Ft In Height Research Articles

10 Antenatal care in developing countries

The problem of antenatal care in developing countries may be considered from two aspects: (a) areas where antenatal facilities are absent or are inadequate, and (b) areas where antenatal facilities are adequate but for some reasons are not adequately utilized. The solution to the first part of the problem would appear to be simple. The governments concerned should provide the required facilities. This obviously is not an easy task in many areas of the world, especially with the present profound economic depression in many developing countries. The people just have to use the facilities available to their best advantage, or do without the facilities. The second part of the problem presents more difficulties. Where antenatal facilities are available, inadequate utilization has been shown to be due to a number of factors: 1. The facilities are too distant or too expensive. It has been shown how the Nigerian authorities dealt with this problem in the Ibarapa district. However, it is a very expensive solution and few governments will be able to afford this. 2. Illiteracy or ignorance. The obvious solution to this difficulty is to educate the masses and a few governments have already embarked on these commendable programmes. Unfortunately, this procedure is expensive, may take a long time and, as already pointed out, even literate women may not use the antenatal services. 3. Traditional and cultural beliefs and prejudices. It has already been shown that this factor is a very important one in the population in developing countries, even among literate patients. The saying that 'old habits die hard' is probably apt here. Probably, with time, education and closer contact with the developed world, these prejudices will disappear. From the above observations, it would appear that an inexpensive short-term solution to the two parts of the problem mentioned above is for governments to train and use the TBAs who are already 'in our midst' and who already enjoy the confidence of the masses. The authorities, however, have to be very careful in integrating the TBAs into the health system. It has to be done very judiciously and tactfully, otherwise antagonism and unhealthy rivalry will be created between the TBAs and other members of the health team. They must be made to realize that they are a part of the health team.

Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Control, 1989

Abstract The experiment took place in a heavily infested spruce Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, NH. Treatments were applied 16 May to the nymphal stage at budbreak. Plot size consisted of a sample tree, 4-6 ft in height randomly selected. Treatments were replicated 9 times. Treatments were applied with backpack hydraulic sprayer at 40 psi to the point of run off. Conditions at the time of spraying were: air temperature, 60°F; no wind; no precipitation for several days post treatment. Treatments were rated on 10 Oct by counting the number of new galls/tree.

Citrus Rust Mite Summer Control, 1989

Abstract Various petroleum oil sprays were applied to randomized 0.67 acre plots replicated 4 times. Trees were 30+ yr old and 20+ ft in height. Treatments were applied in various amounts of water (see table) with a Southwind pto airblast sprayer on 10-14 Jul. During the 3 d of application, temperatures ranged from a low of 80°F to a higher of 96°F. RH ranged from 54% to 79%. Winds during spraying were generally less than 5 mph. Rain fell during the night twice during this period. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 4 trees in each replicate for a total of 16 trees/treatment. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 fruit counts were combined, averaged, and recorded as one observation.

Concrete Lunar Base Investigation

This paper presents results of structural analyses and a preliminary design of a precast, prestressed concrete lunar based subjected to one atmosphere internal pressure. The proposed infrastructure measures 120 ft in diameter and 72 ft in height, providing 33,000 sq ft of work area for scientific and industrial operations. Three loading conditions were considered in the design: (1) during construction; (2) under pressurization; and (3) during an air-leak scenario. A floating foundation, capable of rigid body rotation and translation as the lunar soil beneath it yields, was developed to support the infrastructure and to ensure the air-tightness of the system. Results reveal that it is feasible to use precast, prestressed concrete for construction of large lunar bases on the moon.

Response Following Aerial Applications of Glyphosate for Release of Loblolly Pine in the Virginia Piedmont

Abstract Four growing seasons after aerial applications of glyphosate at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 lb ai/ac in a three-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in late summer, diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height of pines were greater on treated compared to untreated areas. Pines on treated plots averaged 2.5 in. dbh and 15.2 ft in height while pines on untreated plots averaged 1.9 in. dbh and 13.5 ft in height. Height growth curves of treated pines through four growing seasons following treatment. In general, reduction in hardwood density and pine response each increased with increasing glyphosate rate. Relative composition of red maple in the stand increased two years after treatment for all rates of glyphosate, but did not change in the plots without treatment. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):54-58.

Green and Dry-Weight Equations for Above-ground Components of Planted Loblolly Pine Trees in the West Gulf Region

Abstract Prediction equations based on 130 sample trees from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Louisiana are presented for the green and dry weights of aboveground tree components. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 21 in. dbh, 18 to 94 ft in height and from 9 to 55 yr in age. Significant differences in partial stem weight between trees from thinned and unthinned stands required development of separate sets of weight ratio equations. The range of the studies' observations increases the predictive applicability of planted loblolly pine biomass equations. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):212-218.

Effects of Crown Scorch on Survival and Diameter Growth of Slash Pines

Abstract Slash pines (Pinus elliottii) planted 25 years earlier were prescribed burned during January 1982 under marginally severe burning conditions. Thirty percent of the trees, averaging 8 in. dbh and 60 ft in height, suffered total crown scorch but no consumption. Although all trees survived, growth loss in excess of 1-year's growth over the following two growing seasons was revealed from increment core analysis. Even slightly scorched trees showed a 15% loss of radial growth during the same period, but the reasons for this are less evident. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):180-184.

Asana As a Control for Redheaded Pine Sawfly on Jack Pine & Red Pine, 1986

Abstract A 4 year old, hand-planted, mixed jack pine/ red pine plantation in central Cheboygan County, MI was used in this test. Trees were approximately 4 ft in height and were planted at a 6 ft by 6 ft spacing. Sawfly larvae appeared to be uniformly distributed across the test block and were fully grown at time of treatment. A total of 5 treatments were randomly assigned to rows of 60 trees each within the test block. A backpack mistblower, calibrated to 29 gal/acre, was used to apply the chemical. A single appUcation of each rate was made during late morning of 15 Jul. Temp at time of treatment was 80 F and wind speed was less than 3 mph. No precipitation was recorded on the day of treatment; 0.07 inches of rain fell on 16 Jul.

Control of Honeysuckle Aphid in Potted Nursery Stock, ft. Collins, Co, 1985

Abstract Honeysuckle shrubs, 2-3 ft in height, that had been transplanted to 3-gal nursery cans in mid-May were heavily infested with honeysuckle witches broom aphid. Infested shrubs were divided into 5 replications with each potted shrub comprising a treatment. Plants were treated 19 Jul using 1 qt of emulsion poured around the base of the plants. Evaluations were 24 Jul and 5 Aug by counting all living aphids/plant.

The Leman Sandstone Formation in U.K. Block 49/28 Sedimentation, Diagenesis and Burial History

Summary Block 49/28 lies on the northeastern side of the Sole Pit Inversion. The Leman Sandstone Formation increases in thickness from 280 ft to 702 ft southeast wards across the block. The section can be subdivided by facies and by the recognition of major bounding surfaces between aeolian sequences. Transverse dunes up to 100 ft in height have been identified. Early secondary porosity development accompanied by growth of mixed layer clays, feldspar, dolomite and silica cements with minor anhydrite was followed by burial related illitisation of clay minerals and late kaolinite authigenesis. The most important control on reservoir quality in the block is the development of illite, which reduces permeability. The extent of fibrous illite growth was controlled by pre-Cretaceous burial. Late kaolinite, related to the migration of pore waters accompanying gas, is restricted to gas bearing structures. The relative timing of authigenic mineral growth and the structural history of the area can be combined to pinpoint the timing of gas accumulation as Middle to Late Jurassic.

Control of Honeylocust Insects, Aurora, Co, 1984

Abstract Honeylocust trees, 8-12 ft in height, at the City of Aurora Nursery were monitored for the occurrence of the second generation of the honeylocust pod gall midge. Extremely heavy oviposition was observed May 30 and an insecticide trial was initiated on that date. Single tree plots were arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer until point of run-off. Evaluations were made Jun 13. Honeylocust pod gall midge infestations were estimated by counting the number of new galls on 15 terminals/tree. Plant bugs and leafhoppers were counted by shaking 2 lower branches/tree over a food tray.

Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984

Abstract Recently transplanted honeylocust trees, 6-8 ft in height, were monitored for honeylocust pod gall midge activity at the Fort Collins City Nursery. When oviposition activity of the third generation was observed (22 Jun) soil systemic insecticides were applied, 3-5 inches deep, around the base of the trees. Rates of insecticides used were equivalent to that for elm leaf beetle control, i.e., 0.33 oz/trunk diameter inch. Plot size was a single tree, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a RCB design. Plots were evaluated 6 Jul by counting all new galls on the first, third, and fifth lower terminals. A second application was made 11 Jul for control of the “fourth” generation. This was followed by a 31 Jul evaluation where all new galls on the tree were counted.

Apple, Dogwood Borer Control, Valatie, New York, 1982-83

Abstract A 9-yr-old apple planting of five cultivars, spaced 10 by 19 ft (230 trees/acre), 6 ft in height, on the M26 rootstock, was divided into 3 block. Block A contained three treatments and an untreated check arranged in a randomized complete block design with 10 tree plots replicated once on the ‘Mutsu’ and ‘Macoun’ cultivar and twice on the ‘Empire’ cultivar. Block B consisted of four tree plots of ‘Red Delicious’ cultivar with four treatments and a check replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Block C was arranged in a similar design using 10 tree plots replicated five times with the cultivars Red Delicious and the other plots replicated five times with the cultivars Red Delicious and the other half Mcintosh. Treatments were applied 21 Jul. (Block A) and 5 Aug. (Blocks B and C in 1982, using a Spartan handgun sprayer at 150 lb/in2. Approximately 0.33 gallon of spray was applied dilute to runoff around the trunk of each tree from base to first scaffold level. Treatments were reapplied to the same plots on 15 Aug., 1983 using a Bean handgun sprayer at 200 lb/in2 delivering 0.5 gal of spray per tree. Rates and formulations were readjusted and the Tree-hold treatments omitted in 1983. All treatments were evaluated 2 Nov. 1983 by examining each tree for presence of live borer larvae, pupal skin, cocoons and fresh borer frass. Numbers of burr knots, i.e. above-ground adventitious root growths, were also recorded since borers usually became established at these sites.

Blasting Technology for Modified In-Situ Oil Shale Retorts

Ricketts, Thomas E., Cathedral BluffsShale Oil Co. Summary Occidental Oil Shale Inc. has spent nearly $200 millionsince 1972 developing and demonstrating its modifiedin-situ (MIS) oil shale process at its Logan Wash minenear De Beque, CO. During this time, eight MIS retorts were constructed and processed, five of which werefull-scale, commercial-size retorts. More than 300,000 bblof shale oil were produced, with two-thirds of this amount obtained from the final two retorts. Thus, we feel that this MIS technology is ready to be applied commercially to the thick, rich Federal Lease C-b Tract. To this end, Cathedral Bluffs Shale Oil Co. (CB), an equal partnership between Occidental and Tenneco Shale Oil Co., has spent more than $200 million to prepare the C-b tract for commercial development of shale oil. The MIS process has been found to be economically competitive with other underground types of operations designed to feed an above ground retorting process. CB will use both types of processes; the MIS technology will be combined with an above ground process for more enhanced total resource recovery and improved overall economics. Although there are inherent economic and technical risks in shale oil development, as in any pioneering venture, we feel that the long term national needs justify continued development of synthetic fuels. This commitment, along with the extremely successful results of the last two retorts, 7 and 8, at Logan Wash, prompted the decision to file an application to the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corp. (SFC) for financial assistance in response to SFC's third solicitation for commercial development. The Retorts 7 and 8 design (which is basically our commercial design), explosive technology, and blasting results for these commercial-size retorts are presented in this paper. Introduction Oil shale is neither shale nor does it contain oil. It is a sedimentary formation comprising marlstone deposit with layers containing an organic polymer called kerogen which, upon heating, decomposes to produce liquid and gaseous products. This formation containing kerogen is called oil shale and the liquid hydrocarbon product is called shale oil. The most significant deposits, which can be up to 1,500 ft thick, are located within the Green River formation and underlie about 34,000 sqmiles in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Within this formation there is an estimated oil in place (OIP)of about1.8 trillion bbl. A recovery of 40% would provide a total production of 720 billion bbl. When compared with the U.S. and world proven crude-oil reserves of 28 and 650billion bbl respectively, these oil shale reserves contained in a single formation could represent a significant reduction in U.S. dependence on imported oil for many years to come. A number of methods have been developed for processing oil shale that involve either first mining the kerogen-bearing shale and then processing the shale on the surface, or processing the shale in situ with modified in-situ technology. The surface processing method produces high recovery values but requires the mining of only shales with grades greater than 30 gal/ton, and the recovery is limited to extraction ratios of about 50% in mining sections, which cannot exceed about 60 ft in height. MIS technology produces lower recovery values, but the process can treat shale zones several hundred ft thick and can be used effectively in average shale grades a slow as 20 to 25 gal/ton, which results in better utilization of the total resource than the surface processing method. JPT P. 1915^

Field Evaluation of Adult Japanese Beetle Control, 1981

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate 3 insecticides in combination with 2 types of extenders for control of adult Japanese beetles. Each insecticide was used in combination with PRO-TEC UVF, an acrylic-resin type extender which is reported to inhibit degradation by ultraviolet radiation, and Exhalt 800, a pinolene-derWed extender. Treatments were assigned around the circumference of a large Crimean linden (18 inches DBH, ca 45 ft in height) as a randomized complete block with 2 replicates per treatment. Treatment subplots consisted of a section of the lower branches, 9 ft long by 6 ft high. Treatments were applied until run-off with a 2 gal hand-pump sprayer on Jul 2. Damage estimates consisted of the number of completely skeletonized leaves (averaged to acount for partially skeletonized leaves) in a subsample of 20 leaves. Three randomly selected branches (subsamples) were evaluated per replicate, for a total of 120 leaves per treatment. Ratings were made through Aug 11.

The full acoustic wavetrain in a laboratory model os a borehole

We have studied the characteristics of acoustic wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole, using as a laboratory model a cement cylinder 2 ft in height and 2 ft in diameter with a 14 in. borehole at the center. We recorded a full wavetrain consisting of a refracted compressional (P) wave, a refracted shear (S) wave, a number of modal waves, and a Stoneley wave. Exploiting the dispersive properties of the modal waves and the source-receiver frequency characteristics, we were able to isolate the S wave, which has important applications in petroleum exploration, but which has not been widely used since it is difficult to extract from the full wavetrain in sonic logging. The observed Stoneley wave had a very high amplitude at low frequency and showed little dispersion. The Stoneley wave velocity is closely related to the S-wave velocity, and can be used as an indirect means to obtain the S-wave velocity. In general, the arrival time of each component wave agreed with theory, but the amplitudes of the component waves did not.

Grasshopper Control on Pasture, Virginia, 1979

Abstract Unimproved fescue pastures near Blackstone, VA were selected to evaluate insecticides for grasshopper control. Test 1 consisted of experimental plots 80 ft long and 45 ft wide established in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots and blocks were separated by 5 ft untreated strips. The grass in Test 1 averaged about 6 inches in height at the time of insecticide application. In Test 2 experimental plots, 50 ft wide and 110 ft long, were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 5 times. Blocks were separated by 20 ft alleys. The vegetation in Test 2 averaged 1 ft in height at the time of application. Insecticide applications were made to Test 1 on August 13 and to Test 2 on Aug-ust 14. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 8004 nozzles was used to deliver 32 gal of finished spray/acre at 30 psi. The grasshopper species com-position before treatment was 80% 3rd and 4th instar Melanoplusdifferentials and 20% other species in Test 1; and 46% M. femurrubrum, 24% M. differentiolis and 30% other species in Test 2. Grasshopper samples were taken before treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment using a 15-inch sweep net to make 100-180� sweeps in each plot.

Arbor-Vitae, A. Thuiella Control, Illinois, 1978

Abstract A row of arborvitae trees ca. 20 ft in height, planted ca. 8 ft apart and consisting of 25 trees was selected in DuPage County, I llinois at the Morton Arboretum because of the high incidence of arborvitae leaf-miner damage. On August 16, 1978, 15 trees which were moderately infested with leafminers were selected. One lower branch of ca. 2 ft in length was selected for treatment on each tree and marked with a metal tag. Each treatment was applied onto 5 marked branches of different trees using a 1-gallon pressurized backpack sprayer. The spray was applied until runoff. On September 11, 1978 the marked branches were pruned from the trees. The mines on each branch were examined and the number of dead and live larvae counted. Acephate treatments at 1 and 2 lb active ingredient were applied for phytotoxicity tests.

Scots Pine, D. Zimmermani Control, Illinois, 1977-78

Abstract A 5-acre nursery of Scots pine trees of 4-6 ft in height planted 4 feet apart and consisting of 14 rows with ca 100 trees per row was selected in Whiteside County, Illinois because of the high incidence of Zimmerman pine moth damage. On September 10, 1976, 9 trees that had symptoms of Zimmerman pine moth infestations were tagged in each of 14 rows. During May 1977 and 1978 the hardened sap exudate from previous infestations was scraped off all tagged trees. Each insecticide treatment was applied onto the same 18 trees (9 trees in each of 2 adjoining rows) for 2 consecutive years. Fall treatments: On September 14, 1976 and September 4, 1977 insecticide sprays were applied until runoff onto the branches and trunks of the trees using a 100 gallon hydraulic sprayer. Spring treatments: On April 17, 1977 and April 27, 1978 other trees in adjoining rows were treated as described in the fall applications, using the same insecticides.

White Birch, Birch Leafminer Control, 1977

Abstract White birch trees 8-10 ft in height were treated in a local nursery on May 17, 1977, using a Spartan sprayer operating at 125 psi. Plants were sprayed to drip. The systemic insecticides were applied at the rate of 0.5 ounce actual/per gallon of water/inch trunk diameter at breast height in a ring cultivated at the drip line of the tree. The soil was then replaced and a gallon of water per inch applied to seal the insecticide in the soil. The Medicaps were implanted into the basal portion of the tree at 4 inch intervals and the hole sealed with wound paint. The experiment was replicated 4 times.