Fruiting Period Research Articles

A Taxonomic Study of the Genus <i>Cassia</i> Linn. in Rajasthan

Twenty one species of the genus Cassia Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae) occur Rajasthan. The present paper deals with the correct identity, nomenclature and taxonomic status of the taxa. Short diagnostic description of each species has been given along with the ecological notes, local name, flowering and fruiting period, local uses and geographical distribution. More emphasis has been laid on the extra-floral nectaries, number and shape of anthers and on the areole of the seeds. A key for the identification of the taxa is given along with the figures of important plant organs of taxonomic value.

Supplement to the Synoptic Flora of Kota Division (S. E. Rajasthan) - III

The present paper includes the third supplementary list of 55 indigenous species belonging to 34 genera and two families viz. Gyperaceae and Poaceae, in continuation of earlier published works on the vegetation of Kota division. The specific names are followed by their important synonyms and/or field numbers, affinities with allied taxa, frequency and abundance in the area, exact locality, of occurrence and flowering and fruiting period.

Preparation of modified atmosphere packaging based on the respiratory characteristics of cherry tomato and its freshness preservation application

Cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) belongs to the respiratory leap type of fruit, post-harvest respiratory metabolism exuberant, easy to lead to nutrient loss, tissue destruction, and then rotting and deterioration, seriously affecting its commercial value. Therefore, research on post-harvest preservation technology of cherry tomatoes is crucial for related industries. Spontaneous modified atmosphere film packaging technology can extend the storage period of fruits and vegetables by adjusting the gas concentration of the storage environment, so that the fruits and vegetables can be maintained at a level suitable for their storage. In this study, the respiration model of cherry tomatoes at different temperatures was established by measuring the respiration rate of cherry tomatoes at different temperatures. It was found that the respiration rate of cherry tomatoes increased with increasing temperature and gradually decreased with increasing storage time. T-test results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental values and the predicted values. The chemical kinetic model and its equilibrium equation were used to determine the parameters of modified atmosphere packaging of cherry tomatoes. PEG/PVDF membranes and SPEEK/PEG/PVDF blend membranes were prepared with sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) according to the parameters of modified atmosphere membranes to keep cherry tomatoes fresh. The results showed that there was a significant effect of package method on the preservation parameters of cherry tomatoes, the SPEEK/PEG/PVDF membrane treatment group significantly reduced the weight loss rate of cherry tomatoes and maintained the lower film permeability and higher sound fruit rate, hardness, titratable acid (TA) content, VC content and total soluble solids (TSS) content of cherry tomatoes. It can effectively delay the ripening and senescence of cherry tomatoes and extend the fruit storage period.

CRANIOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HUMAN FETAL SKULL

The purpose of the study – to ascertain the regularities of the age-related dynamics ofmorphometric changes of the skull in the fetal period of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. 59 specimens and 12 computed tomography (CT) scans of theskulls of human fetuses aged from 4 to 10 months of intrauterine development (IUD)were studied. A complex of morphological research methods was applied, which includedanthropometry, morphometry, three- dimensional reconstruction and statistical analysis.The results. It has been established that the longitudinal and transverse dimensions, thecircumference of the cerebral part of the skull grow almost uniformly before birth, but bythe 5th month of the IUD, a more accelerated growth is observed, due to which the scatterdiagram has the appearance of a logarithmic dependence. A somewhat uneven growth ofthese morphometric indicators is also observed in the age-related changes in the width andupper height of the face. The growth of the facial angle during the fetal period was revealed,which can be explained by the development of the mandible («pushing» it forward). At the same time, the basilar angle slightly decreases during the fetal period of development,which can be explained by the increase in the brain volume. The basilar angle increaseswith the age of the fetus, but somewhat unevenly in leptins, i. e., until the beginning of the6th month, it almost does not change, during the 6th-7th months it increases intensively,and then slows down again until the end of the fetal period of IUD. In euryons, there isa uniform growth of the basilar angle throughout the fruiting period of development, andmore intensively than in the average morphotype – mesens. Analysis of the correlation offetal age, cranial index, and basilar angle size showed even more significant anatomicalvariability. Thus, if in dolicho- and mesomorphs the basilar angle grows almost uniformlyduring the fetal period, then in brachymorphs it first intensively decreases until the 6thmonth of development, and then begins to grow until the newborn period. It should be notedthat a similar feature is observed in the dynamics of age-related changes in the facial angle,in addition to slowing down its growth from the 8th month in dolichomorphs.Conclusions. 1. Regression analysis of the correlation of age, morphotype indicators, andbasilar and facial angles made it possible to establish patterns of individual morphometricvariability of the skull in the dynamics of the fetal period of prenatal human development,as well as to identify critical periods of morphogenesis of the brain and facial parts ofthe skull, which are 6-7 months in leptins, the 6th month – for brachymorphs and the 8thmonth – for dolichomorphs. 2. The size of the basilar angle of the skull is an importantdiagnostic and prognostic indicator in combination with indices that characterize themorphotype of the individual, for monitoring the normal development of the skull andbrain of the fetus.

New record of Distimake ternifoliolus (Pittier) A.R.Simões & Staples (Convolvulaceae Juss.) from the Brazilian savanna reveals its disjunct distribution pattern

We present the first record of Distimake ternifoliolus (Pittier) A.R.Simões & Staples (Convolvulaceae) from the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado). This is a rare species, previously known only from the savannas of the Venezuelan Llanos and the Guianas. We provide a key characters, data on geographic distribution, habitat, conservation status, flowering and fruiting period, updated distribution maps and a key for Distimake Raf. species from Ceará.

Evaluation of the yield of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars and their economic efficiency on commodity plantations in Poland in the years 2020–2022

The selection of suitable highbush blueberry cultivars is a prerequisite for obtaining an optimal yield that determines the profitability of production and competitiveness on the market. The study assessed the production efficiency of highbush blueberry cultivars concerning the fruiting period, taking into account the size of the plantation, and evaluated the economic efficiency of the fruiting period. Production efficiency was assessed based on yields obtained according to data from 15 production plantations from all over Poland in 2020–2022. Economic efficiency was determined by analysing the production value, the amount of costs, and the Gross Margin. It was shown that yields of highbush blueberry cultivars differed depending on the ripening time. Generally, the highest yields were obtained in cultivating varieties with middle ripening time. The analyses show that the most prolific varieties in the three-year study, starting from the early to late ones, were Spartan and Duke, Bluecrop, Chandler, Aurora and Nelson. The cultivation of highbush blueberries was profitable in all the analysed plantation groups in the analysed years, although the level of economic production efficiency differed depending on the fruiting period of the cultivated varieties.

Russian Emigrant Publishing House “Northern Lights” in Sweden (1920—1923): History and Significance

The “peripheral” status of the Russian emigration community in Sweden is due to the geographical location of the country and the absence of major publishing centers. The most fruitful period for the Russian Abroad in Sweden was the first half of the 1920s. At that time, the publishing enterprise “Northern Lights”, founded by I.A. Lundel and E.A. Lyatsky, was operating in Stockholm. During 1920—1923 the organization published about two dozen editions. These were mainly fiction, entertainment, popular science and practical books. A study of the external and internal conditions of the book market showed that it was E.A. Lyatsky who predetermined the short-term success of the organization and its further fate. The publishing house was closed down as unprofitable due to its reliance on expensive quality editions, unprofitable sales logistics and unfulfilled co-operation with Soviet Russia. Professor E.A. Lyatsky repeatedly tried to save “Northern Lights”, even to the point of moving the organization to Czechoslovakia. Nevertheless, having given his enterprise a name and built up a reputation, he did not preserve the repertoire, staff and internal culture. This project was important for E.A. Lyatsky, but only a stage in his humanitarian and informational struggle against Bolshevism. It is on the example of “Northern Lights” and especially the personality of its founder that the mission, values and political orientation of the Russian emigration as a whole can be clearly traced. It is important to comprehensively evaluate this historical experience in the context of the development of modern Russia.

Features of the Genre and Style of the Historical and Heroic Opera “Jiang Jie”

Being internationally recognised and having received many state awards, the historical and heroic opera “Jiang Jie”, or “Sister Jiang”, is considered as one of the peaks of national Chinese music. The work is little studied in the Russian scientifi c literature. The music of the opera is based on Sichuan folk songs and their characteristic pentatonic mode, elements of Sichuan and other types of opera, including Beijing, Yu, Yue, Hang Tang, Yang Qin and others. The score includes spoken dialogue, mass and domestic scenes, as in folk Chinese drama, as well as vocal forms, choral and symphonic pieces, as in Western European opera, which gave “Sister Jiang” the features of the genre and style of modern Chinese opera in the Western European style. All this speaks of the development of the national musical theatre traditions in the conditions of a new musical language of the 20th century. The study of this process seems relevant in the context of the problem of preserving national identity in the musical art of China. The article presents the results of an analysis of the features of the genre and style of “Sister Jiang” as a historical and heroic opera in Chinese in the Western European style, which crowns one of the most fruitful periods in the development of modern Chinese musical drama.

A Study of the Relationship between Initial Grape Yield and Soil Properties Based on Organic Fertilization

Increasing the use of organic fertilizers is an effective measure to improve, increase soil fertility and maintain crop yields. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different types of organic fertilizers on the early yield of grapes and soil parameters, as well as the relationship between soil parameters and grape yield under fertilization conditions. The ‘Shine Muscat’ grape was used as the material, with early maturing cultivation in the solar greenhouse. From the time of grape planting, three-year continuous fertilization management was carried out using five types of base fertilizers: chemical fertilizer (CK), fermented corn stalk residue (A1), mature sheep manure (A2) and two types of commercial organic fertilizers (B1 and B2). In the third year, berry and soil samples were collected to determine grape yield and evaluate soil physicochemical properties, nutrient status and changes in enzyme activity, studying the relationship between grape yield and soil indicators. The results show that compared to CK, the grape yields with B1 and B2 increased by 19.04% and 16.26%, respectively, while A1 and A2 decreased by 24.09% and 18.97%. Organic fertilizer application reduced soil bulk density, increased soil porosity, enhanced soil organic matter content and effectively buffered soil pH levels. Two types of commercial fertilizers (B1 and B2) improved soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen and available phosphorus content to varying degrees. All organic fertilizer treatments effectively increased soil enzyme activity, except for soil sucrase activity. Through correlation and regression analyses, it was found that in this study, the levels of available nitrogen, available potassium and soil saccharase activity were most closely related to early grape yield. Their influence on grape yield was in the order of available nitrogen > soil saccharase activity > available potassium. Therefore, with a combined organic and inorganic basal fertilization system, the fertilizer nutrients are more comprehensive and help to increase the productivity of grapes at the beginning of the fruiting period. Nitrogen and phosphorus are very important in the maintaining of grape yields and improving sucrose activity in the soil through the application of organic fertilizers cannot be ignored when increasing yields.

Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 on Inter-Root Substrate Environment of Cucumber under Low-Calcium Stress

(1) Background: Low-calcium stress can have adverse effects on the rhizosphere environment of cucumber, subsequently impacting cucumber growth. However, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria can directly or indirectly enhance plant growth and induce plant tolerance, thereby mitigating the detrimental effects of low-calcium stress on cucumber growth. This study aims to elucidate the role of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 in the rhizosphere environment of cucumber under low-calcium stress, providing a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. (2) Methods: This study used the ‘JinYou NO.4′ cucumber variety as test material, setting four treatments of CK, CK+Q, LCa, LCa+Q. We conducted measurements of plant height and stem diameter for four groups of cucumber plants: before treatment (0 d), and at 10 d, 20 d, 30 d, and 60 d after treatment. Additionally, we determined the biomass of cucumber plants under different treatments during the peak fruiting period. Inter-root matrix samples of cucumber were collected during the fruiting late period, and the physical and chemical properties and nutrient contents of the inter-root matrix of cucumber were determined, and bacterial microbial diversity and bacterial microbial communities were analysed using Illumina-MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. (3) Results: Low-calcium stress significantly inhibits the growth of cucumber plants. However, the application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 effectively mitigates the inhibitory effects of low-calcium stress on cucumber growth. The application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 was able to improve the physicochemical environment of the matrix and enhanced the absorption and utilisation of matrix nutrients in cucumber. The high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the richness and diversity of bacterial communities and the number of bacteria decreased significantly under low-calcium stress, and increased significantly after the application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713. The composition of the dominant bacterial groups of the inter-root matrix of cucumber was basically the same among the four treatments, and the main difference was in the abundance of bacteria. The application of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 increased the relative abundance of bacteria that decreased under low-calcium stress, and decreased the relative abundance of bacteria that increased under low-calcium stress. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study elucidated the positive effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 on the growth and inter-root environment of cucumber under low-calcium stress, and provided a theoretical basis for in-depth research on the resistance of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its popularised application.

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on skin greasiness and quality of 'Yuluxiang’ pear during storage at 20°C

During storage at 20°C, specific pear cultivars may exhibit a greasy texture and decline in quality due to fruit senescence. Among these varieties, 'Yuluxiang’ is particularly susceptible to peel greasiness, resulting in significant economic losses. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a preservative that can effectively inhibit the development of greasiness. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) in extending the storage period of fruits. We hypothesize that it may also influence the occurrence of postharvest peel greasiness in the 'Yuluxiang’ pears. In this study, we treated 'Yuluxiang’ pears with 1-MCP. We stored them at 20°C while analyzing the composition and morphology of the surface waxes, recording enzyme activities related to wax synthesis, and measuring indicators associated with fruit storage quality and physiological characteristics. The results demonstrate that prolonged storage at 20°C leads to a rapid increase in skin greasiness, consistent with the observed elevations in L*, greasiness score, and the content of total wax and greasy wax components. Moreover, there were indications that cuticular waxes underwent melting, resulting in the formation of an amorphous structure. In comparison to controls, the application of 1-MCP significantly inhibited increments in L* values as well as grease scores while also reducing accumulation rates for oily waxes throughout most stages over its shelf period, additionally delaying transitions from flaky-wax structures towards their amorphous counterparts. During the initial 7 d of storage, several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of greasy wax components, including lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipase D (PLD), and β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), exhibited an increase followed by a subsequent decline. The activity of LOX during early shelf life (0–7 d) and the KCS activity during middle to late shelf life (14–21 d) were significantly suppressed by 1-MCP. Additionally, 1-MCP effectively maintained firmness, total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA) contents, peroxidase (POD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities while inhibiting vitamin C degradation and weight loss. Furthermore, it restrained polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, ethylene production, and respiration rate increase. These findings demonstrate that 1-MCP not only delays the onset of peel greasiness but also preserves the overall storage quality of 'Yuluxiang’ pear at a temperature of 20°C. This study presents a novel approach for developing new preservatives to inhibit pear fruit peel greasiness and provides a theoretical foundation for further research on pear fruit preservation.

Composition of biologically active substances of common cranberry fruits (Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) in various methods of preservation

Introduction. The study of common cranberry fruits is promising due to the wide variety of biologically active substances included in their composition, a wide range of therapeutic properties, as well as the ability of cranberry fruits for long-term storage and resistance to harsh environmental conditions. Fresh fruits contain the maximum amount of biologically active substances and, accordingly, have the most pronounced pharmacological effect. To preserve the composition and content of biologically active substances, preservation is used in pharmacy. Most often they resort to drying. Freezing can be considered a new and promising method for preserving the quality of medicinal plant materials. Purpose of the study. Study of the effect of freezing and drying on the qualitative composition and quantitative content of biologically active substances in common cranberry fruits. Material and methods. The object of the study was fresh, frozen, and dried common cranberry fruits collected in the Pskov and Novgorod regions in 2022 during the fruiting period. The study of the composition of biologically active substances (BAS) and quantitative assessment of the content were carried out according to pharmacopoeial methods, using analysis using thin layer chromatography (TLC), spectrophotometry and redox titration methods. Results. Using TLC analysis, organic acids (ascorbic, malic, citric, tartaric and succinic), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin), tannins (gallic acid) and anthocyanins were identified in the fruits. There were no differences in the qualitative composition of dried and frozen fruits. The content of organic acids, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins in cranberry fruits using different preservation methods was determined. It has been established that when fruits are dried, the content of all studied groups of biologically active substances decreases, on average by 40–60% of the initial content in fresh raw materials. Ascorbic acid is destroyed to a greater extent (90–92%). Exposure to low temperatures leads to a slight decrease in biologically active substances in common cranberry fruits (7–14%). Conclusion. The influence of preservation methods on the composition and content of biologically active substances in common cranberry fruits has been studied. The possibility of using frozen cranberry fruits as an alternative to fresh and dried raw materials in the manufacture of drugs in allopathy and homeopathy has been shown.

Incubation period of axenic shiitake (Lentinula edodes L.) blocks

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is the most produced mushroom in the world and has a long incubation period, which precedes the productive phase, being the only mushroom produced in axenic blocks, which, after completing the mycelial colonization, initiates the maturation of the mycelium forming a brown cover. Many producers are told that when they find contaminated blocks in their production, they must discard them immediately. On the other hand, producers report that over the fruiting period, some blocks contaminate more than others. The objective of this work is to identify the best incubation period for productivity and occurrence of contaminants. Incubation periods of 70, 80, 90, 100 and 110 days were tested. Production precocity, productivity and biological efficiency, average number and mass of mushrooms, brown cap formation area, number of points of contamination and identification of contaminant species were evaluated. The results obtained show that the best incubation period was 70 days.

MEDICINAL USES, PRESERVATION, PROMOTION AND CRITICAL STUDY OF DASHMOOLA: AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT DESCRIBED IN AYURVEDA SCRIPTURE

Ayurveda is a scientific method of ancient medicine, in which single and mixed medicines are used multiple times for medicine, in which Dashmoola has its special place. Ashtavarga, Pañcamūla, Trinapanchamoola and Dashmoola are widely used as mixed medicinal components. Dashmoola is made up of two words Dash and Moola, which means "root of ten medicines", i.e., roots of ten medicinal plants are taken in equal proportion. Generally, it is considered to be a combination of the Brihit and Laghu Pañcamūla. Of these ten roots, five roots are of trees known as Bṛhat Pañcamūla and five roots are of bushes known as Laghu Pañcamūla. Bṛhat Pañcamūla includes Bilva [Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa], Gambhari (Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.), Agnimantha (Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.), Patla [Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC.], Shyonak [Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz] while Laghu Pañcamūla includes Brihati (Solanum indicum L.), Gokharu (Tribulus terrestris L.), Kantakari (Solanum virginianum L.), Prshniparni [Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. Ex DC.], Shalaparni [Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. ex H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi]. Dashmoola is used for the treatment of various diseases, sach as arthritis, asthma, headache, prenatal problems, Parkinson's disease, muscle cramps, lower back pain, etc. In the present review article, habitat, distribution, ecological note, common and vedic nomenclature, flowering and fruiting period, conservation status and medicinal properties of each plant in Dashmoola, have been discussed in detail and Herbarium sheet with field numbers of all plants are available in the Patanjali Research Foundation Herbarium

The Shifting Faces of Epic Heroes: Unity and Diversity in Seventeenth-Century English Literary Criticism

Seventeenth-century England, renowned for its epic poems, stands as one of the most fruitful periods in the history of English literary criticism in terms of epic theory. One of the most significant topics of literary criticism during this era is the evolution of epic heroes. The critics at the time had comprehensive knowledge of the existing pagan and Christian traditions of epic heroes which were varied and interwoven. Moreover, the critics of the period were well acquainted with the literary criticisms of late Renaissance Italy and seventeenth-century France. However, they did not simply absorb influences from Greek, Roman, French, and Italian sources. Instead, English critics engaged in an active dialogue with these traditions, interpreting and adapting their ideas in light of their own cultural, historical, and theological context. This enabled critics to create individual approaches towards epic heroes, thereby making English literary criticism diverse but also too fragmented to form a cohesive group. This aspect of the period makes drawing the contours of the epic heroes immensely challenging. However, despite the overriding eclecticism inherent in the literary criticism of the period, this article indicates that there is a surprising degree of consensus on certain characteristics of epic heroes. Accordingly, this article examines the concept of epic heroes in seventeenth-century English literary criticism, focusing on four key aspects: the didactic role of epic heroes, their depiction as paragons of virtue, the significance of their lineage, and the intricate process of Christianising them.

PENERAPAN METODE SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE (SVM) PADA KLASIFIKASI JENIS CENGKEH BERDASARKAN FITUR TEKSTUR DAUN

Leaves are a very important plant component because they play an important role in differentiating plant species, including clove plants. Currently, the identification of clove species, namely Afo, Siputih, and Zanzibar, relies on manual observation of the characteristics of the fruit and flowers, which can take a long time, especially considering the long fruiting period of the clove plant. To answer this problem, the authors conducted a study to classify the three types of clove leaves based on the characteristics and texture of the Gray gray-level co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), which includes four parameters: Contrast, Correlation, Energy, and Homogeneity. 
 The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm processes extracted feature values and accurately class leaves. This study achieves the highest accuracy of 56.67% on an image size of 250x250 pixels and 48.33% on an image size of 150x150 pixels using 150 training data and 60 test data. These results indicate the potential of automatic leaf classification in efficiently identifying clove plant species.
 Keywords : Clove, Leaf, Processing, Texture, SVM

Quantitative Determination of Four Lignans in Phyllanthus niruri L. by HPLC

A simple analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of four main lignans (niranthin, nirtetralin B, hypophyllanthin, and phyltetralin) in Phyllanthus niruri L. plant samples from Guangxi province, China. The aim was to validate the accumulation rule in the growth periodicity of the active lignans for anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV). The results indicated that the active lignans niranthin and nirtetralin B were mainly distributed in the leaves of Phyllantthus niruri L., and the highest total content was found in the end of July to August (full fruiting period). Therefore, the Phyllanthus niruri L. of Guangxi province (China) should be collected for antihepatitis B treatment on the full fruiting period (the end of July to August), and its leaves might be the main part for collection. The results of the study provided a strong support for the use of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Guangxi province, China.

루바브를 첨가한 치아바타 품질특성 및 최적화 조건에 관한 연구

The average temperature that rises every year is expected to change to a subtropical climate by 2080, mainly in the central inland region. In this case, interest in research on subtropical vegetables as a new income replacement crop in the future is increasing. Among them, rubab has a high organic acid content, so it has a flavor of fruit, is widely used as a fruit substitute during the non-harvest period of fruit, and its functional value has been recognized, such as being used in various ways for confectionery. This study presented the optimal conditions for ciabatta with rubab based on the Design Expert 10 program based on sensory tests and literature surveys. Accordingly, the optimal conditions were 28.5g of rye flour and 152.5g of rubab. The sensory test results of chiata with optimized rubab showed color (5.67), taste (5.93), appearance (5.27), texture (6.00), etc. As a result of analyzing the antioxidant power of ciabatta with rubab, 21.51% of general ciabatta and 38.18% of ciabatta with rubab were added, which supports the antioxidant power of ciabatta with rubab. It is expected to lower the barriers to entry of subtropical vegetables for easy access to the general public, use them for various foods, and use them as research data for diet and alternative food development.

Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Cutting on the Synthesis of Flavonoids and Saponins in Chinese Herbal Medicine Astragalus mongholious.

Astragali Radix, derived from the roots of Astragalus mongholicus, is a traditional Chinese medicine containing flavonoids and saponins as its key ingredients. With a shortage in the wild sources of the herbal plant, it is especially important to explore a cultivation mode for A. mongholicus for medicinal purposes. Cutting, a physical environmental stress method, was used in this study with the objective of improving the quality of this herbal legume. We found that cutting of the top 1/3 of the aboveground part of A. mongholicus during the fruiting period resulted in a significant increase in the content of flavonoids and saponins, as well as in root growth, including length, diameter, and dry weight. Furthermore, the leaves were sampled and analyzed using a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis approach at five different time points after the treatment. Sixteen differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids were identified; these were found to stimulate the synthesis of flavonoids such as formononetin and calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside. Moreover, we identified 10 DEGs that were associated with the biosynthesis of saponins, including astragaloside IV and soyasaponin I, and found that they only regulated the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway. These findings provide new insights into cultivating high-quality A. mongholicus, which could potentially alleviate the scarcity of this valuable medicinal plant.

The genus Holigarna Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. (Anacardiaceae) in the central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

The article deals with the taxonomy of the genus Holigarna found in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Five species of Holigarna have been reported from the Western Ghats of Karnataka. The field surveys, herbarium examinations, and literature references provided the information on endemism, correct names, a short description, flowering & fruiting period, distribution, and illustrations & photographs of all the five species of the genus Holigarna.