Nutrient Composition Of Fruits Research Articles

Chemical composition of strawberry fruit in the Сentral black earth region of Russia

In order to facilitate the development of rational norms of food consumption, meeting the modern requirements of healthy nutrition, the databases containing information on the chemical composition of fruit and berry crops should be regularly updated. In the presented research, we studied the nutrient composition of fruits of promising strawberry and zemklunika (hybrid of wild strawberry and strawberry) varieties grown in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia (Michurinsk). The research was conducted in 2019–2023 using the facilities of the Laboratory for Biochemistry and Food Technology and the Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding, I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center. The research objects were the fruits of strawberry varieties from the FSSI of I. V. Michurin Federal Research Center, introduced varieties of domestic and foreign selection (47 specimens in total). In the varieties under study, the following chemical parameters were determined: soluble solids content – 10.3±0.2% Brix, total sugars – 7.4±0.2%, organic acids – 0.85±0.02%, pH of fruit juice – 3.48±0.03, ascorbic acid – 62.1±2.0 mg/100 g, and anthocyanins – 44.1±2.9 mg/100 g. In terms of sugar content (above 8.5%), the genotypes of Bylinnaya, Lastochka, Pamyati Zubova, Rubinovyy Kulon, Allegro, Chamora Turusi, Flamenco, and Limalexia were distinguished. In terms of ascorbic acid (above 70.0 mg/100 g), the highest parameters were shown by Kokinskaya Zarya, Kupchikha (zemklunika), Olimpiyskaya Nadezhda, Rusich, Slavutich, Torpeda, Festivalnaya, Florence, and Limalexia. The varieties Zenit, Kokinskaya Zarya, Privlekatel’naya, Rubinovyy Kulon, Torpeda, and Feyyerverk were most optimal in terms of anthocyanin content (above 70.0 mg/100 g). Considering the daily requirement in vitamin C of 100 mg, 100 g of strawberry fruits can satisfy it by 62.1 %, or by 31.2–107.1% taking varietal diff erences into account. Consumption of only 100 g of anthocyanin-rich varieties satisfi es the daily requirement for these compounds (50 mg) by 144.6–192.2%. In terms of the integral parameters of chemical composition, the following varieties were selected: Rubinovyy Kulon, Pamyati Zubova, and Flora (selection by Federal Research Center); Kokinskaya Zarya and Rusich (selection by FSBSO ARHCBAN); Allegro, Limalexia, and Vima Zanta (Netherlands), as well as Flamenco (Great Britain). High-vitamin strawberry varieties are recommended for inclusion in dietary nutrition, as the basis in the development of functional food products, and in breeding for obtaining varieties with improved chemical composition.

YOUTH COUNSELING WITH THE USE OF LAI FRUIT AS AN IMMUNE ENHANCER FOR COASTAL ADOLESCENTS

General Background: Nutritional deficiencies among adolescents can significantly impact immune function, particularly in coastal areas where access to diverse food sources may be limited. Specific Background: Kalimantan Lai Fruit (Durio kutejensis) is a local resource that has received little attention regarding its nutritional potential and health benefits. Knowledge Gap: Despite its availability, there is insufficient data on the fruit's nutrient composition and its role in enhancing immunity among adolescents. Aims: This study aims to analyze the nutritional content of Kalimantan Lai Fruit and evaluate its impact on the immune health of adolescents in coastal communities. Results: Through systematic sampling and laboratory analysis, findings revealed that Lai Fruit is rich in essential nutrients, including high levels of protein, healthy fats, vitamin C, and iron. These nutrients are crucial for promoting health and enhancing the immune system. Novelty: This research not only provides a comprehensive analysis of the nutritional profile of Lai Fruit but also includes an extension program that successfully increased knowledge among children about immunity and healthy lifestyles. Implications: The results underscore the potential of Lai Fruit as a valuable dietary source for improving adolescent nutrition and health. Furthermore, the study contributes to community health initiatives by promoting the integration of local food resources into dietary practices, thereby addressing nutritional deficiencies and fostering healthier lifestyles among adolescents in coastal areas.

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) and Its Wild Relative Vaccinium microcarpum.

The American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is an iconic North American fruit crop of great cultural and economic importance. Cranberry can be considered a fruit crop model due to its unique fruit nutrient composition, overlapping generations, recent domestication, both sexual and asexual reproduction modes, and the existence of cross-compatible wild species. Development of cranberry molecular resources started very recently; however, further genetic studies are now being limited by the lack of a high-quality genome assembly. Here, we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of cranberry, cultivar Stevens, and a draft genome of its close wild relative species Vaccinium microcarpum. More than 92% of the estimated cranberry genome size (492 Mb) was assembled into 12 chromosomes, which enabled gene model prediction and chromosome-level comparative genomics. Our analysis revealed two polyploidization events, the ancient γ-triplication, and a more recent whole genome duplication shared with other members of the Ericaeae, Theaceae and Actinidiaceae families approximately 61 Mya. Furthermore, comparative genomics within the Vaccinium genus suggested cranberry-V. microcarpum divergence occurred 4.5 Mya, following their divergence from blueberry 10.4 Mya, which agrees with morphological differences between these species and previously identified duplication events. Finally, we identified a cluster of subgroup-6 R2R3 MYB transcription factors within a genomic region spanning a large QTL for anthocyanin variation in cranberry fruit. Phylogenetic analysis suggested these genes likely act as anthocyanin biosynthesis regulators in cranberry. Undoubtedly, these new cranberry genomic resources will facilitate the dissection of the genetic mechanisms governing agronomic traits and further breeding efforts at the molecular level.

Rootstock Affects Scion Nutrition and Fruit Quality during Establishment and Early Production of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apple

‘Honeycrisp’ apple is susceptible to bitter pit, which is associated with fruit mineral nutrient composition. Rootstock genotypes can affect nutrient acquisition, distribution, and fruit yields, which all affect fruit nutrient composition and bitter pit susceptibility. However, the changes of these traits among different rootstock genotypes in response to abiotic stress under semiarid conditions are relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks and irrigation on nutrient uptake and partitioning with ‘Honeycrisp’ apple grown in an irrigated, semiarid environment. ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees were grafted on four different rootstocks, Geneva 41 (‘G.41’), Geneva 890 (‘G.890’), M.9-T337 (‘M.9’), and Budagovsky 9 (‘B.9’), and these were planted at high density (3000 trees/ha). Irrigation was applied as either a water-limited treatment where volumetric soil water content was maintained near 50% field capacity (FC) and a well-watered control where soil water content was maintained near 100% FC. ‘G.890’, the most vigorous rootstock, had lower nitrogen and higher potassium content in leaves, while ‘B.9’, the least vigorous rootstock, had lower potassium and higher nitrogen content. Rootstock genotype did not affect calcium uptake. Interestingly, water-limited conditions increased the nutrient content in root and stems but not in leaves. Water-limited trees partitioned more nitrogen and calcium to roots, while well-watered trees in the control partitioned more nutrients to the stems. Fruit size was the largest for ‘G.890’ and smallest for ‘B.9’. Both ‘G.41’ and ‘G.890’ had higher bitter pit incidence, which was associated with higher potassium content in leaves and fruit. These results suggest that rootstock-induced vigor and irrigation can both contribute to nutrient imbalances in leaves and fruit that could affect the development of physiological disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple.

Protection of Citrus Fruits from Postharvest Infection with Penicillium digitatum and Degradation of Patulin by Biocontrol Yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146.

Fungal rots are one of the main causes of large economic losses and deterioration in the quality and nutrient composition of fruits during the postharvest stage. The yeast Clavispora lusitaniae 146 has previously been shown to efficiently protect lemons from green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum. In this work, the effect of yeast concentration and exposure time on biocontrol efficiency was assessed; the protection of various citrus fruits against P. digitatum by C. lusitaniae 146 was evaluated; the ability of strain 146 to degrade mycotoxin patulin was tested; and the effect of the treatment on the sensory properties of fruits was determined. An efficient protection of lemons was achieved after minimum exposure to a relatively low yeast cell concentration. Apart from lemons, the yeast prevented green mold in grapefruits, mandarins, oranges, and tangerines, implying that it can be used as a broad-range biocontrol agent in citrus. The ability to degrade patulin indicated that strain 146 may be suitable for the control of further Penicillium species. Yeast treatment did not alter the sensory perception of the aroma of fruits. These results corroborate the potential of C. lusitaniae 146 for the control of postharvest diseases of citrus fruits and indicate its suitability for industrial-scale fruit processing.

Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition of Fruits Selected from Different Markets in Lagos, Nigeria together with Heavy Metals Contents

Fruits are a form of staple food for humans obtained naturally. They contain various quantities of essential nutrients in the right proportion. Intake of fruits in the diet is usually a very heathy lifestyle as fruits prevents disease and keeps us healthy. Ingestion of trace amount of heavy metals through fruits leads to bioaccumulation producing serious health hazards. The aim of the study is to investigate the amount of heavy metals in fruits obtained from different markets in Lagos, Nigeria.

Effects of biosolid application on soil properties and kiwi fruit nutrient composition on high-pH soil

Macro- and micronutrient availability in high-pH soil is a major constraint in crop production especially for the sensitive plants, such as kiwi fruit. A field study was conducted to investigate the multiyear effects of biosolid application on nutrient availability of agricultural soil and elemental sufficiency in kiwi fruit. Solar-dried biosolid applied at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 t ha−1 annually for successive 2 years. The considered soil properties included pH, EC, organic matter, N, P, K, macro–microelements, heavy metals and DTPA-extractable elements were determined. Results showed that biosolid addition significantly reduced to initial soil pH from 8.2 to 7.8 at higher application doses. Optimization of pH resulted in increased levels of soluble elements in all treatments studied. Biosolid application particularly increased Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B concentrations to sufficient levels. Among the other elements analyzed, were not significantly affected by biosolid application. Biosolid addition also increased soil DTPA-extractable elements, especially Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn. Significant increases in DTPA-extractable elements occurred for increasing application rates at 50, 100 and 200 t ha−1 compared to control. We conclude that municipal biosolid applied at an annual rate at or less than 200 t ha−1 can be safely used for kiwi fruit production on high-pH soils.

Host plant range of a fruit fly community (Diptera: Tephritidae): does fruit composition influence larval performance?

BackgroundPhytophagous insects differ in their degree of specialisation on host plants, and range from strictly monophagous species that can develop on only one host plant to extremely polyphagous species that can develop on hundreds of plant species in many families. Nutritional compounds in host fruits affect several larval traits that may be related to adult fitness. In this study, we determined the relationship between fruit nutrient composition and the degree of host specialisation of seven of the eight tephritid species present in La Réunion; these species are known to have very different host ranges in natura. In the laboratory, larval survival, larval developmental time, and pupal weight were assessed on 22 fruit species occurring in La Réunion. In addition, data on fruit nutritional composition were obtained from existing databases.ResultsFor each tephritid, the three larval traits were significantly affected by fruit species and the effects of fruits on larval traits differed among tephritids. As expected, the polyphagous species Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis catoirii, C. rosa, and C. capitata were able to survive on a larger range of fruits than the oligophagous species Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Dacus demmerezi, and Neoceratitis cyanescens. Pupal weight was positively correlated with larval survival and was negatively correlated with developmental time for polyphagous species. Canonical correspondence analysis of the relationship between fruit nutrient composition and tephritid survival showed that polyphagous species survived better than oligophagous ones in fruits containing higher concentrations of carbohydrate, fibre, and lipid.ConclusionNutrient composition of host fruit at least partly explains the suitability of host fruits for larvae. Completed with female preferences experiments these results will increase our understanding of factors affecting tephritid host range.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0094-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of Different Spacing and Urea Application Rates on Fruit Nutrient Composition, Growth and Yield of Tomato in Derived Savannah Vegetation of Kogi State, Nigeria

Experiments were located at Lower Niger River Basin Development Authority, Ejiba and Horticultural Section College of Agriculture, Kabba in 2014 cropping season to investigate the effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and fruit yield of tomato in derived savanna vegetation of Nigeria. Field experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design in factorial fashion with three replications. The row spacing were 75 × 40 cm (33,333 plant·ha-1, 75 × 50 cm (26,666 plant·ha-1) and 75 × 60 cm (22,222 plant·ha-1) while the urea rates comprised control (0 kg urea·ha-1), 54.3 and 108.6 kg urea·ha-1. Growth and yield parameters taken were as follows: average plant height, stem girth, leaf area (m2) and yield per land area. Data were collected from ten randomly selected plants in each plot. The data were statistically analyzed using GENSTAT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to find out the significance of variation among the treatments while the significant difference between mean treatments was separated using least significance Difference at 5% level of probability. The result obtained from this study indicated that urea application and spacing affected significantly growth parameters of tomato and yield per land area. It could be concluded that there was a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of fruits per plant and final fruit weight of tomato as a result of urea fertilizer application at the rate of 108.6 kg urea/ha. However, this was not significantly better than plots with urea application at 54.8 kg/ha in both Ejiba and Kabba. Row spacing of 75 × 50 cm showed better performance in number of fruit and fruit yield per plots. Farmers in Ejiba and Kabba should apply urea at the rate of 54.8 kg per hectare and plant the crop at a row spacing of 75 × 50 cm for optimum yield and for a more profitable production of tomato.

Elevation, Rootstock, and Soil Depth Affect the Nutritional Quality of Mandarin Oranges

The effects of elevation, rootstock, and soil depth on the nutritional quality of mandarin oranges from 11 groves in California were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy by quantifying 29 compounds and applying multivariate statistical data analysis. A comparison of the juice from oranges in groves with deeper soil and trifoliate rootstock versus those with shallow soil and C-35 rootstock revealed differences in the concentrations of 4-aminobutyrate, ethanol, phenylalanine, succinate, and isoleucine. A comparison of fruit from trees grown at higher versus lower elevation revealed that those at higher elevation had higher concentrations of amino acids, succinate, and 4-aminobutyrate and lower concentrations of sugars and limonin glucoside. Such differences indicate that rootstock, soil depth, and differences in elevation influence the fruit nutrient composition. This study highlights how metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistical analysis can illuminate the metabolic characteristics of citrus, thereby aiding in the determination of the grove identity and fruit quality during orange production.

Within population variation and interrelationships between morphology, nutritional content, and secondary compounds of Rhamnus alaternus fruits.

• We studied within-species variation in and interrelations among morphological and chemical traits of ripe Mediterranean buckthorn ( Rhamnus alaternus ) fruit, a bird-dispersed species. • Principal component analysis revealed that larger fruits tended to be relatively rich in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), water and P but poor in protein and most minerals. Small fruits tended to be relatively rich in protein, structural carbohydrates, K and Zn while intermediate size fruits tended to be rich in lipids, Mg and Ca. Variation in chemical traits (organic compounds and minerals) was typically much higher than in morphological traits (e.g. fruit size) with the exception of NSC and water content, which varied little. This discrepancy might be explained by differences in environmental conditions between plant microsites that imposed greater variability on fruit nutrient composition than on fruit-morphological traits; and by lower selective pressure by birds on fruit chemical traits than on morphological traits. • Secondary metabolite (emodin) concentration was positively correlated with concentrations of NSC, supporting the nutrient/toxin titration model, which predicts that high levels of secondary metabolites in fruits should be off set by high nutritional rewards for dispersers. • Emodin concentration in leaves was much higher than in fruit pulp, which may indicate its differential adaptive roles in seed dispersal and against herbivores.