Fruits Of Cornus Officinalis Research Articles

Potential anti-cholinesterase and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitory activities of cornuside and gallotannins from Cornus officinalis fruits.

Cholinesterase (ChE) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors are promising agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we examined the inhibitory activity of seven compounds isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis, cornuside, polymeric proanthocyanidins, 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tellimagrandin I, tellimagrandin II, and isoterchebin, against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and BACE1. All of the compounds displayed concentration-dependent in vitro inhibitory activity toward the ChEs and BACE1. Among them, tellimagrandin II exhibited the best inhibitory activity toward ChEs, whereas the best BACE1 inhibitor was 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Isoterchebin and polymeric proanthocyanidins were also significant ChE inhibitors. The kinetic and docking studies demonstrated that all compounds interacted with both the catalytic active sites and the peripheral anionic sites of the ChEs and BACE1. Tellimagrandin II, isoterchebin, and the polymeric proanthocyanidins exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration. In conclusion, we identified significant ChE and BACE1 inhibitors from Corni Fructus that could have value as new multi-targeted compounds for anti-AD agents.

Chemical constituents from ripe fruit of Cornus officinalis

To investigate the chemical compounds from the fruit of Cornus officinalis, six compounds were isolated and determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis as 6'-O-acetyl-7α-O-ethyl morroniside (1), (-)-isolariciresinol 3α-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), apigenin (3), cirsiumaldehyde(4), p-coumaric acid (5), caffeic acid (6). Compound 1 was a new iridoid glucoside,and compounds 2-4 were obtained from the Cornus genus for the first time. Compounds 2-6 were evaluated for the viability of PC12 cells when exposed in conditions of oxygen and glucose deprivation. The MTT results showed that compound 4 increased cell viability moderately in OGD/R treated PC12 cells at the concentration of 1.0 μmol•L⁻¹.

A new secoiridoid glycoside from the fruits of Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae)

A new secoiridoid glycoside, 7β-O-dimethyl butanedioate morroniside (1) was isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) along with the known compound, caffeoyltartaric acid dimethyl ester (2) which was isolated from the family Cornaceae for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by physical and spectroscopic data analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS and CD experiments.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of the main compounds of Shanzhuyu extract after oral administration in normal and chronic kidney disease rats

Ethnopharmacological relevancePharmacokinetic studies on traditional Chinese medicine are useful to evaluate and predict the drug efficacy and safety. The renal impairment may affect drug clearance and other pharmacokinetic processes which can increase toxicity and drug to drug interactions or cause ineffective therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies in pathological status rats might be meaningful for revealing the action mechanism and improving clinical medication of the herb medicine. Materials and methodsA highly sensitive and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) method with multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of morroniside and loganin in normal and doxorubicin-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) rat plasma after oral administration of Shanzhuyu (fruit of Cornus officinalis) extract. ResultsBoth calibration curves gave satisfactory linearity (r>0.99) at linear range of 1.96–1962.5ngmL−1 for morroniside, 1.53–1531.25ngmL−1 for loganin. The precision and accuracy of the in vivo study were assessed by intra-day and inter-day assays. The percentages of relative standard deviation (RSD) were all within 9.58% and the accuracy (RE) was in the −6.02% to 8.11% range. The extraction recoveries of morroniside, loganin and internal standard (IS) were all >67.62% and the matrix effects ranged from 95.07% to 102.75%. ConclusionsThe pharmacokinetic behavior of morroniside and loganin in normal and CKD rat plasma was determined in this paper. The significant different pharmacokinetic parameters might partly result from the changes of P-glycoprotein and metabolic enzymes in the pathological state. The pharmacokinetic research in the pathological state might provide more useful information to guide the clinical usage of the herb medicine.

Effects of fermented corni fructus and fermented kelp on growth performance, meat quality, and emission of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide from broiler chicken droppings

1. Corni fructus is the fruit of Cornus officinalis, a dogwood species. This study was conducted to prepare fermented corni fructus preparation (FCFP) and fermented kelp (FK) from corni fructus and by-products of Laminaria japonica fermented with Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae.2. The effects of dietary FCFP and FK as replacer of oxytetracycline (OTC) on growth performance, meat composition, meat oxidative stability, and emissions of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from broiler chicken droppings were investigated.3. A total of 140 d-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments including control, OTC (0.05 g/kg), FCFP (5 g/kg), and FK (5 g/kg).4. Overall, inclusion of FCFP resulted in lower weight gain and feed intake during the overall experimental period. Broilers fed FCFP diets tended to have lower crude fat and higher crude ash content in the carcasses.5. In the fresh state, the malondialdehyde (MDA) value of broiler meat was lower in the FK supplemented group. At one week, meat from broilers fed antibiotic and FK diets had lower MDA values, whereas at 2 weeks broiler meat from all dietary treatment groups had lower MDA values than the control.6. Dietary supplementation with FK significantly reduced faecal NH3 emissions throughout the experimental period, whereas dietary OTC and FCFP supplementation increased NH3 emissions at 2 and 4 weeks. There were no significant effects of dietary treatments on H2S emissions throughout the experimental period, except during week one, when FCFP supplementation reduced the emission.7. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 5 g/kg FK improved the oxidative stability of broiler meat and reduce faecal NH3 emissions without affecting growth performance.

Bioactive compounds from Cornus officinalis fruits and their effects on diabetic nephropathy

Ethnoparmacological relevanceThe fruit of Cornus officinalis, called “Shanzhuyu”, a traditional medicine in China, is used for the treatment of kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of Shanzhuyu and the active compounds in the fruit. Materials and methodsThe air dried fruit of Cornus officinalis was extracted in 80% EtOH, the obtained residue was fractioned on D101 resin column eluted with H2O/EtOH solution to get five crude fractions (fr. A–E). The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of fractions (fr. A–E) was evaluated in vitro by inhibiting the expression of collagen IV (Col V), fibronectin (FN) and IL-6 in high-glucose-induced mesangial cells. By preliminary bio-assay screenings, repeated column chromatography on fraction B–D led the isolation of 22 compounds, whose structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and the anti-diabetic nephropathy activity of the isolated compounds was also evaluated. ResultsTwo new iridoid glucosides, logmalicids A and B (1 and 2), together with 20 known compounds (3–22) were isolated from the extract of Shanzhuyu under the bioassay-guided screenings. The anti-diabetic nephropathy activity assay displayed that fractions A, D and E could significantly inhibit the production of Col IV; fractions A and C could significantly inhibit the expression of FN and IL-6 in the high-glucose-stimulated mesangial cells at concentration of 50μg/mL; and loganin (3) and its derivatives (1 and 2) could significantly inhibit the expression of FN and IL-6 at concentration of 10μM, respectively. ConclusionsThe results suggested that loganin and its derivatives were the active compounds in Cornus officinalis fruit (Shanzhuyu) on diabetic nephropathy. This study further supported the traditional use of Shanzhuyu to treat diabetic nephropathy and related kidney diseases.

Discrepancy between the effects of morronside on apoptosis in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells and lung cancer A549 cells.

Morroniside is a water-soluble compound extracted from the fruit of Cornus officinalis and is used to protect lung activity against aging. In the present study, the manner in which morroniside regulates normal lung and cancer cells was examined. The human embryonic lung fibroblast (HELF) cell line and lung cancer A549 cell line, and their responses to morroniside treatment, were examined. Results showed that morroniside reverses the apoptotic effect of H2O2 on HELF cell growth, protecting cell proliferation and normal cell morphology and inhibiting apoptosis. However, these effects were not present in A549 cells. Western blotting showed that morroniside also markedly downregulated retinoblastoma protein in HELF cells. These results suggest that morroniside treatment exhibits different effects on apoptosis in HELF and A549 cells, making it a viable compound for decreasing the side effects of anticancer medicines in normal cells.

Selective therapeutic effect of cornus officinalis fruits on the damage of different organs in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

The aim of the present study was to identify the selective therapeutic effects of Corni Fructus (Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.) on different organs in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes in rats was induced by intraperitonal injection with STZ at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight (bw) for 3 days (once per a day). STZ-induced diabetic rats were orally administrated Corni Fructus (CF) extract at 300 mg/kg or metformin at 250 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. Blood glucose and triglyceride (TG) in sera and urine total volume were measured. Histopathological changes of different organs, pancreas, liver, kidney, and lung tissues were observed by H&E staining. The expression of insulin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was investigated in pancreas, and kidney by immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results revealed that CF extract significantly decreased the serum levels of blood glucose, and TG, and also urine total volume in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The histological examinations revealed amelioration of diabetes-induced pancreas injury including pathological changes of the Langerhans's islet and glomerular with their loss after the administration of CF extraction. Moreover, the administration of CF extract increased the numbers of insulin releasing beta cells in pancreas and also inhibited the expression of α-SMA in kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats. On the other hand, CF extract showed no effect on the pathological damages of liver and lung in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These results demonstrated that CF extract may have a selective therapeutic potential through the control of hyperglycemia, and the protection of pancreas and kidney against diabetic damage.

Verification of Estrogen Like Activities of Herbal Medicines Using an In Vitro Detection System

Estrogen like activities were evaluated using ethanol and hot water extracts of herbal medicines by using an in vitro detection system. Bokryung (Poria cocos), Sanyak (root of Dioscorea batatas) and Mokdanpi (root skin of Paeonia suffruticosa) represented statistically significant estrogen-like activities (p<0.001), while Omija (fruit of Schizandra chinensis), Taeksa (root of Alisma canaliculatum A. BR.), Jihwang (root of Rhemannia glutinosa), and Sansuyu (fruit of Cornus officinalis) did not. Estrogen-like activities of Bokryung hot water extract (500 μg/ml) and ethanol extract (50 μg/ml) were almost same as that of a 10<SUP>-7</SUP> M 17β-estradiol. Furthermore, estrogen-like activities of ethanol extracts (500 μg/ml) of Bokryung and Mokdanpi were stronger than that of 10<SUP>-7</SUP> M 17β-estradiol. These results suggest that Bokryung, Sanyak and Mokdanpi show estrogen-like activities. Especially, Sanyak and Mokdanpi represented promotive effect on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Bokryung, Sanyak and Mokdanpi also exhibited superior inhibitory effect on the viability of RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these three herbal medicines might be interpreted as candidates for the further study or development of functional foods or medicine to prevent or avoid postmenopausal symptoms of women.

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Cornus officinalis

A new sterol (1), five known flavonols (2–6), and four known iridoids (7–10) were isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated using various spectroscopic methods. Compounds 3, 5, and 6 were reported for the first time from the species. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarized.

モモシンクイガの合成性フェロモントラップに誘殺された日本新記録のサンシュユシンクイ（新称）（チョウ目：シンクイガ科）

Carposina coreana Kim, which was newly recorded in Japan, was caught in a synthetic sex pheromone trap for the peach fruit moth, C. sasakii Matsumura, in Fukushima Prefecture in 2011. The adult and genitalia of C. coreana are illustrated. This species is distinguishable from C. sasakii in having a white head, white base of the forewing, a costal dark brown patch divided by a wavy white line, tapered gnathos and protruded costa of valva in the male genitalia. The larva is known as an important pest of the fruit of Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) in Korea and China.

Neuroprotective iridoid glycosides from Cornus officinalis fruits against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 hippocampal cells

The methanolic extract of the fruits of Cornus officinalis S et Z. (Cornaceae) showed the significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 hippocampal cells. Chemical profile of n-BuOH fraction of the methanolic extract of C. officinalis fruits, which showed the most potent activity, was established using HPLC-diode array detector-electrospray-MS (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS). Through bioactivity-guided isolation, five iridoid glycosides including one new compound, 7-O-butylmorroniside (1), loganin (2), morroniside (3), 7R-O-methylmorroniside (4), 7S-O-methylmorroniside (5) were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction. The protective activities of the isolated compounds, themselves, were not statistically significant. However, the hydrolyzed products of compounds 1, 4 and 5 significantly protected glutamate-injured HT22 cells up to 78±2.2%, 60±3.2% and 59±2.5% of non-treated control, respectively.

Isolation and structural characterization of a polysaccharide FCAP1 from the fruit of Cornus officinalis

A water-soluble polysaccharide, FCAP1, was isolated from an alkaline extract from the fruits of Cornus officinalis. Its molecular weight was 34.5 kDa. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that it was composed of fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 0.29:0.19:1.74:1:3.30:1.10. On the basis of partial acid hydrolysis and methylation analysis, FCAP1 was shown to be a highly branched polysaccharide with a backbone of β-(1→4)-linked-glucose partially substituted at the O-6 position with xylopyranose residues. The branches were composed of (1→3)-linked-Ara, (1→4)-linked-Man, (1→4,6)-linked-Man, (1→4)-linked-Glc, and (1→2)-linked-Gal. Arabinose, fucose, and galactose were located at the terminal of the branches. The structure was further elucidated by a specific enzymatic degradation with an endo-β-(1→4)-glucanase and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Oligosaccharides generated from FCAP1 indicated that FCAP1 contained XXXG-type and XXG-type xyloglucan fragments.

Cognitive-enhancing activity of loganin isolated from Cornus officinalis in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice

We examined anti-amnesic activity of the methanolic extract of Cornus officinalis fruits (COT) and a major constituent, loganin using scopolamine-induced (1 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) amnesic mice with both passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tests. Oral treatment of mice with COT (100 mg/kg body weight) and loganin (1 and 2 mg/kg body weight) significantly mitigated scopolamine-induced memory deficits in passive avoidance test. In the Morris water maze test, oral treatment of loganin significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory deficits showing the formation of long-term and/or short-term spatial memory. Moreover, loganin (2 mg/kg body weight) significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity by as much as 45% of control in the mouse hippocampus. These results indicate that loganin may exert antiamnesic activity in in vivo through acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Efficient Method for Extraction and Simultaneous Determination of Active Constituents in Cornus officinalis by Reflux Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection

A high performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) based method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the three active constituents, morroniside, loganin, and gallic acid in Cornus officinalis fruits. The separation was achieved on a C18 column with a gradient solvent system of acetonitrile, methanol, and 0.1% acetic acid at 260 nm. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection, and limits of quantification. The analytes were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In addition, the effect of various parameters including solvent, extraction technique, and time on the extraction of the three active constituents from C. officinalis fruits was examined. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained with 100% methanol using reflux extraction. The developed method could be used to effectively and comprehensively evaluate the quality of C. officinalis.

Protective Effect of Ursolic Acid fromCornus officinalison the Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage of HEI-OC1 Auditory Cells

The fruits of Cornus officinalis have been used in traditional oriental medicine for treatment of inner ear diseases, such as tinnitus and hearing loss. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of C. officinalis on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 auditory cells. The results from bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract of C. officinalis fruits showed that ursolic acid is a major active component. Ursolic acid (0.05-2 microg/ml) had protective effect against the HEI-OC1 cell damage and reduced lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, pre-treatment with ursolic acid significantly attenuated the decrease of activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not significantly affected by ursolic acid. These results indicate that ursolic acid protects hydrogen peroxide-induced HEI-OC1 cell damage through inhibition of lipid peroxidation and induction of antioxidant enzymes, CAT and GPX, and may be one of the active components responsible for these effects of C. officinalis fruits.

Cornuside exhibits vasodilatory and anti‐inflammatory effects via a nitric oxide‐cGMP pathway

Vasorelaxant and anti-inflammatory effects of a cornuside isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis and possible mechanisms responsible for this effect were investigated. Cornuside induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the phenylephrine-precontracted rat aorta. This effect disappeared with the removal of functional endothelium. Pretreatment of the aortic tissues with either NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazole-[4,3-α]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) inhibited the relaxation induced by cornuside. Incubation of carotid arteries isolated from rats with cornuside increased the production of cGMP in a dose-dependent manner, but this effect was blocked by pretreatment with L-NAME and ODQ, respectively. Cornuside suppressed the expression levels of adhesion molecules including intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) induced by TNF-α in HUVECs. TNF-α-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression was also attenuated by treatment of cornuside. Taken together, the present study suggests that cornuside dilates vascular smooth muscle and suppresses the vascular inflammatory process via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling.

A furan derivative from Cornus officinalis.

Dimethyltetrahydrofuran cis-2,5-dicarboxylate a furan derivative has been isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis, and it was isolated for the first time in the nature. The structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopic techniques.

A galloylated monoterpene glucoside and a dimeric hydrolysable tannin from Cornus officinalis

Two new compounds named cornuside and cornusiin G were isolated from fruits of Cornus officinalis. Their structures were respectively determined to be 7- O- galloylsecologanol and a dimeric hydrolysable tannin composed of tellimagrandin II and 1,2,3,6-tetra- O-galloyl-β- d-glucose.

Tannins of cornaceous plants. II. Cornusiins D, E and F, new dimeric and trimeric hydrolyzable tannins from Cornus officinalis.

Cornusiin D (3), cornusiin E (4) and cornusiin F (5), new dimeric and trimeric hydrolyzable tannins, were isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae), and their structures were established based on the chemical and spectroscopic data. Unusual chemical shifts of valoneoyl protons and anomeric protons of glucose cores in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 3 and 4 were correlated with the stereostructures around the valoneoyl groups. Camptothin A (6) and camptothin B (7), dimeric hydrolyzable tannins previously isolated from Camptotheca acuminata, were also isolated from the fruits of Cornus officinalis.