Fruiting Period Research Articles

БАШКИРСКАЯ ФОЛЬКЛОРИСТИКА: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article presents a brief history of the department of folklore and art, which began its activities in 1922 under the Society for the Study of Life, Culture and History of Bashkiria under the NK of Education, which today is an independent subdivision of the institute, and folklore is a successfully developing area of Bashkir philological science. It is noted that from the first days of the existence of the department, the active collection of folklore went in parallel with its study, and the formation of Bashkir folklore as a science took place after the creation of the Bashkir branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951). Second half of the 20th century characterized by the appearance of the first academic works as "Bashkir Folk Art" in three volumes, the first monographs. The most fruitful period of field research is shown in 1959-1964, when folklore expeditions led by A.N. Kireev to the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov regions and the Perm Territory, during which rich material was collected on the oral work of the Bashkirs, including the main body of the preserved priceless epic heritage of the people. The article also shows the contribution of predecessors to the creation of a rich national folklore heritage, as evidenced by the multi-volume scientific collection "Bashkir Folk Art" in the Bashkir and Russian languages, it is said about the field research of modern folklorists, their collections of expeditionary materials, contributing to the gradual replenishment of the source base of Bashkir folklore. only by identifying the works of traditional folklore that continue to exist, but also modern examples of folk art: takmaks, baits, less often proverbs and sayings. Further, it is emphasized that during the existence of the Department of Folklore and Art, monographs have been published in almost all genres of folk art, and new results of scientific research by the staff of the department are reflected in collections of scientific articles «Bashkir Folklore: Research and Materials» published periodically since 1986 (7 issues ); works of oral folk art have been translated into Russian and English, which made it possible to introduce them into international scientific circulation. It is also noted that projects on grants are regularly carried out in the department, employees actively popularize Bashkir folklore both from the stands of various scientific forums and through the media.

PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in olive oil during the fruit ripening period of olive fruits.

Because of their possible carcinogenic effects, it is crucial to determine levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in olive oils. However, there are a few studies about these pollutants' levels in olive oils and no other studies reported PAHs, PCBs and OCPs at the same time and during the ripening period of olives in olive oils. A modified clean-up technique was successfully applied for eliminating lipidic components. Additionally, this study does not just report the concentrations of these pollutants but also inspects the sources depending on the actual sampling site. Also, PCBs and OCPs carcinogenic risks in olive oil were reported for the first time in the literature. This study aims to present levels, carcinogenic risks, sources and concentration changes during the ripening period of these pollutants in olive oil. For this purpose, fruit samples for oil extraction were collected between the beginning of the fruit ripening and harvest period. Obtained olive oils from the fruits were extracted and cleaned up using the QuEChERS method. GC-MS and GC-ECD were used for the quantitative analysis of the targeted pollutants. The average concentrations for ∑16PAHs, ∑37PCBs and ∑10OCPs were 222.48 ± 133.76μg/kg, 58.26 ± 21.64μg/kg and 25.48 ± 19.55μg/kg, respectively. During the harvest period, the concentrations were in a decreasing trend. Calculated carcinogenic risks were above acceptable limits for all groups and traffic, wood-coal burning, atmospheric transport and previous uses were the main sources. Results of the source determination indicated that some possible sources could be prevented with regulations and precautions.

Enumeration of Family Fabaceae from Sechu Tuan Nalla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh (India)

An account of 20 species under 11 genera of the family Fabaceae is presented based upon a thorough study of the collected specimens and field surveys in this paper from Sechu Tuan Nalla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh. Of these, fourteen taxa are reported first time from the Chamba district of the state. The updated nomenclature of the species, local name if any, a brief description of the plant, flowering and fruiting period, distribution in the study area, habitat and ecology and specimen examined have been provided.

Investigated of the Hydrogen peroxide's efficacy in sterilizing various substrates for the formation of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus sapidus

This study was conducted in order to test some agricultural wastes from fruits and sterilization method in the production of oyster mushroom Pleurotus sapidus. This study included two factors, the first is the type of substrate which consisting of seven combinations: A0 (wheat straw 80% + flour bran 20%), A1 (pomegranate peel 25% + wheat straw 75%), A2 (pomegranate peel 50% + wheat straw 50%), A3 (pomegranate peel 75% + wheat straw 25%), A4 (date fruit residues 25% + wheat straw 75%), A5 (date fruit residues 50% + wheat straw 50%), A6 (date fruit residues 75% + straw wheat 25%). The second factor is the sterilization method, represented by two methods of sterilization, the first is sterilization by Autoclave (P0) and the second is sterilization using hydrogen peroxide H2O2 at two concentrations of 3% (P1) and 5% (P2). A2 achieved the shortest period of growth and spread of mycelium which was 51.67 days and the highest amount of total wet yield was 199.2 g.kg-1. A0 and A6 had the shortest period for primordia formation which was 61.0 and 62.8 days, respectively. The mixture of A6 substrate gave the longest production cycle duration of 40.8 days and the highest biological efficiency rate was 44.78%. A1 and A2 gave the shortest fruiting period of 6.22 days. The P0 sterilization method recorded the shortest period for the growth and spread of mycelium, shortest period for the formation of primordia and the longest production cycle resulting in 48.88, 47.4 and 43.6 days, respectively, while the P1 sterilization method recorded highest wet yield of 175.6 g.kg-1 and the highest biological efficiency rate of 39.85%. Keywords. Pleurotus sapidus, hydrogen peroxide, sterilization, substrate

Multi-sector discrete-time channel model for data link layer evaluation of CubeSat communications

Innovation in the space sector is going through a fruitful period. Among other factors, this has been a consequence of the CubeSat paradigm and its acceptance in the educational, scientific, and commercial sectors, as well as its relevant role in the integration of terrestrial and satellite communication systems. Nevertheless, there is no standardized communication protocol for CubeSat technology. One of the reasons for this lack of standardization is the nonexistence of a widely accepted communication channel model for fast development and simulation of CubeSat technology at the data link layer level. Aiming at filling this gap, we propose a communication channel model that captures both the dynamics of the CubeSat in the low earth orbit and the propagation environment where the terrestrial devices are located, taking into account the elevation angle. For this purpose, finite state Markov chains are used to model the time evolution of the channel fading through the satellite trajectory when it passes by the ground point target. Then, CCSDS recommendations are used as a study case for the data link layer of a CubeSat, while an adaptive automatic repeat request mechanism, according to the elevation angle, is simulated and optimized, showing the usefulness of the proposed channel model.

UPLC fingerprint and indicator components of Boenninghausenia albiflora var. albiflora

The fingerprint of Boenninghausenia albiflora var. albiflora was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC), and the content of 12 active components including chlorogenic acid was determined. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to explore the indicator components of B. albiflora var. albiflora and a comprehensive evaluation system was created for the quality of B. albiflora var. albiflora. In this study, 33 batches of B. albiflora var. albiflora with different sources were collected and studied, and the UPLC fingerprint of B. albiflora var. albiflora was developed. There were 37 common peaks, of which 12 components were identified, and the content of these 12 components was measured. In combination of the common peaks and the content of chemical components, multivariate statistical analysis was performed, and the results showed that 6 components [daphnoretin, isoimperatorin, astragalin, imperatorin, neochlorogenic acid, and isoquercitrin(weight coefficient>0.1)] were selected as chemical markers for the quality of B. albiflora var. albiflora. Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) analysis and chemometrics revealed that the quality of S32, S28 and S29 were superior, while that of S12, S7 and S16 were inferior. The quality evaluation method of B. albiflora var. albiflora constructed in this study was accurate and reliable, with simpleness and easiness to operate. It is suggested that the 6 above-mentioned active components could be used as indicator components for quality control of B. albiflora var. al-biflora. The samples were harvested during the flowering and fruiting period, which is from the beginning of July to the end of August.

Colored Shade Nets Can Relieve Abnormal Fruit Softening and Premature Leaf Senescence of "Jumeigui" Grapes during Ripening under Greenhouse Conditions.

High temperature causes premature grape leaf senescence, abnormal berry softening, and shortening of the fruiting period. Furthermore, the fruit quality and yield are severely affected. Here, the “Jumeigui” grape quality and leaf senescence were evaluated under shading; green, blue, black, and gray nets were used for shading, and their spectra were measured. At the same density, the shade-net color significantly affected cooling and shading efficiencies, with gray nets showing the best light transmission and cooling effect. Shading significantly alleviated abnormal heat-induced grape softness. The total soluble solids (TSS) content and grape coloration were affected under gray, blue, and green shade nets. Nonetheless, TSS exceeded 18 °Brix under gray, blue, and green nets, as required of first-class high-quality fruit. The peel color was not significantly affected under gray or blue shade nets, whereas unshaded grapes showed clear heat-stress damage, especially on the edges of unshaded bottom leaves, in which the net photosynthesis rate was significantly lower than that under shading, indicating that high light intensity and heat caused premature leaf senescence. Colored shade nets reduced greenhouse temperature and light intensity, thereby alleviating the premature senescence of grape plants. Grape quality under black shade nets was poor, whereas superior quality was achieved using gray or blue shade nets.

Phenology-related water-use efficiency and its responses to site heterogeneity in rubber plantations in Southwest China

The survival strategy and ecophysiological process of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis), in which water-use efficiency (WUE) represents a vital indicator linking the carbon and water cycles, are mediated by phenology and can be severely affected by a low fruit-set rate and cold stress. However, the phenology-related WUE and its temporal variation as well as its responses to site heterogeneity in rubber plantations remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a four-year (2013–2016) continuous dataset of biometric survey, sap flow and phenology of rubber trees to examine the WUE in response to phenological changes and cold stress. The planting density and stand age, factors exhibiting a considerable difference and contributing to site heterogeneity, were explored to reveal their effects on the WUE of rubber plantations in Yunnan Province of Southwest China. Unexpectedly, the response of the WUE to phenological changes was characterized by the peak value (2.73±0.59 g C kg−1 H2O) that occurred simultaneously with the fruiting period (Pf), and the WUE values during the Pf were significantly higher than that of other phenological periods (P<0.01), indicating that the survival strategy adopted by the rubber trees to cope with the low fruit-set rate as well as cold stress during the defoliation period (Pd) and adapt to the local climate might be very effective. However, this effectiveness might be reduced to some extent, since the WUE was significantly affected by the planting density (df=2, F-value=11.51) and stand age (df=3, F-value=22.84) indicated by one-way analysis of variance (P<0.01). These findings can provide a deeper understanding for the adaptation strategies to adverse climate and the cultivation and management of rubber plantations.

Peculiarities of the phenological phases of the development of pear varieties in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The article presents the results of long-term studies of the peculiarities of the phenological phases of the development of promising pear varieties of domestic breeding in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals (Orenburg region). The research was carried out in 2018-2021 at the experimental site of the 2002 laying of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture. The objects of research were varieties of pears of domestic breeding Krasnobokaya (st), Skazochnaya, Pingvin, Permyachka, Sverdlovchanka, Isetskaya sochnaya, Lel, Chizhovskaya, Lada, Vidnaya, Povislaya (st), Gvidon, Uralochka, Samarskaya krasavitsa, Pamyat of Parshin. The calculation of phenological atypicity to identify the correspondence of the phases of development of pear varieties to the conditions of the region was carried out according to the method of Zaitsev G. N. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of Zaitsev G. N. and Dospekhov B. A. using the Microsoft Office Excel 10 analysis package. It was established that the studied varieties are characterized by a short growing season — 160-170 days; the required amount of active heat is on average 3 158.9 °C. For pear varieties, the timing of the onset of phenological phases is determined by the accumulated sum of positive temperatures: the beginning of vegetation — 200-304.7 °C; the beginning of flowering – 354-476.6 °C; removable fruit maturity — 2 504-3 603 °C; the end of leaf fall — 3 1793-666 °C. It was found that the timing of the onset of the phenological phases of the beginning of vegetation, the beginning and end of flowering, the end of shoot growth, as well as the duration of flowering periods, shoot growth and vegetation depend more on the conditions of the year than on the genotype. The removable maturity of fruits, the duration of the interphase period, the formation and growth of fruits are determined by characteristics of the variety. The assessment of phenological atypicity revealed that all the studied varieties are in the optimum for the realization of their phenological phases of development.

Effect of Preharvest 1-MCP Treatment on the Flesh Firmness of ‘Rojo Brillante’ Persimmon

This study investigated the effect of preharvest 1-MCP treatment on maintaining ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmon firmness. Early in the season, preharvest 1-MCP was applied 1, 7 and 10 days after ethephon treatment. The fruit firmness was evaluated during three different harvests and after the commercialization period of 3 d at 3 °C, plus 6 d at 20 °C. Late in the season, 1-MCP was applied 3 days before harvest in the fruit treated with gibberellic acid (GA) and then cold-stored for up to 60 days, plus a 6-day shelf life at 20 °C. The results showed that preharvest 1-MCP delayed the fruit softening induced by ethephon during the harvest period, and was the most effective treatment when performed 1 day after ethephon application. Therefore, preharvest 1-MCP extended the harvest period of ethephon-treated fruit. At the end of the season, preharvest 1-MCP had the same effect on maintaining the fruit firmness as the commercial postharvest application.

Selenium improves the content of vitamin C in the fruit of strawberry by regulating the enzymes responsible for vitamin C metabolism

To investigate how sodium selenite (Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) regulated the content of vitamin C (Vc) in strawberry fruit, we explored the effects of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; on the enzymes responsible for Vc metabolism. The findings showed that&lt;br /&gt; 10 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; improved the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH) at periods of young fruit (YFP), small fruit (SFP), middle fruit (MFP), large fruit (LFP), white fruit (WFP), colour-changed fruit (CFP) and ripen fruit (RFP). 30 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; improved the activities of APX, MDHAR, GR and GaILDH at YFP, LFP, WFP, CFP and RFP. 60 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; improved the activities of MDHAR, GR and GaILDH at all periods studied. In addition, 10 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decreased the activity of ascorbate oxidase (AAO) at WFP and CFP. 30 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decreased AAO activity at MFP, LFP, WFP and CFP. 60 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decreased AAO activity at YFP, SFP, MFP, LFP, WFP and CFP. Meanwhile, all concentrations of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; significantly increased the contents of Vc and Se. Among different concentrations, 30 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; had better effects on the enzymes responsible for Vc metabolism, which further improved Vc content in strawberry fruit. Besides, all concentrations of Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; increased fruit average weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield, compared with control. The above results indicated that Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; could improve the content of Vc in fruit and fruit yield of strawberries, especially for 30 mg/L Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SeO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;.

Incertitudes et crises épistémiques en périnatalité : Bébé Sapiens ou Bébé Demens ?

ContextIf scientific growth crises are occurring in all fields of knowledge, the field of perinatal care seems particularly exposed because of the central problem of the transmission of life between generations. The heuristic position of the baby makes it an indicator of the times. Ours is a fruitful period, open to multidisciplinary exchanges; we have an unprecedented capacity for interdisciplinary arguments for understanding the construction of the baby subject. However, there is a risk of an impoverished debate, even the extinction of this diversity, as different factions withdraw into rigid “biologizing” or “educational” positions. GoalsThis complexity requires a transversal meta-epistemological reflection on the different methods and on their implicits: their blind spots, of which we give a few examples. Consider the disruptions related to the recent surge of pseudo-organizations, pseudo-expertise, forged with great financial resources but erasing, in a way, collective progress in improving practices? What about arbitrary divisions of the newborn, which are based neither on the fine physiology of this unique moment for both mother and baby, nor on the group capacity – customary collective scansions – that the socius never fails to provide? How can we measure the presence of deregulated destructiveness in these unregulated proposals, made glaring by the major environmental crisis that we are going through? MethodWithin various scientific fields, the trend is towards an impoverishment of the diversity of approaches that forged the discipline. Observing an irrational sidelining of psychoanalysis in the field of perinatal care, the author hypothesizes a hatred of psychoanalysis: a cyclical – rather than structural – phenomenon oscillating between moments of a “hatred of the meta position” and its obverse, a “fascination with the meta position.” ResultsThe (envious) attack would come from a false perception of psychoanalysis as overbearing, a corpus convinced of its singular, supreme hold on the truth. Will the notion of the narcissism of small differences shed light on the irrationality at work? The author then argues that the “meta-logical level” is nevertheless essential to the survival of each complex thought system. An examination of the excessively rapid evolution of attempts by physical science to model our representation of mental life, from thermodynamics, cybernetics, and (more recently) quantum physics, is offered as a “panorama” from which we can observe recent qualitative leaps of unprecedented scale. FindingsThe challenge of a societal metabolization of these fractures is significant; and the efforts of the philosophy of science in search of paradigms for an interdisciplinary dialogue is commendable. It is urgent to renew our points of view and to allow for conceptual changes. The author suggests turning to comparative anthropology as a way to provoke this ontological change.

Chromosomal level genome of Ilex asprella and insight into antiviral triterpenoid pathway

Ilex asprella is a widely used herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine for treating viral infection and relieving inflammation. Due to the earlier fruiting period of I. asprella, it is the major food source for frugivores in summer. Despite its pharmacological and ecological importance, a reference genome for I. asprella is lacking. By using Illumina, stLFR and Omni-C sequencing data, we present the first chromosomal-level assembly for I. asprella. The genome assembly size is 804 Mbp, with Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) score 94.4% for eudicotyledon single copy genes. Transcriptomes of leaves, stems, flowers, premature fruits and roots were analyzed, providing 39,215 gene models. The complete set of genes involved in the triterpenoids production is disclosed for the first time. We have also found the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), CYP716s and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), which are responsible for the modification of triterpenoid backbones, resulting in the high variety of triterpenoid saponins.

Synergistic Effect of Dipping in Aloe Vera Gel and Mixing with Chitosan or Calcium Chloride on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Cold Storage Potential of Peach (Prunus persica L.) Fruits

Peach is a climacteric fruit characterized by a rapid maturation, high respiration level, weight loss, breakdown of texture, and interior browning. Fast tempering of the fruit and subsequent mold expansion caused a negative impact on the marketing. This study was carried out to estimate the synergistic influence of coating with Aloe vera gel (AVG) at 15% or 30% mixed with chitosan (CH) at 1.5% as a kind of natural polymers or calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 3% on physical and chemical features. We investigated the changes in antioxidant enzymes activities of peach fruits Prunus persica (L.) Metghamer Sultany. Fruits were kept at 3 ± 1 °C and relative humidity (RH) 85–90% for 36 days during two consecutive seasons (2020 and 2021). Results revealed that applying AVG at 30% blended with CH at 1.5% significantly impacted the storage period of peach fruits, reduced the ion leakage (IL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lessened weight loss. The differences were significant compared to the other treatments and untreated fruits (control) that exhibited the higher values for IL, MDA, and weight loss in the 36th day. Moreover, fruit quality features such as firmness, total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), and skin color chroma (c*), hue angle (h) were also maintained. Furthermore, this combination was raised of phenolic content, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), antioxidant enzyme activity such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and quench the generation of H2O2 and O2•−. It could be concluded that dipping peach fruits in AVG at 30% blended with CH at 1.5% retained the biological features of peach fruit at considerable levels during cold storing. Thus, this effective mixture can be utilized to prolong the storage and marketing period of peach fruits. Nevertheless, a more in-depth analysis is required for this edible coating to be successfully commercialized in the peach fruit post-harvest industry.

Effect of habitat fragmentation on the generative growth of Adansonia rubrostipa in dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar

Adansonia rubrostipa (MALVACEAE family) is a threatened endemic baobab tree species of western Madagascar that is classified as a species of least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List. Due to increased agricultural activity, its habitat is being modified and degraded. To assess the impact of habitat fragmentation on the generative growth of Adansonia rubrostipa, this initial study was undertaken. The production of fruits and seeds was compared during the fruiting period at four sites: 2 sites in undisturbed habitat (the Andranomena Special Reserve and Ampataka Forest) and 2 sites in disturbed habitat (Andranomena and Mangily villages) by using Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Our results showed that fruit and seed production differed significantly between the two types of habitats. Fruit production was significantly higher among individuals in the disturbed habitat than individuals in the undisturbed habitat (GLM: Wald Χ 2 = 31.475, df = 1, p < 0.001), while seed production per fruit was markedly higher among individuals in the undisturbed habitat than individuals in the disturbed habitat although not statistically significant. It seems that A. rubrostipa trees outside forest counterbalance the lower seed number per fruit by higher fruit production. However, this counterbalance mechanism may be not enough considering further forest habitat degradation. Therefore, it should be emphasized that forest fragmentation affects the generative reproduction of Adansonia rubrostipa. We recommend to develop conservation measures based on the theory of sustainable development in agricultural landscapes to maintain the baobab populations in good conditions in the future. • Forest fragmentation affects the generative reproduction of Adansonia rubrostipa . • The fragmentation of habitats may lead to a decrease in seed production of A. rubrostipa . • Baobabs outside forests produce significantly more fruits than in forests. • Conservation activity of baobabs in agricultural landscape is advised.

Population Fluctuations of the Major Lepidopteran Insect Pests of Date Palm at Al-Wahat Al-Baharia Region, Egypt.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Several insect pests infest the date palm and its fruit in the field and storage causing economic damage and affecting the tree productivity from one year to another and from one location to another due to the pest's status in the field. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the seasonal fluctuation of the important insect pests, &lt;i&gt;Arenipses sabella&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Batrachedra amydraula&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ephestia&lt;/i&gt; sp. during the 3 successive years in the date palm fields at Al-Wahat Al-Bahareia region in Egypt. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Three light traps were used to capture insects for 3 years, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The survey was done every 2 weeks for the three above-mentioned insects. Each year was divided into five periods according to the production of date palms. Also, the correlation coefficient was estimated between the population fluctuations and meteorological data. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In all three seasons, the number of all these insects increased gradually from the beginning of January till the fruiting period (end of July). Then, the numbers decreased gradually starting from August till the end of the year. The correlation coefficient for all estimated pests was more than R = 0.7 except for &lt;i&gt;Ephestia&lt;/i&gt; sp. with the humidity (R = 0.6049). &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; All studied lepidopteran insects are presented during the whole year and fluctuated with the highest peak at the fruiting period. Moreover, the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity is correlated with the high numbers of these insects. This study could help control these pests with different methods according to their estimated populations of them.

Effect of optimized fertilizer on leaf surface and yield of pear trees in repeated cultivation

The results of studies on the effect of optimized fertilization ofpear plantations of the varieties Conferentsia and Osnovianska on morphological changes of the leaf apparatus and the yield of trees grown on dark gray podzolic heavy loamy soil in the Right-Bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine are considered. Under the optimization of mineral nutrition of these pear varieties in the unirrigated plantation, in different age periods of growth and fruiting, a significant increase in the total leaf area, each leafplate and its thickness was observed on the plots of optimized background with the additional introduction of N30 and N30K30. The highest yields of both research pear varieties in the period of fruiting and growth were also provided by additional nitrogen and nitrogen-potassium nutrition with appropriate fertilization on the optimized background. In these cases, there was a significant increase in tree yield compared to the unfertilized, and fertilized with annual application of N90P60K90, where there was a less balanced ratio of N:P:K in plant nutrition, although the total amount of fertilizer was greater. Key words: pear, fertilizer, variety, leaves, harvest, growth periods

Production of Somatic Hybrids of Pleurotus florida Through Hyphae Anastomosis Fusion with Agaricus bisporus

Background: Production and cultivation of edible mushrooms are one of the commercial applications of microbial technologies in order to biodegrad agricultural waste into valuable food products. One of the edible mushrooms that uses these agricultural wastes for its growth and development is Pleurotus florida. In P. florida, various enzymes are responsible for the decomposition of lignin compounds in the compost environment from the beginning of mycelial growth to the end of the fruiting period. One of the most important of these enzymes is manganese peroxidase (MnP), which plays a major role in the breakdown of lignin compounds. In addition, the most important compost-degrading mushroom that produces the enzyme MnP is Agaricus bisporus. Objectives: The aim of this study was to produce hybrids of P. florida by increasing the production efficiency through hyphae fusion of P. florida and the A. bisporus. Methods: The hyphae fusion and hybridization were performed for two strains P. florida and A. bisporus, in PDA culture media. Samples were isolated from the fusion areas and were transferred to the culture media, and then spawn was produced. Performance testing was carried out with hybrids and P. florida. We designed a specific primer pair of P. florida MnP gene by Primer Premier software (V.7.0). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the MnP gene. For this purpose, RNAs were extracted, and their cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase enzyme. PCR with specific primers was performed, and electrophoresis was loaded on 1% agarose gel. Results: This study performed hybridization with formation clamp connections at the junction line. Hybrid N09 strain with biological efficiency (82.92) produced the highest performance in all evaluations compared to other hybrids and the parent strains. Based on the results of PCR product electrophoresis, banding pattern N09 (hybrid N09 strain) indicated that this hybrid, in addition to the P. florida MnP gene of P. florida, also received the amino acid sequences of this gene in A. bisporus. Conclusions: According to the obtained results, the use of hyphae fusion increased the traits as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of parent strains, followed by the diversity of hybrid strains and increased production yield.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE AND SPARE SUBSTANCES THE VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF HEMEROCALLIS HY-BRIDA OF THE BAMDERY CRISMAS VARIETY

In the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, a comparative study of the content of secondary metabolites, such as pectins, protopectins, catechins, flavonols, sugars, starch, saponins, ascorbic acid in the vegetative organs of Hemerocallis hybrida of the Bambery Crismas variety, was conducted for the first time. Comparative results of the quantitative composition of spare and biologically active substances in leaves and rhizomes during the three growing seasons of 2017–2019 were obtained. The dynamics of accumulation of these substances relative to the phenological phases of plant development of the Bambery Crismas variety is established. It is shown that the highest concentrations of pectin in rhizomes are observed in all years of the study in July during the flowering period (5.26–8.66%). In the leaves, high pectin readings were observed in different phenophases of plant development: in 2017 during the growing season (0.95%), in 2018 during the flowering period (1.59%), in 2019 during the fruiting period (1.27%). The maximum value of flavonols in the leaves (2.2%) during the fruiting period of plants was revealed. The content of saponins in the leaves corresponded to 12.96-32.81%, in the rhizomes 7.79–53.26% in different years of seasonal development and phenophase. The concentration of catechins in leaves is 2–10 times greater than in rhizomes. A high content of ascorbic acid in the leaves (104.7–120.2 mg%) was found. It was noted that the accumulation of starch in the underground organs of plants increased by 1.5 times in the pre-winter period compared to the spring-summer period and amounted to 27.8–48.4%. The analysis showed that the sugar content in the leaves differed depending on the growing season, but it was 2-8 times higher compared to the leaves. Indications of secondary metabolites in the organs of Bambery Crismas differ in specificity, depend on the growing seasons and phenological phases of the development of plants of this variety.

DYNAMICS OF THE ACCUMULATION OF FRUCTOSE-CONTAINING CARBOHYDRATES IN THE UN-DERGROUND ORGANS OF PLANTS FROM DIFFERENT FAMILIES

Fructose-containing carbohydrates (fructans) are sources of reserve nutrients for plants and ensure their adaptation to stressful environmental influences. We studied variability of content of these compounds during growing season. In species of Dicotyledonous (Echinacea pallida, Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae), Lithospermum officinale, Symphytum officinale (Boraginaceae)) content of glucofructans during the period of active growth was low, a significant part of them were low molecular weight compounds. By the end of growing season polymerization index rised and high molecular weight glucofructans prevailed. The separation in time of processes of intensive growth and accumulation of fructans was observed.&#x0D; For species of Allium (Monocotyledonous), maximum content of glucofructans was observed during the period of flowering and fruiting. In species of bulbous life form (A. caeruleum, A. aflatunense), accumulation of high molecular weight glucofructans proceeded simultaneously with a period of intensive growth and budding, polymerization index increased from the regrowth and reached a maximum by the time of flowering. In species of bulbous-rhizomatous life form (A. obliquum, A. ledebourianum, A. victorialis), content of glucofructans did not change during intensive growth or fell. The polymerization index decreased during this period, but reached its maximum during flowering and fruiting.&#x0D; Generative individuals of a number of species contained less low molecular weight glucofructans than virginal ones, but they had a greater amount of high molecular weight glucofructans and an increased polymerization index. These age states did not differ in the sum of glucofructans.