility of the compounds was confirmed in some common laboratory solvents (acetone, methanol, and DMF). The electronic spectra of copper phthalocyanine compound (CuPc) in DMF, showed intense Q absorption at 690 nm, the Q band absorption was observed at 678 nm for cobalt phthalocyanine (Copc). TGA results of the thermal stability of the phthalocyanine derivatives, when the phthalocyanine was heated up to 700 oC to determine the degradation temperature, showed that the phthalocyanines began to lose weight at 300 oC and 309 oC for Co and Cu phthalocyanine respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the synthesis of metal phthalocyanines complex using antibiotic as substituent was achieved and the complex synthesized in this study showed suitably high thermal stability.

Computational docking toward cox-2 and synthesis of 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate using microwave irradiation

Background: Structure modification of organic compounds is needed to increase their bioactivity. Vanillin has been reported to has various therapeutic effects such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti-invasive and metastatic suppression potential, anti-inflammatory and also antinociceptive activity. To increase the activity of organic compounds, we have to enhance the lipophilic properties by modifications of the structure. Objective: The phenolic OH of vanillin can be modified by adding aromatic ring, carbonyl, and halogen to improve its bioactivity. The 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate is a vanillin derivative that has been modified to its phenolic –OH. Method: In this study, the synthesis of 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate was carried out by microwave irradiation with various power of 120, 200 and also 400 watt. The characterizations of the synthesized compound were carried out using FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrophotometry. The molecular docking study used Autodock software with at the COX-2 receptor (PDB ID: 6COX) as target receptor. Result: We used the microwave’s power of 120, 200 and also 400 watt to synthesis the target compound and produced 89.09%, 72.78% and 34.49% yield, consecutively. Molecular docking study at the COX-2 receptors was performed to predict the anti-inflammatory activity of 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate. The docking results showed that the binding energy of 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate was lower on chain A of the receptor (-8.18 kcal/mol) than the starting material, vanillin (-4.96 kcal/mol). It predicted 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate has better activity than vanillin. Conclusion: The 4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl-4-chlorobenzoate was successfully synthesized and this finding proves that this compound essentials to be developed furthermore as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Producing Polyurethane as Wound Plaster using Glycerol Transesterified of Waste Cooking Oil with Moringa Leaf Extract (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) as an Antimicrobial

Wound plaster polyurethane can make using glycerol from waste cooking oil (WCO). Wound plasters should contain antibacterial ingredients in addition to covering the sore. Traditionally various plants have been used to treat sore and contain sundry antibacterial chemical compounds amid Moringa oleifera Lam. Therefore, it is very potential to make polyurethane wound plasters from glycerol produced from WCO combined with Moringa leaf extract obtained from wound plasters from natural ingredients. Maceration with 96 % ethanol yielded moringa leaf extract. Then, a transesterification reaction carries out by using KOH-methanol at 60 °C to get glycerol and tested by FTIR spectrophotometry. Polyurethane wound plasters were made with a mixture of methylene 4,4 diphenyl diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and various formulas with variations of glycerol 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 drops. A characteristic test enforced with swelling test to find the best formula and functional group analysis using FTIR spectrophotometry. Into the best wound plaster, improved Moringa leaf ethanol extract at an intensity of 1 - 5 %. An antibacterial activity test carries out on the Moringa leaf ethanol extract and plasters obtained by the agar diffusion method. The FTIR spectrophotometer test showed the formation of glycerol from WCO. The results of the characteristics test for polyurethane wound plaster preparations obtained the best formula using 3 drops of glycerol. The antibacterial activity test results at a concentration of 500 mg/mL Moringa leaf extract produced a muscular inhibition zone of 19.2 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Antiseptic solution of 17.3 mm; Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 14.3 mm and Antiseptic solvent of 16.2 mm. Antibacterial activity of polyurethane wound plaster against Staphylococcus aureus contains 5 % ethanol extract of 10.3 mm, Plaster Merck X of 11.2 mm, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, only gave resistance at 5 % concentration of 8.3 mm and Plaster Merck X of 9.2 mm. HIGHLIGHTS Based on FTIR testing, it confirms the presence of aliphatic CH groups and OH groups, as well as the comparison of FTIR spectra with the raw material indicates the presence of Glycerol from Transesterification of Used Cooking Oil, and then the purification process of glycerol from used cooking oil yielded 30.4 g Glycerol from the transesterification reaction of WCO is used to create polyurethane wound dressings by forming urethane groups (-NHCO), as indicated by the FTIR results of the best formula using 3 drops of glycerol The Moringa leaf extract in the polyurethane wound dressing formula shows antibacterial activity GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Interactions of hydrophilic birch wood (Betula pendulaRoth) extractives with adhesives for load-bearing timber structures

This study investigated how water-soluble extractives of silver birch (Betula pendulaRoth) wood interact with the most common adhesives used for producing engineered wood products (EWPs), i.e., melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and one-component polyurethanes (PUR). Therefore, the extractives were characterized via various chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry. The effects of extractives on the curing kinetics were investigated using rheometry. The impact of extractives on the chemical and mechanical properties of the cured adhesives was investigated with FTIR spectrophotometry and tensile stress-strain measurements, respectively. Moreover, a comparative study on the shear strength of birch wood with and without extractives was performed.The organic fraction of the water extractives of birch mainly consisted of phenolic glycosides, carboxylic (fatty) acids, and saccharides. The extractives decelerated the curing process of MUF, as observed in a rheological small-angle oscillatory shear experiment using wood substrates as the lower plate. This was indicated by a reduced gel time from 5 to 3.8 h on pristine vs. extracted wood. When measuring MUF on extracted wood, this deceleration was also reached by adding ∼1% (W/W) of the isolated extractives into the MUF resin. Similar experiments with PUR showed a slight acceleration when dispersing extract into the adhesive, indicated by a reduction of vitrification time of −0.9 ± 0.3 h per percent of extractives added. However, measurements with pure PUR on pristine and extracted wood showed no significant difference in curing kinetics due to the extractives’ limited mobility and solubility in PUR. Both PUR and MUF cured adhesive films showed a reduced stiffness, elastic stress limit and tensile strength in uniaxial tensile stress-strain measurements of adhesive films upon increasing the amount of hydrophilic birch extractives concentration. Comparative standard tensile shear strength measurements on pristine and extracted wood indicate a 7–19% strength increase due to extraction when bonding with MUF, while the bond strength of PUR bond lines was less affected by the extraction procedure.