Frustration Reactions Research Articles

Early family regularity protects against later disruptive behavior.

Infants’ temperamental anger or frustration reactions are highly stable, but are also influenced by maturation and experience. It is yet unclear why some infants high in anger or frustration reactions develop disruptive behavior problems whereas others do not. We examined family regularity, conceptualized as the consistency of mealtime and bedtime routines, as a protective factor against the development of oppositional and aggressive behavior. This study used prospectively collected data from 3136 families participating in the Generation R Study. Infant anger or frustration reactions and family regularity were reported by mothers when children were ages 6 months and 2–4 years, respectively. Multiple informants (parents, teachers, and children) and methods (questionnaire and interview) were used in the assessment of children’s oppositional and aggressive behavior at age 6. Higher levels of family regularity were associated with lower levels of child aggression independent of temperamental anger or frustration reactions (β = −0.05, p = 0.003). The association between child oppositional behavior and temperamental anger or frustration reactions was moderated by family regularity and child gender (β = 0.11, p = 0.046): family regularity reduced the risk for oppositional behavior among those boys who showed anger or frustration reactions in infancy. In conclusion, family regularity reduced the risk for child aggression and showed a gender-specific protective effect against child oppositional behavior associated with anger or frustration reactions. Families that ensured regularity of mealtime and bedtime routines buffered their infant sons high in anger or frustration reactions from developing oppositional behavior.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0797-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introducing Capitalism: Current Crisis and Cultural Critique

No abstract available.

Fathers’ Postnatal Mental Health and Child Well-Being at Age Five

Fathers’ postnatal mental health is associated with emotional and behavioral outcomes for children in early childhood. The aim of this study was to examine whether parenting behavior mediated the relationship between fathers’ postnatal psychological distress and emotional–behavioral outcomes for children at age 5. The sample consisted of 2,025 fathers participating in Growing Up In Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Data collected when the children were aged 0 to 12 months and 4 to 5 years were used. Results revealed that the relationship between fathers’ postnatal distress and children’s outcomes was mediated by parenting hostility (angry and frustrated reactions toward the child such as yelling), and this remained significant after controlling for fathers’ concurrent mental health and mothers’ postnatal mental health. These findings underscore the important contribution of fathers’ postnatal mental health to later parenting behavior and child outcomes. Implications for policy and practice focused on improving mental health and parenting support to fathers in the early childhood period is discussed.

COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Dietary management of feline lower urinary tract symptoms1,2

Experimental and clinical investigations have confirmed the importance of dietary modifications in medical protocols designed to treat and prevent feline lower urinary tract signs (LUTS). The objective of this review is to discuss common medical conditions contributing to feline LUTS and to present currently used and potential preventative dietary modifications. Feline LUTS are a set of clinical conditions with similar symptoms related to inappropriate urine elimination due to a combination of genetics, stress and frustration reactions, environment, and medical condition or conditions, for example, idiopathic cystitis, urolithiasis, urethral obstruction, and urinary tract infection. The main goals of dietary modifications to prevent LUTS are 1) promote large dilute volumes of urine, 2) decrease the relative supersaturation of urine for specific stone types, and 3) promote healthy bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. The impact of dietary composition, including dietary moisture, protein concentration and digestibility, mineral concentrations (i.e., Na, Cl, Ca, P, and Mg), inclusion of acidifiers and alkalinizing agents, inclusion of vitamin B6, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and γ-linolenic acid, fiber concentration and characteristics, and oxalate degrading probiotics, on these outcomes is discussed, and dietary guidelines for cats are provided. Because of the complex interaction of diet composition, environment, and animal physiology, there is a need for clinical research linking current recommendations or dietary options for the treatment and prevention of LUTS with physiological outcomes (i.e., decreased relative supersaturation and LUTS recurrence). Additionally, for many recommendations (e.g., probiotic administration, EPA, DHA), extrapolation from other species was necessary. Research is needed in feline patients with LUTS on these dietary components.

Frustration Behaviors in Domestic Dogs

During extinction a previously learned behavior stops being reinforced. In addition to the decrease in the rate of the instrumental response, it produces an aversive emotional state known as frustration. This state can be assimilated with the fear reactions that occur after aversive stimuli are introduced at both the physiological and behavioral levels. This study evaluated frustration reactions of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) during a communicative situation involving interactions with a human. The task included the reinforcement and extinction of the gaze response toward the experimenter's face when the dogs tried to obtain inaccessible food. The dog's frustration reactions during extinction involved an increase in withdrawal and side orientation to the location of the human as well as lying down, ambulation, sniffing, and vocalizations compared with the last acquisition trial. These results are especially relevant for domestic dog training situations in which the extinction technique is commonly used to discourage undesirable behaviors.

Gender Differences in Marital Adjustment, Mental Health and Frustration Reactions during Middle Age

The present research was taken up with broad objective to study the marital adjustment, mental health and frustration reactions males and females of middle age from Delhi, India. The sample comprised of 150 males and 150 females (n=300) which are bank employees, doctors and lecturers, within the age range of 40-55 years from Delhi, India. It was seen that Females showed high level of recreational adjustment as compared to males but males were having better group oriented attitude than females.

P03-81 - Attribution style and reaction to frustration in persistent delusional psychosis

ObjectivesAttribution style and reaction to frustration play an important part in both depression and paranoia. The objective was to study the attribution style and frustration reaction between persistent delusional psychosis with depression and persistent without depression.Materials and methodFourty patients diagnosed with ICD 10 persistent delusional disorder with a period of evolution of 8 years, was grouped into 2 subgroups:a)with depression andb)without depression.All are part of the Cases Registrer of Timisoara Psychiatric Clinic (CRPTC) which monitors the functional psychoses from 1985. For each patient was applied in period of remission BPRS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), ASQ (Attributional Style Questionnaire) and Rosenzweig frustration test.ResultsThe persistent delusional psychosis without depressive features present a more internal and less stable attributions of the negative events. For the positive events, the stability and globality is higher for those with depression. Concerning the response to frustrating situations, persistent delusional psychosis with depression give answers prevailling extrapunitiveness, whereas those without depression give prevailling need-persistence answers. There are significant similarities between the two groups concerning the type of persisting necessity.ConclusionsAmong the persistent delusional psychosis, those with depressive features demonstrate an agresivity directed more towards exterior in the frustrating situations and associate less the negative events with their own personality than the pure persistent delusional.

04/02246 Spatial constraints and frustrated reactions in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Schulz, H. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (1–2), 67–70

04/02246 Spatial constraints and frustrated reactions in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Schulz, H. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (1–2), 67–70

Spatial constraints and frustrated reactions in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Recent results about Fischer–Tropsch (FT)-synthesis, obtained with newly available research tools, allow for an advanced understanding of the unique regime of Fischer–Tropsch catalysis, where CO and hydrogen enter and a hydrocarbon liquid mixture exits the reactor. Obviously, a multistep conversion is taking place on the catalyst surface. Rules, which govern the regime, become visible and among these spatial constraints and frustrated reactions—indicating specific reaction barriers—apparently dominate the system. Of course, an appropriate theory would require knowledge about both the active sites and the reaction intermediates Substantial evidence about both these aspects is becoming available.

Contrasts and Comparisons of Incentive Situations in Domestic Poultry

Understanding the way in which animals perceive important features of their environment, and how this information may be stored and used, underpins the study of the impact of husbandry systems on animal welfare. Research into incentive contrast in laboratory animals has indicated that they can store and use information about stimuli associated with situations or resources. If cognitive processes are used, the relevant stimuli associated with a resource or event are encoded, allowing comparisons to be made when the key stimuli are changed. The presence and quality of this comparison, negative or positive, can be ascertained by assessing the change in the animal's level of appetitive or operant responding in order to gain access to the situation on the subsequent trial. We wished to determine whether the presence of a sudden change in appetitive response, such as speed of approach to an area following a change in incentive features of a resource or event in that area, is shown by the domestic chicken. This would indicate the presence of a cognitive comparison of incentives. The magnitude of such a change may also provide a measure of the welfare impact of the change. In the first experiment, 16 groups of four broiler chicks were trained to run a maze to an area where they received a high quality test diet. After training, the test diet of eight groups was changed to a low quality diet that all groups had been receiving in their home pens. Compared to the control unchanged groups, the experimental birds took increasingly longer to run the maze on successive post-change trials; the decrease reaching significance on the fourth post-change trial (P < 0.05). The behaviour of the chicks on the day of the change was indicative of frustration, with greater activity and redirected foraging shown (P < 0.05). Although there was no definitive evidence of cognitive processing which would have been shown by an immediate decrease in approach speed, this may have been due in part to the testing of groups of chicks. However, the occurrence of a frustration reaction indicated that some cognitive representation of food quality may have been present. In a second experiment, individual adult hens were trained to run a runway for access to food or water, while food- or water-deprived, respectively. Every fourth trial in a total of 16 trials, access to the resource was thwarted by a clear plastic lid on the dish. Time taken to traverse the runway was significantly longer on the two trials following this experience (P < 0.05), with no effect of repetition of thwarting (P > 0.05), indicating that the experience of thwarting was aversive. These results indicated that chickens appear to be able to store and use information on incentives. Additionally, with appropriate experimental design, an incentive contrast paradigm might be used to assess birds’ perception of the quality of changes in incentives.

Recurrent Trisomies: Chance or Inherited Predisposition?

Two patients experiencing recurring trisomic pregnancies involving a different chromosome each time are presented. Mechanisms to explain recurrent trisomies include a gene or genes predisposing to nondisjunction in general or to nondisjunction of the acrocentric chromosomes, maternal age effects, and germ-line mosaicism. Genetic counseling is complicated by the lack of a clear explanation for the recurrences, difficulty in quoting a specific recurrence risk, concern regarding the risk for uniparental disomy, and the frustration, grief and guilt reactions of the patients.

A new look at an old construct: Cross-cultural adaptation

The dominant picture of cross-cultural adaptation still, with some exceptions, features a reified process of recovering from culture shock or culturerelated stress. The purpose of this article is to put cross-cultural adaptation back into perspective, reconnecting it with its roots in sociopsychological adjustment theory. Cross-cultural adaptation represents in essence a common process of environmental adaptation. Far from being culture specific, “culture” shock is simply a frustration reaction syndrome. A model of cross-cultural adaptation based on sociopsychological adjustment theory and applied to the findings of decades of cross-cultural investigations is presented. It holds that all adjustment is a cyclical and recursive process of overcoming obstacles and solving problems in present-environment transactions. It is the individual who chooses how to respond, and in so doing creates his or her own adjustment. Cultural adaptation is a continuum. Sojourners exhibit a broad range of degrees, modes, and levels of adaptation. Adaptation is also more than the sum of the subadjustments that compose it. Working one's way into a culture can produce fundamental changes in the sojourner commensurate with a process of resocialization. When, in the adaptation process, socialization is extensive or adjustments are particularly difficult, sojourners can be “reborn” by the experience.

Sounding out the Silence of Gregor Samsa: Kafka's Rhetoric of Dys-Communication

Through his transformation, Gregor Samsa, rather than simply silencing himself, allows his repressed voice to be heard palimpsestically in the language of his family and the boarders. His story is one of inverted—rather than aborted—communication. An analogous inversion governs the relationship between Kafka and his father and Kafka and his interpreters. As a child, Kafka could make little sense of his father's rules and his contradictory actions; later, he reduplicates in his writings this grammar of "dys-communication." Our puzzled and often frustrated reactions to Kafka's texts can therefore be seen to mirror his equally puzzled and frustrated reactions to his father's discourse. Thus a comparison of the basic situation of communication displayed in Kafka's "Letter to his Father," "The Metamorphosis," and Kafka-scholarship discloses a symmetry of responses behind the child's perspective, the Samsas' tale, and our quest for meaning.

Compensation for behavioral disorders due to administration of 6-hydroxy-dopamine in transplantation of embryonic locus coeruleus tissue in rats

1. Transplantation of embryonic tissue of the locus coeruleus into the neocortex of rats that were neonatally given 6-hydroxydopamine is accompanied by restoration of their orientative reaction to somatosensory and visual stimuli almost to the level of intact animals, as well as normalization of the frustration reaction. 2. In the neocortex of all the rats that received a transplant of locus coeruleus tissue, the presence of cells typical of this structure was detected. The green fluorescence of the spindle-shaped and oval cells, characteristic of the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus, was demonstrated by the Falk histochemical method. 3. The data obtained confirm the theory of a leading role of the noradrenergic innervation of the neocortex in the regulation of “sensory inattention” and the frustration reaction in animals.

Object-relations in the group from the perspective of self psychology.

ABSTRACTIn this paper, self psychology is presented as a particular form of object-relations theory which directs the therapist to consider interactions within the group in the light of their effect on the sense of self of the individual. In traditional object-relations psychology the therapist works through defenses against the anxieties of expressing wishes for unacceptable forms of object-relations in the group, which are related to unconsciously warded off instinctual drives. In contrast, the therapist who adopts the framework of self psychology works through defenses against anxieties associated with expressing developmentally phase-legitimate self object needs. Thus, the individual's frustrated reactions to others are not interpreted as distorted and/or maladaptive, but as understandable reactions to the patient's experience of thwarted developmental needs for selfobject responsiveness which are repeated in the here-and-now interactions within the group. The selfobject transferences are described as...

Hurdle-jump responding in the rat as a function of conspecific odor of reward and nonreward

A hurdle-jump escape response was employed to assess the laboratory rat’s aversion or attraction to different types of conspecific odor. Odorant donor subjects received 112 runway acquisition trials on a continuous reward schedule followed by 32 extinction trials, 112 acquisition trials on a 50% schedule of reward and nonreward followed by 32 extinction trials, or 144 “neutral” trials with no reward in the alley. Different groups of test subjects escaped from odor excreted by odorant subjects on (a) nonrewarded acquisition and extinction trials, (b) rewarded trials during continuous reinforcement, (c) rewarded trials during partial reinforcement, or (d) neutral trials; others escaped from a clean box. The principal findings were: (1) significant aversion to “odor of nonreward” appeared after the donor odorants had received 12 exposures to reward; (2) production of odor of nonreward by odorant subjects changed as a function of training experience with reward; (3) after repeated exposure to odor of nonreward, the escape response habituated; (4) greater or different odor excretion in extinction resulted from subjects trained on a continuous reward schedule than on a partial reward schedule. Relationships of the data to frustration theory were discussed, assuming that inferred differences in production of odor reflect differences in frustration reaction.

Some relations between parental personality factors and childhood symtomatology.

Summary This study hypothesized that parents of children with conduct problems would differ in certain personality factors and in frustration and aggression reactions from parents of children with personality problems. The Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study and the 16PF questionnaire, 1962 edition, were used to test the sample of 66 couples, each of whom had a male child (age range, 6 to 13 years). Some significant differences were found on the 16PF and the Rosenzweig which do not support the long history of essentially negative findings reported in the literature on parent-child interactions.

Reactions to frustration in chronically disabled patients.

Reactions to frustration in chronically disabled patients.

Frustrating theory and quality of performance: elicitation and elimination of competing responses.

Within a Hull-Spence framework, an attempt is made to elucidate the implications of “frustration theory” regarding the quality of complex task performance. A distinction is made between the specific and nonspecific effects of frustration. Specific effects relate to the compatible or incompatible nature of the responses directly elicited by the stimulus properties of frustration. Nonspecific effects relate to the increase in the probability of occurrence of competing responses due to the general drive increase produced by frustration. It is proposed that the number and habit strengths of the competing responses will determine whether the motivational increase produced by frustration is beneficial or detrimental to performance. Further, the competing responses will produce more frustration which will raise the general drive level of the organism and increase the probability that more competing responses will occur. At the same time, the possibility exists that the association of the competing responses with a frustration reaction will cause them to acquire classically conditioned inhibitory properties leading to a decrease in the probability that those particular competing responses will occur again. Finally, the correct response could reduce the frustration produced by the competing responses and produce an increase in the probability of that response recurring.

Influence of altered goal-box cues on partial-reinforcement effect.

The purpose of the experiment was to study theoretical interpretation of the partial-reinforcement effect (PRE). Amsel proposed that nonreinforcement during training generates frustration. Weinstock and Hulse stressed the importance of habituated competing responses and strengthened competing responses learned to the cues of the empty goal box. Assessment of the positions, however, is difficult, since nonreward during training is adequate for the development of both the habituation and the strengthening of competing responses as well as the development of frustration reactions. An attempt was made to separate the effects of frustration from those of competing response positions by reducing during extinction the emission of learned responses in the goal box but not in the start box and runway. Since the assumption is made that the PRE is dependent on learning that occurs in the goal box, the competing-response positions would predict a radical change in the goal box during extinction to inhibit the PRE. Since the frustration position asserts that the PRE is a function of learning in the goal box that generalizes to all sections of the apparatus, the PRE should occur to some degree despite altered goal-box conditions. Using a straight runway apparatus, subgroups of rats trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement were extinguished to either familiar or novel goal-box conditions. Subgroups trained on 100% and 50% schedules of reinforcement exhibited a significant PRE under both the familiar and altered goal-box conditions. Findings were discussed as supportive of the frustration hypothesis.