Walnut Fruit Research Articles

A Preliminary Study for Identifying Genes Associated with Pellicle Development in Xinjiang Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important nut fruit crop mainly grown for its high nutritional and medicinal value. In walnut fruit, the pellicle is the main source of polyphenols (such as proanthocyanidins), which are natural bioactive compounds but also cause astringency and bitterness for walnut fruit consumption. However, the gene regulatory networks of phenolic biosynthetic pathways remain largely unknown in walnut pellicles. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with pellicle development in walnut. In this study, seven developmental stages (8-, 9-, 11-, 13-, 15-, 17-, and 19-week after pollination) of ‘Xinwen179’ pellicle tissues were harvested to conduct further transcriptome-wide profiles. Via RNA-seq, we explored several key DEGs involved in the phenolic biosynthetic pathway, such as dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), which are dynamically expressed at developmental stages of the walnut pellicle. Among them, ANR may directly contribute to proanthocyanidins accumulation during walnut development. Taken together, our preliminary investigation on DEGs associated with pellicle development will not only elucidate the gene regulatory networks of the phenolic biosynthetic pathway for pellicle development, but also contribute to the broad spectrum of RNA-seq data resources for further genetic improvement of walnut.

Analysis of walnut fruit quality based on source-sink relationships

In the paper, we investigate the relationship between the walnut fruit quality and the leaf-to-fruit ratio (LFR). The LFR had a significant effect on the physical quality of walnuts (P < 0.05), and the fruit volume, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, nut dry weight and kernel dry weight increased with an increasing LFR. However, the LFR had no significant effect on the crude protein and crude fat kernel contents (P > 0.05). The number of cells per unit area and the cross-sectional area of the green husk cells with 5L : 1F were significantly higher than those with 1L : 3F and 2L : 3F (P < 0.05). The number of cells per unit area of the kernel with 1L : 3F and 2L : 3F was significantly higher than that with the other LFRs (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the NDW between the natural and girdled fruit-bearing shoots with 2L : 1F (P > 0.05). We concluded that the high carbohydrate availability with the high LFR augmented the fruit size by increasing the number of cells in the green husk and kernels. There was no change in the crude protein and crude fat contents in the kernels, possibly due to the proportion of the sugar to the fat distribution not affected by the LFR. Two leaves with good light were necessary to ensure the normal growth and development of one walnut fruit on girdled fruit-bearing shoots.

Identification of phenolic compounds and active antifungal ingredients of walnut in response to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Phenolic compounds play important roles in pharmacology, nutrition and inhibition of pathogens. However, there are few studies on the identification of phenolic compounds related to walnut anthracnose resistance. In this study, we examined the walnut cultivars ‘Amigo’ and ‘HuoTe’, which are resistant and susceptible to anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), respectively. After inoculation with C. gloeosporioides, the overlapping differentially expressed genes of ‘Amigo’ and ‘HuoTe’ were mainly enriched in the phenolic compound biosynthesis pathway, and the genes related to chorismate and phenylalanine upstream metabolism pathways were induced. The phenolic compounds in the husks of ‘Amigo’ and ‘HuoTe’ were mainly phenylpropanoids-phenolic acids, benzoic acid derivatives-phenolic acids, procyanidins and flavonols. Further analysis revealed that 11 phenolic compounds were putatively related to the response to C. gloeosporioides. Subsequently, we conducted sensitivity tests with these potential active ingredients and found that 4-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid inhibited C. gloeosporioides growth and can be used as effective antifungal agents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were 1 g L−1 and 2 g L−1, respectively. The mixed antifungal agents composed of 4-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid had an obvious inhibitory effect on C. gloeosporioides in walnut fruit with an MIC ratio of 1:2. These results reveal the induced phenolic compounds of walnut husk and their active ingredients in response to anthracnose and provide a basis for further research on regulating and controlling anthracnose disease.

Transcriptome analysis of walnut quality formation and color change mechanism of pellicle during walnut development

Walnuts (including those covered with a pellicle) are loved for their rich nutritional value. And the popular varieties of walnut cultivation are Juglans sigillata L. The pellicle (seed coat) of these walnut cultivars has different colors and has an indispensable influence on the walnut quality formation. However, there are few reports on the pellicle color and quality formation in different developmental stages of walnut (Juglans sigillata L.). Therefore, in this study, three walnut cultivars (F, Q, and T) with different pellicle colors were selected for transcriptome sequencing and physiological index analysis of the color and quality formation mechanisms at different development stages. The results showed that with the development of walnut fruit, the starch sucrose metabolism pathway in the pellicle was activated and promoted starch hydrolysis. Meanwhile, the expression levels of genes related to the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism pathway were significantly increased during walnut maturation, especially in F2. Some physiological indicators related to lipid oxidation were also detected and analyzed in this study, such as MDA, CAT, POD and DPPH. These results were similar to the expression patterns of corresponding regulatory genes in the RNA-Seq profile. In addition, lignin synthesis genes were up-regulated in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, while key genes enriched in the flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis pathways were down-regulated. The results were consistent with the results of total anthocyanins and flavonoid content detection during walnut development. Therefore, this experiment suggested that with the maturation of walnut pellicle, the gene expression in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway flowed to the branch of lignin synthesis, especially in the Q variety, resulting in lower flavonoid and anthocyanin content at the maturity stage than immature. This is also the main reason for the pale pellicle of the three walnut varieties after mature. The findings of this study showed that changes in the expression levels of regulating genes for lipid, starch, sugar, and flavonoid synthesis during walnut development influenced the accumulation of the related metabolite for walnut quality formation and pellicle color. The results of this experiment provided the molecular basis and reference for the breeding of high nutritional quality walnut varieties.

Efficiency of chemical and organic pesticides for Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in commercial chestnut and walnut fields

Efficiency of pesticides for Conogethes punctiferalis in chestnut fields. • Current pesticides of C. punctiferalis could not kill its larvae inside of fruits. • Aerial spraying the pesticides for C. punctiferalis should be applied at optimal timing. • Chlorfluazuron 5 % was the best as an aerial application pesticide among pesticides in this study. Chestnuts and walnuts are ones of most important forest products in Korea. However, Conogethes punctiferalis has been increasingly causing economic damages to chestnuts and walnuts. Currently, its management is mainly relayed on aerial application of pesticides. To select pesticides of C. punctiferalis for aerial application, damage rate of chestnut and walnut fruits and death rate of C. punctiferalis were analyzed according to selected pesticides. Experiments were conducted during two years by randomly applying chemical pesticide (i.e., Chlorfluazuron 5 % in 2018 and Thiacloprid 10 % in 2019), organic pesticide (i.e., paraffin oil 8 % + plant extracts (90 %) from Styphnolobium japonicum , Melia azedarach , and Dysphania ambrosioides ), and no treatment (i.e., control) into an area which were divided into three from a whole commercial field. All pesticides used in this study could suppress damages of walnuts and chestnuts by C. punctiferalis . However, these pesticides could not kill their larvae inside of fruits. Thus, aerial spraying these pesticides for C. punctiferalis should be applied at optimal timing or slightly earlier than optimal timing. By considering honeybee toxicity, cost, and management efficiency, Chlorfluazuron 5 % was the best as an aerial application pesticide among these three pesticide in this study.

Walnut sunscald and sunburn injuries on walnut fruits harvested from the Trakya region of Turkey

Walnut sunscald and sunburn injuries on walnut fruits harvested from the Trakya region of Turkey

The preliminary results of quality assessment of walnut fruits formed in the botanical garden of Samara University using a microfocus X-ray method

The growing interest in nuts as an undoubted essential component of a healthy diet, widespread in recent years, determines the expansion of nuts world cultivation areas, as well as the volume of seed production received. The reasons ensured the growing popularity of walnut as the oldest culture are not only the pleasant taste of the seeds (kernel), widely used in food directly and as a component of various products, but also their unique chemical composition, including richness in proteins, vitamins and oil, in which essential polyunsaturated fatty acids are widely presented. The walnut is introduced into territories outside its natural area even now due to efforts of specialists working in the fields of plant introduction and selection as well as amateur enthusiasts who try to grow this valuable crop in their gardens. The introduction of species of Juglans L. genus into the Botanical Garden of Samara University began in the 1930s. As we know one of the goals of making a dendrological collection on the territory of the Samara Region was the introduction of new plant species, including walnut, which has valuable wood and fruits with high nutritional and taste properties, into forest plantations and gardens. The collection of walnut trees was created from seed samples received from various geographical locations (Saratov, Volgograd, Stavropol, Crimea, Ukraine, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, etc.). The large-scale study of walnuts in the Samara (from 1936 to 1992 - Kuibyshev) Region faced climatic difficulties, but was always revived. Currently, the walnut collection contains about 900 specimens of genotypes of various origins, which are natural hybrids on their own roots. As a result of the introduction study of walnuts, extensive material has been collected; it is related to their stress resistance, structural and functional features. The paper presents the results of a preliminary X-ray screening of walnut fruits of the 2021 harvest from the dendrological collection of the Botanical Garden of Samara University, performed for trees of different ages and genealogy related to ordinary and accelerated forms of fruiting. The prospects of this research method for assessing the quality of nuts are shown. The dense shell of the seed and the features of its internal structure are not an obstacle to revealing the degree of development of the nucleus. The results obtained open up the possibility of a non-damaging express assessment of the quality of nuts as a specific seed material for the purpose of selection and a detailed study of their structural features.

Investigation of the processing of walnut fruits using low temperatures

The most important issue when working with nuts is their processing from the shell and peel. Previously, this process was carried out entirely by hand, but today with a higher demand and developed logistics services, the scale of production of the finished product has increased, which entails an increase in the productivity of lines for the destruction of walnut shells. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of low temperatures on the load exerted on the hazelnut shell during its destruction. The tasks to be solved in this work are the development of an experimental stand that allows you to control all the necessary parameters, the receipt of experimental material, its description with further recommendations when introducing the proposed technology into the industry. The maximum effect on the destruction of the hazelnut shell is achieved by freezing it in nitrogen for 15 minutes, the load being about 208.3 N. This duration is optimal when using liquid nitrogen, because during this period of cryogenic freezing, the limiting deformations of destruction are reduced, the hazelnut shell becomes as fragile as possible and is easily destroyed when the nuts are exposed to shock deformations, and the integrity of the nut kernels is preserved as much as possible. So the load for the destruction of the shell of a hazelnut after treatment with liquid nitrogen is reduced by 39%, compared with untreated, which in production conditions will make significant energy savings for the drive of equipment for the destruction of walnut.

Systematic transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of walnut (Juglans regia L.) fruit to trace variations in antioxidant activity during ripening

Walnut is considered as a good source of antioxidants. However, the molecular mechanism for the composition and accumulation of antioxidant-related metabolites in walnut remains elusive. In this study, a comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis was carried to reveal the metabolic dynamics, antioxidant activity variations and underlying regulatory networks during the development of walnut kernel. The results demonstrated that walnut kernel goes through the stages of cell division and proliferation, nutrient accumulation, and nutrient stabilization and maintenance, and the antioxidant activity first decreases and then increases during development. Metabolomic analysis identified a total of 176 metabolites in walnut. Hydrolyzed tannins (HT), coumarins and their derivatives (COA) are significantly positively correlated with the antioxidant activity. Phenylpropane metabolism is the key pathway for HT and COA synthesis, and CHI, CHS, F3H and UGT are the key regulatory enzymes. Sugars and organic acids provide energy and precursor for the accumulation of nutrients in walnut kernel through sugar metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Large amounts of amino acids are accumulated at the nutrient accumulation stage, providing precursors for the formation of proteins and flavonoids during the ripening of walnut. Our results provide new insights into the metabolic regulation of antioxidant activity during walnut ripening.

First report of Colletotrichum fioriniae and C. nymphaeae as Causal Agents of anthracnose on walnut in Italy.

English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is species grown either for high quality wood or fruit production. In Italy walnut cultivation occupies an area of about 4600 ha (FAOSTAT, http://www.fao.org/faostat, 2020). In 2019-2020, walnut fruits (cv Lara) with anthracnose symptoms were collected from walnut orchards in Province of Venice (Northern Italy). Affected fruits showed necrotic and circular lesions with acervuli in the center causing the complete mummification of the fruit as described by Da Lio et al., 2018. Orange conidial masses appeared under wet conditions. The fungus was isolated from necrotic tissues and conidial masses were put on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 5 to 7 days. The colonies were white to pink on the upper side and pink with black spots on the reverse. Acervuli formed and produced conidial masses on PDA after 6 days. Culture and conidial morphology were in concordance with published descriptions of C. acutatum sensu lato (Damm et al., 2012). To confirm the identity, internal transcribed spacers (ITS), (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT) and beta-tubulin (TUB2) genes were amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (White at al. 1990), GDF1/GDR1 (Guerber et al., 2003), ACT512F/ACT783R and BT2Fd/BT4R primers (Da Lio et al., 2018). The isolates belonged to two different species of Colletotrichum acutatum complex: C. fioriniae (Marcelino & Gouli) and C. nymphaeae (Pass). Sequences of two representative isolates C. fioriniae CREADC-F2317 and C. nymphaeae CREADC-F2372 were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MZ153170 and MZ191794 (ITS), MZ203522 and MZ224013 (GAPDH), MZ203521 and MZ224012 (ACT), and MZ203523 and MZ224014 (TUB2). For all the genes, isolates had a 100% similarity to multiple C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae accessions, respectively. Maximum likelihood trees based on concatenated sequences of the four genes were constructed using MEGA 6.0 (Tamura et al., 2013). The phylogenetic analysis grouped the isolates in the C. fioriniae and nymphaeae clusters respectively. The two isolates CREADC-F2317 and CREADC-F2372 were used to confirm pathogenicity on walnut fruits. Fruits of cv Lara were surface disinfected by dipping in 3% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and arranged in sterile humid chambers. Fruits were wounded with a sterile needle then inoculated with 20 μl of 106 conidia/ml suspensions of each isolate (one wound per fruit). Fruit treated with sterile distilled water served as a control. Inoculations were conducted on three fruits per replicate and three replicates per treatment arranged in a complete block randomized design. After 7 days incubation at 25 ± 1°C, all the inoculated fruits showed typical anthracnose symptoms and lesions with cream to salmon pink acervuli, whereas the controls remaied healthy. The species C. nymphaeae and C. fioriniae were reisolated from the rotted fruit. Pathogenicity tests were repeated twice with the same results. The morphology of the reisolated fungi was consistent with the inoculated one, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The species C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae have been described affecting numerous species worldwide (Damm et al., 2012). C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae have been previously reported to cause severe anthracnose on walnut, C. fioriniae in France (Da Lio et al., 2018) and Hungary (Varjas et al., 2019) and C. nymphaeae in France (Da Lio et al., 2018) and Brazil (Savian et al., 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae as causal agents of walnut anthracnose in Italy.

PHYTONICIDIC PROPERTIES OF PLANTS REGARDING FUNGI OF THE ASPERGILLUS GENUS

Poultry breeding is a powerful branch of the agricultural sector. Many types of cereal crops, which make up the fodder base used for feeding poultry, can be infected with spores of Aspergillus fungi. This leads to a high level of morbidity and serious economic losses in farms of various types. The relevanvce of the topic is represented due to the necessity of finding of effective ways to fight or suppress the development of fungi of the genus Aspergillus with the help of certain plants and their phytoncide properties in relation to a certain genus of fungi. Purpose: to analyze the phytoncide properties of plants against fungi of the genus Aspergillus. Research methods: cultivationof Aspergillus fumigatus is carried out on Chapek agar. In the research process, the method of paper discs and diffusion in agar were implemeneted. The peculiarities of the conducted research on determination of fungicidal activity of such medicinal plants as black walnut and walnut (leaves and fruits of milk-wax and full ripeness), rosehip (dried fruits and roots), carnation (fruits), calendula (flowers), turmeric, chamomile (flowers) on the variety of fungi Aspergillus were described. For each plant used, the botanical characteristics were given and the chemical composition was indicated. By studying the effect of aqueous tinctures of medicinal plants on the studied microbial cultures, high fungicidal activity of tinctures of walnut fruits and leaves and black walnut fruits and leaves was established. In our experimental conditions, the nature of growth in comparison with the control is heterogeneous, the colonies are flat, in Aspergillus fumigatus completely colorless, in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus discoloration of colonies was observed in the sectors of interaction with aqueous extracts of medicinal substances. For all other medicinal plants used in the experiment, a low effect on microbial cultures was recorded.

Alelopatski potencijal biljnog ekstrakta zelenih plodova oraha (Juglans regia L.)

The aim of this study was to test the allelopathic effects of the plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits on the germination and early seedling growth of two weed species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album), and its phytotoxic effects on the germination and early seed growth of maize, Zea mays. Additionally, the goals was to also conduct an analysis of the plant extracts and determine its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were determined via its ability to neutralize DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and by testing their potential for iron reduction using the FRAP method. The inhibition of the measured parameters (total germination and seedling length) decreased proportionally, with the reduction of concentrations of plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits. Also, the seedling length parameter has shown greater sensitivity when compared with the parameters of total seed germination in both weed species. Even though the results of both biotests with seeds show a high inhibitory effect on the germination and early growth of the tested weed species, they also point to phytotoxicity in early growth of Z. mays seeds. Future research will be focused on the HPLC analysis of the plant extracts isolated from immature walnut fruits and their allelopathic effects on the early growth of plants of the tested species.

Key enzymes of sucrose metabolism play an important role in source–sink regulation of walnut fruit growth and development

ABSTRACT Carbohydrate content and metabolism-related enzyme activities were analysed in walnut fruits during fruit growth by artificial manipulation of the leaf-to-fruit ratio (LFR) to investigate the relationship between carbohydrate utilisation and LFR. LFR significantly affected glucose and sucrose content, and sucrose synthetase (SS) activity in the pericarp or kernel. When the leaf number was the same, sucrose content and SS activity in the pericarp and kernel decreased with increasing fruit load, while glucose and fructose content and acid invertase (AI) activity in the pericarp increased gradually. When the fruit number was the same, glucose and sucrose content and SS activity in the pericarp and kernel increased gradually as the number of leaves increased, while fructose content and AI and sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) activity in the pericarp increased, thereby indicating that enhanced AI activity in the pericarp improved the competitive ability of the sink when LFR was low during the fast fruit-growing period, while, high AI activity rapidly decomposed sucrose into hexose to supply the energy required for cell multiplication and growth during the fruit fast-growing period, when LFR was high. During the oil transformation period, the increase in sucrose content in the pericarp resulted from SS and SPS activities.

NUTRIENT REMOVAL PATTERN OF WEEDS DUE TO TRADITIONAL WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN MAIZE

Weeds compete with crops for nutrients and nutrient removal by weeds is a serious problem in a widely spaced crop like maize. Traditional weed management methods offer a wide scope for reducing the nutrient removal by weeds by effective management methods. The field experiment was conducted to study the influence of traditional weed management methods on nutrient removal by weeds in maize at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during Kharif 2017. Common salt (30%), vinegar (20%), and a traditional formulation containing cow urine, lemon fruit, dried fruits of Indian walnut (Terminalia chebula) in two concentrations @7.5 and 10 l ha-1 were used as a post-emergence spray with or without hand weeding on 45 DAS. Hand weeding at 20 and 45 DAS and weedy checks were also maintained for comparison. At 30 DAS, lower nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium removal by weeds (0.68, 0.08, and 0.45 kg ha-1 ) were observed in hand weeding twice on 20 and 45 DAS. Hand weeding twice on 20 and 45 DAS registered significantly lower nitrogen (0.2 and 1.40 kg ha-1), phosphorus (0.02 and 0.19 kg ha-1) and potassium (0.21 and 1.48 kg ha-1 ) removal which was merely comparable with postemergence application of vinegar 20% + hand weeding on 45 DAS (0.71 and 1.83 kg ha-1; 0.07 and 0.25 kg ha-1; 0.73 and 1.94 kg ha-1) at 60 DAS and harvest. All the traditional weed management methods resulted in lower nutrient removal by weeds compared to the weedy check.

Study on the Position of Bait Based on the Preventive Effect to Sciurotamias davidianus of Walnut Detriment

From July to September in 2020, the control effect of rock squirrel on walnut was carried out in Nanjiang County. Based on the activity and behavior characteristics of rock squirrels in the study area, the best control method was obtained through the comparison of the feeding situation of poison bait with different placement methods, the statistics of walnut fruit drop and the investigation of the number of rock squirrels before and after the control. The results showed that: (1) The number of poison baits in the hanging boxes was larger than that in the stacking boxes; (2) There was no difference in the proportion of bite mark fruits in the sample plots of hanging boxes and stacking boxes, which were significantly lower than that in the control plots. (3) The loss rate of walnut could be reduced from 11.90% to 1.09% through prevention and control; (4) No rock squirrels were captured in the rat clip sample after prevention and control.

Effect of Special Compound Microbial Fertilizer on Growth and Quality of Walnut

On the basis of the research on the site condition of mineral yellow soil in the early stage, the purple soil walnut planting area in Xide County of Liangshan Prefecture was selected to carry out the fertilizer contrast experimen, in order to put forward reasonable fertilization suggestions for walnut planting in the purple soil widely distributed area. The 4-year-old shuoxing saplings and 10-year-old hanging fruit trees were selected as the experimental materials, and four treatments (T1: no fertilization, T2: application of common compound fertilizer, T3: application of special inorganic fertilizer, T4: application of compound microbial fertilizer) were set up to explore the effects of special compound microbial fertilizer on the plant height, fruit yield, quality and economic benefits of young trees. The results showed that the application of special compound microbial fertilizer could increase the height and fruit yield of young walnut trees. The growth of young walnut tree height and fruit yield in purple soil was higher than that in mineral yellow soil. The application of compound fertilizer was 38.03% higher than that of no fertilizer, 27.27% higher than that of common compound fertilizer and 10.11% higher than that of inorganic special fertilizer. The yield of walnut fruit increased by 44.56% and 28.04% compared with no fertilizer and common compound fertilizer, and the transverse diameter, weight, kernel yield, fat content and protein content of walnut fruit increased by 10.99%, 14.89%, 10.31%, 8.09% and 7.27%, respectively.

THE ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF WALNUT HYBRIDS’ FRUITS QUALITY
 OF DOMESTIC SELECTION

The study presents the Belarusian walnuts population assessment results based on the quality of the fruit. It was
 determined that all the studied hybrids, including the Samokhvalovichsky-2 domestic standard, belong to the group of large-fruited,
 with a fruit weight from 12.6 to 52.2 gm. In comparison with the standard hybrids present the highest percentage
 of kernel output 10-5 (45.9 %), P-Kh-1 (40.1 %) and C-2y (42.8 %).
 Walnut fruits tasting assessment and morphological analysis of the studied hybrids made it possible to identify two
 samples – 10-5 and C-2y – with economically valuable features (fruit weight, kernel output, kernel retrievability and taste),
 which are recommended for plant breeding new varieties.

Optimization of protein extraction technique in walnut fruits

Optimization of protein extraction technique in walnut fruits

OBSERVATIONS REGARDING ON EXISTING ENTOMOFAUNA FROM WALNUT ORCHARDS

The observations were made during the two years, 2019 and 2020 in a plantation belonging walnut fruit from Iasi County in the chemical treated stationary, in both years. The material collection was done with traps type Barber from May until August at intervals between 10 and 20 days. Collection of 2019 was made on the following dates: 20.05, 30.05, 15.06, 5.07, 25.07, 10.08 and 23.08. In total 2019 were collected 265 samples belonging to 22 species (taxa). Species (taxa) with the largest number of samples collected were Dermestes laniarius L. 42 samples Heteroptera (bedbugs) with 38 samples, and Polydrosus sericeus Schall. 26 samples. In 2020 collection of the biological material was made on the following dates: 10.05, 22.05,18.06, 06.07, 29.07, 15.08, 05.09. In total in 2020 were collected 744 samples belonging to 41 species (taxa) with the highest number of samples were colected: Hymenoptera (bees) with 92 saples, Orthoptera (locusts) with 87 samples, Lepidoptera (larvae) with 37samplres, Araneida (spiders) with 33 samples and Homoptera (cycads) with 31samples.

Morphological Variability between Geographical Provenances of Walnut Fruit (<i>Juglans mandshurica</i>) in the Eastern Liaoning Province, P.R. China

Morphological Variability between Geographical Provenances of Walnut Fruit (<i>Juglans mandshurica</i>) in the Eastern Liaoning Province, P.R. China