Fruit Resources Research Articles

Wild gibbons plan their travel pattern according to food types of breakfast.

Planning for the future is a complex skill that is often considered uniquely human. This cognitive ability has never been investigated in wild gibbons (Hylobatidae). Here we evaluated the movement patterns from sleeping trees to out-of-sight breakfast trees in two groups of endangered skywalker gibbons (Hoolock tianxing). These Asian apes inhabit a cold seasonal montane forest in southwestern China. After controlling for possible confounding variables including group size, sleeping pattern (sleep alone or huddle together), rainfall and temperature, we found that food type (fruits or leaves) of the breakfast tree was the most important factor affecting gibbon movement patterns. Fruit breakfast trees were more distant from sleeping trees compared with leaf trees. Gibbons left sleeping trees and arrived at breakfast trees earlier when they fed on fruits compared with leaves. They travelled fast when breakfast trees were located further away from the sleeping trees. Our study suggests that gibbons had foraging goals in mind and plan their departure times accordingly. This ability may reflect a capacity for route-planning, which would enable them to effectively exploit highly dispersed fruit resources in high-altitude montane forests.

Considering vertical space reveals hidden links and increased modularity of plant–frugivore networks

Plant–frugivore networks often display vertical structure in forest communities because of vertical distribution of fruit resources and animal feeding niches on and under trees. However, how vertical stratification of fruit sources and animal feeding niches affect the structure and functioning of frugivory networks has not previously been well studied. We used infrared cameras under trees and direct observations on trees to extensively sample the whole frugivory networks in a subtropical forest in Southwest China. We analyzed the structure of on‐the‐tree, under‐the‐tree, space‐free aggregated (where links lacked vertical spatial information), and space‐based aggregated frugivory networks (where links included vertical spatial information). We uncovered vertical differentiation in frugivore composition (dissimilarity > 0.7) and less than 5% overlap of links occurring both under and on trees. Network analyses revealed high complementarity between the under‐ and on‐the‐tree frugivory networks. Modularity and specialization increased when space‐based hidden links (i.e. considering spatial locations) were included. Overall, we conclude that consideration of vertical structure (on‐the‐tree versus under‐the‐tree) in frugivore networks can enhance our understanding of the seed dispersal process and frugivore co‐existence in forests.

Long-term home range stability provides foraging benefits in western gorillas.

Long-term home range stability presumably emerges because familiarity with an area improves fitness through increased foraging efficiency, reduced predation risk, or reduced costs of intergroup aggression. While the use of spatial memory by primates has been widely demonstrated, few studies have examined whether long-term space use creates opportunities for interannual reuse of spatial knowledge. Here we examine the ranging behavior of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) to assess the degree of long-term site fidelity and the foraging consequences of reuse of space. We measured interannual home range overlap over a 10-year period for a single group of gorillas at the Mondika Research Center, using both grid-based and kernel density estimation. By plotting the total area used over time, we identified periods of home-range stability and expansion. We compared foraging and ranging behavior in familiar versus unfamiliar areas, considering fruit trees visited, dietary diversity, and daily path length, to determine whether the lack of spatial knowledge in unfamiliar areas was associated with foraging costs. Average interannual home range overlap by the group remained high throughout the study. During periods of home range expansion, daily path lengths increased but not the number of fruit trees visited, suggesting that reduced familiarity with the area led to decreased foraging efficiency because individuals lacked prior knowledge of where to find resources. Western gorillas at Mondika exhibit long-term home range stability, presumably reflecting a strategy that relies on the use of spatial memory to increase foraging efficiency that is favored by their reliance on ephemeral fruit resources.

Characterization of the key odorants and investigation of the effects of drying methods on the aroma, taste, color and volatile profiles of the fruit of Clausena anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr.

With a distinctive aroma, Shanhuangpi (SHP), the fruit of the plant Clausena anisum-olens (Blanco) Merr., has been newly developed as a commercial fruit resource. The fresh fruit deteriorates rapidly due to its high respiration and metabolism. Therefore, an effective drying process is urgently needed for its preservation. The influence of two commonly used drying methods for plant materials, i.e., vacuum freeze-drying (VFD) and hot air drying (HAD) was evaluated on the aroma, taste, color, and volatile profiles of this fruit. The results indicated that the VFD process well retained the color and volatile composition of the fresh fruit but produced extra graininess and sticky mouthfeel. Alternatively, the HAD process offered a shorter drying time, kept a more palatable sour/sweet ratio, but created a darker brown color and shrinking texture of the fruit. The volatile components were enriched by the micro-chamber/thermal extractor (μ-CTE) and 38 compounds were identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen odor-active compounds (detection frequency ≥4) were detected by gas chromatography–olfactometry. Results obtained in this study can be served as a reference for the evaluation and further development of SHP.

Association patterns in a high-elevation chimpanzee community in Rwanda

Investment in social interaction and affiliative behaviour is often related to variation in sex-specific dispersal patterns among species but can also vary within species in response to local environmental conditions and feeding competition. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) association patterns have been studied primarily in low and mid-elevation tropical forests. This study adds to our understanding of association patterns in chimpanzees by presenting the first data on association patterns in a high-elevation population at Nyungwe in equatorial Rwanda. Using data on co-occurrence in social parties (party association) and calculating gregariousness indices, we quantified levels of associations among age-sex classes relative to food (fruit) distribution and the presence of oestrous females. Overall, adult females in Nyungwe are less gregarious than males. Female but not male gregariousness increased when feeding on clumped foods, indicating that resource characteristics impact female association tendencies more intensely than males. Despite high elevation forests representing a habitat with relatively fewer fruit resources for chimpanzees, at an edge of range location, we found that gregariousness patterns were driven by similar factors as those in mid and low elevation chimpanzee populations.

The place of civic belonging: the dangers and possibilities of Anglican territorial embeddedness

ABSTRACT This contribution addresses pressing questions about English national identity and belonging through exploring Anglican polity and its relationship with place. I argue that the Church of England’s ‘territorial embeddedness’ has resources to offer to the present turmoil over what it means to belong to a national civic community. However, identifying these resources involves reckoning with the ways that the Church – in its relationship with territory – has itself historically displayed possessive and hierarchical tendencies. Through reckoning with this history I retrieve a theological account of the place of the church as undefended territory, in which there is genuine attachment to particular places that is (or should be) non-competitive. This non-competitive account of belonging is explored in terms of, first, federated modes of polity and, second, forms of collective responsibility for all the people of a land and all of that land’s history. In grappling with Anglicanism’s mottled identity, therefore, fruitful resources emerge for understanding belonging and responsibility within a place-tethered community – resources which can help to offer an alternative to narrow forms of nationalism and attendant civic alienation. In this way, there is scope for the Church of England to distinctively contribute to the cultivation of a truly common national life.

Food plant diversity in different-altitude habitats of Hainan gibbons (Nomascus hainanus): Implications for conservation

Knowledge of habitats and food distribution patterns of Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is essential for developing an effective conservation management for the threatened species. Despite having been rediscovered nearly a decade ago, very little is known about its food resources or habitats. In this study, we assessed differences in the food plant diversity as well as identifying the dominant species of food plants between the high- and low-altitude habitats of Hainan gibbons. We particularly focused on large trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) because they are recognized to provide abundant fruit resources and good environments to gibbons. Results showed that food plants richness, and large food plants richness with abundance at high-altitude habitat were significantly higher than low-altitude ones.The species similarity between the two habitats was low, exhibiting rich berry food plants in the primary mountain rainforest and rich nut-type food plants in the secondary lowland rainforest, respectively. The findings suggest that the high-altitude forests are the current optimal habitat for gibbons which should be strictly protected for the survival of Hainan gibbons. The low diversity of large trees in the low-altitude secondary forests highlights the importance of large food plants for the development of secondary lowland rainforest as potential habitats for Hainan gibbons.

Genome resequencing clarifies phylogeny and reveals patterns of selection in the toxicogenomics model Pimephales promelas.

BackgroundThe fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a model species for toxicological research. A high-quality genome reference sequence is available, and genomic methods are increasingly used in toxicological studies of the species. However, phylogenetic relationships within the genus remain incompletely known and little population-genomic data are available for fathead minnow despite the potential effects of genetic background on toxicological responses. On the other hand, a wealth of extant samples is stored in museum collections that in principle allow fine-scale analysis of contemporary and historical genetic variation.MethodsHere we use short-read shotgun resequencing to investigate sequence variation among and within Pimephales species. At the genus level, our objectives were to resolve phylogenetic relationships and identify genes with signatures of positive diversifying selection. At the species level, our objective was to evaluate the utility of archived-sample resequencing for detecting selective sweeps within fathead minnow, applied to a population introduced to the San Juan River of the southwestern United States sometime prior to 1950.ResultsWe recovered well-supported but discordant phylogenetic topologies for nuclear and mitochondrial sequences that we hypothesize arose from mitochondrial transfer among species. The nuclear tree supported bluntnose minnow (P. notatus) as sister to fathead minnow, with the slim minnow (P. tenellus) and bullhead minnow (P. vigilax) more closely related to each other. Using multiple methods, we identified 11 genes that have diversified under positive selection within the genus. Within the San Juan River population, we identified selective-sweep regions overlapping several sets of related genes, including both genes that encode the giant sarcomere protein titin and the two genes encoding the MTORC1 complex, a key metabolic regulator. We also observed elevated polymorphism and reduced differentation among populations (FST) in genomic regions containing certain immune-gene clusters, similar to what has been reported in other taxa. Collectively, our data clarify evolutionary relationships and selective pressures within the genus and establish museum archives as a fruitful resource for characterizing genomic variation. We anticipate that large-scale resequencing will enable the detection of genetic variants associated with environmental toxicants such as heavy metals, high salinity, estrogens, and agrichemicals, which could be exploited as efficient biomarkers of exposure in natural populations.

Metabolomic Profiling and Molecular Networking of Nudibranch-Associated Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 001680

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the primary source of one of the growing public health problems that requires global attention, indicating an urgent need for new antibiotics. Marine ecosystems are characterized by high biodiversity and are considered one of the essential sources of bioactive chemical compounds. Bacterial associates of marine invertebrates are commonly a source of active medicinal and natural products and are important sources for drug discovery. Hence, marine invertebrate-associated microbiomes are a fruitful resource for excavating novel genes and bioactive compounds. In a previous study, we isolated Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 001680, coded as strain 63, from the Red Sea nudibranch Chromodoris quadricolor, which exhibited antimicrobial and antitumor activity. In addition, this isolate harbors several natural product biosynthetic gene clusters, suggesting it has the potential to produce bioactive natural products. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic profile of the isolated Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 001680 (strain 63) and to predict their potential role in the host’s survival. The crude metabolic extracts of strain 63 cultivated in two different media were characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The metabolomics approach provided us with characteristic chemical fingerprints of the cellular processes and the relative abundance of specific compounds. The Global Products Social Molecular Networking database was used to identify the metabolites. While 434 metabolites were detected in the extracts, only a few compounds were identified based on the standards and the public spectral libraries, including desferrioxamines, marineosin A, and bisucaberin, halichoblelide, alternarin A, pachastrelloside A, streptodepsipeptide P1 1B, didemnaketal F, and alexandrolide. This finding suggests that this strain harbors several novel compounds. In addition, the metabolism of the microbiome of marine invertebrates remains poorly represented. Thus, our data constitute a valuable complement to the study of metabolism in the host microbiome.

Ozone reduces the fruit decay of postharvest winter jujube by altering the microbial community structure on fruit surface

Microbial community structure on fruit surface plays an important role in fruit decay during postharvest storage, although the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Winter jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao) is a unique fruit resource with high edible and commercial value in China, while postharvest decay has always been a severe problem leading to short shelf life and poor quality of fruit. Ozone treatment is regarded as one of the most effective means to control decay and extend shelf life because of its cost-effective and eco-friendly properties. In the present study, three concentrations of ozone (2.5, 5 and 10 μL L−1) were found to reduce significantly postharvest decay of winter jujube on days 10 and 15, which were produced from Huanghua City, Hebei, China. High-throughput sequencing revealed significant changes in the bacterial and fungal communities in response to the application of ozone treatment, while Didymella, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Phialemoniopsis and Mycosphaerella were found to be the most abundant in fungi, and Methylobacterium, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Sphingomonas and Gluconobacter being the most abundant in bacteria. Results of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) indicated that ozone treatments considerably reduced the abundance of Rhizopus and Gluconobacter on the surface of winter jujube fruit. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis showed that Rhizopus was positively correlated with Gluconobacter (r = 0.97) while negatively correlated with Didymella (r = −0.96). By predicting the metabolic function, ozone may inhibit metabolic pathways including nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid degradation, respiration, and electron transfer, thereby reducing the incidence of fruit decay and maintaining the firmness of winter jujube fruit.

Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant and Hypolipidaemic Activities of a Polysaccharide From the Fruit of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A. C. Smith.

Kadsura coccinea fruit, a novel fruit resource, has attracted wide interest, but the physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of its polysaccharides remain unclear. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of a polysaccharide extracted from K. coccinea fruit polysaccharide (KCFP) and evaluated its antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities in vitro and in vivo. KCFP is an amorphous, thermally stable pectin heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 204.6 kDa that is mainly composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, galacturonic acid (molar percentage >70%) and glucuronic acid. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays and an iron reducing antioxidant power assay showed that KCFP has strong antioxidant capacity, while the bile acid binding assay showed that KCFP has hypolipidaemic potential in vitro. The antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities of KCFP were further evaluated in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidaemic mice. KCFP significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, decreased the malondialdehyde content, significantly reduced the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and increased the amount of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). These findings suggest that KCFP could be used as a functional food to remedy oxidative damage and hyperlipidaemia.

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Fruits from Different Varieties in China.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit is a fruit with nutritional and medicinal value. It is widely cultivated in different regions of China, which may result in differences in its chemical composition. In this research, 25 mulberry fruit samples from six provinces in China were investigated. The contents of anthocyanins were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of two main anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (C3R), ranged from 0.656 ± 0.006 mg/g to 4.367 ± 0.243 mg/g and from 0.226 ± 0.007 mg/g to 1.649 ± 0.013 mg/g, respectively. Additionally, the contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, vitamin C, titratable acids, reducing sugars and antioxidant capacity (FRAP, DPPH, scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity) were also assessed. The results and principal component analysis showed that the Zhongsang 5801 variety from Sichuan, Dechang had the greatest health value with the highest active compound contents. Based on our analysis, the variety from Sichuan, Dechang is a high-quality plant source for mulberry fruit cultivation. This research provides a basis for the rational development and utilization of mulberry fruit resources in China.

Fruit tree phenology in traditionally managed versus protected forests in Malaysian Borneo

AbstractCommunity‐managed forests (CF) bordering protected areas are critical to conservation in Borneo. Iban‐managed CF retain tree species characteristic of primary forests within pulau, remnant old growth forests conserved for harvesting forest products. However, the selective felling of large trees, and proximity to surrounding mixed‐use mosaic habitat, likely influence pulau structure and composition. Tropical Asian forests exhibit supra‐annual mast fruiting (3–7 years) and extended periods of fruit scarcity, but fruit trees encouraged and planted by communities, in mixed‐use mosaic bordering pulau, may benefit wildlife during periods of fruit scarcity. We investigated seasonal availability of foods important to wildlife within protected primary forest and pulau at the boundary of the Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary (LEWS), in Sarawak, Malaysia. We tracked the presence of fruits and seeds, comparing relative composition and fruiting activity between forests, using bi‐monthly phenology surveys across 50 locations (October 2016–2019). We also compared fruit presence along walking transects within LEWS’s primary forest and the mixed‐use mosaic in Iban territories. We found forests within and adjacent to LEWS shared similar composition, synchrony, and extended periods of fruit scarcity. Mixed‐use mosaic bordering pulau provided more consistent fruits, however, due largely to an invasive tree (Bellucia pentamera). Our study suggests pulau retain diversity and synchrony of fruit resources comparable to primary forest, sustaining valuable habitat for wildlife within the greater mixed‐use mosaic of traditional Iban land management practices. These findings are important for understanding resources available to wildlife outside of protected areas, and how CF contribute to conserving biodiversity.

Predation risk can modify the foraging behaviour of frugivorous carnivores: Implications of rewilding apex predators for plant-animal mutualisms.

Apex predators play key roles in food webs and their recovery can trigger trophic cascades in some ecosystems. Intra‐guild competition can reduce the abundances of smaller predators and perceived predation risk can alter their foraging behaviour thereby limiting seed dispersal by frugivorous carnivores. However, little is known about how plant–frugivore mutualisms could be disturbed in the presence of larger predators.We evaluated the top‐down effect of the regional superpredator, the Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus, on the number of visits and fruits consumed by medium‐sized frugivorous carnivores, as well as the foraging behaviour of identified individuals, by examining the consumption likelihood and the foraging time.We carried out a field experiment in which we placed Iberian pear Pyrus bourgaeana fruits beneath fruiting trees and monitored pear removal by frugivorous carnivores, both inside and outside lynx ranges. Using camera traps, we recorded the presence of the red fox Vulpes vulpes, the Eurasian badger Meles meles and the stone marten Martes foina, as well as the number of fruits they consumed and their time spent foraging.Red fox was the most frequent fruit consumer carnivore. We found there were fewer visits and less fruit consumed by foxes inside lynx ranges, but lynx presence did not seem to affect badgers. We did not observe any stone marten visits inside lynx territories. The foraging behaviour of red foxes was also altered inside lynx ranges whereby foxes were less efficient, consuming less fruit per unit of time and having shorter visits. Local availability of fruit resources, forest coverage and individual personality also were important variables to understand visitation and foraging in a landscape of fear.Our results show a potential trophic cascade from apex predators to primary producers. The presence of lynx can reduce frugivorous carnivore numbers and induce shifts in their feeding behaviour that may modify the seed dispersal patterns with likely consequences for the demography of many fleshy‐fruited plant species. We conclude that knowledge of the ecological interactions making up trophic webs is an asset to design effective conservation strategies, particularly in rewilding programs.

Chimpanzees as ecosystem service providers: Seed dispersal of an economically important plant resource

AbstractVertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal is vital to the maintenance of diversity in tropical ecosystems, and seed‐dispersing animals are increasingly thought to provide ecosystem services by dispersing the seeds of plant species utilized by people. However, few studies have demonstrated a link between vertebrate frugivores and plants used by people, thus limiting the generalizability of the seed‐disperser‐as‐ecosystem‐service‐provider concept. We examined the effectiveness of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) as seed dispersers (i.e., their influence on seedling recruitment) of an economically important fruit resource, Saba senegalensis, at the site of Fongoli, a savanna‐woodland environment in southeastern Senegal. The fruit from the Saba vine is commonly harvested from the wild by local people and is also an important food item for chimpanzees. We conducted germination experiments on gut‐passed seeds alongside non‐gut‐passed seeds and analyzed the germination success of chimpanzee‐dispersed seeds in situ. We also analyzed the effect of habitat type and canopy cover at each seed dispersal site to determine which sites are most suitable for Saba germination. Germination trials showed that chimpanzee gut passage and manual pulp removal increased the likelihood of germination over seeds left intact. Nearly a quarter of chimpanzee‐dispersed seeds germinated in situ and Saba seeds were distributed nonrandomly throughout Fongoli, with more dispersed seeds found in habitats most suitable for Saba germination. These results suggest that chimpanzees aid in the early stages of Saba recruitment and thus provide an ecosystem service via seed dispersal that may contribute to the well‐being of local people.Abstract in French is available with online material.

Calvin and Przywara's Analogia Entis: A New Start for an Old Debate

This paper brings the thought of John Calvin into dialogue with Erich Przywara's Analogia Entis in order to reboot the Reformed-Catholic dialogue on the analogy of being, which Karl Barth has tended to dominate. The paper begins by distilling from Analogia Entis, and explicating, nine key principles that express Przywara's understanding of the analogy of being (Part I). It then turns to the relationship between God and creation expressed in Calvin's Institutes 1.1–5, demonstrating that in these crucial opening chapters Calvin explicitly affirms his own version of each of these nine principles save one, which he explicitly endorses elsewhere in the Institutes (Part II). Based on this analysis, the paper proposes that the relationship between Calvin and Przywara ought best to be viewed as one of dissimilarity amid greater similarity and that Calvin be retrieved as a fruitful resource for Reformed-Catholic détente on the issue of ontology.

Biological properties and potential application of hawthorn and its major functional components: A review

• Hawthorn is a good source of health food and medicine. • Functional characteristics of hawthorn are summarized. • Phenols and flavonoids are major bioactive substances in hawthorn. • Hawthorn pectin oligosaccharides are helpful to improve lipid metabolism. • Polysaccharides of hawthorn can act as prebiotics. Hawthorn ( Crataegus ) widely distribute in the world, and is known as an excellent fruit resource commonly planted in China. It has been used for food and medicine for thousands of years in China. This paper surmised the up-to-date literatures on the functional properties of flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and polysaccharides of hawthorn. Meanwhile, the application prospects of hawthorn in functional foods are also prospected. These will be helpful for the developments of functional foods or deep-processing technologies of hawthorn.

Ethnobotanical notes on some potential wild edible fruits used by the Bhotia community of Niti Valley, Uttarakhand, India

The present study deals with the diversity, distribution and ethnobotany of wild edible fruits consumed by the Bhotia tribe of Niti valley, Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India. Most of these valuable resources fulfil the nutritional, health and economic requirements of Bhotia community up to a large extent. Though the wild edible fruits have great socio-economic significance in sustenance of many tribal/rural communities but due to the increasing trends of modernized agriculture, climate change and various natural and anthropogenic hazards, a large number of genetic resources of wild edible fruits are under severe threat, hence warrants immediate attention for their conservation, domestication and utilization through improvement/selection. Keeping this in view, ethnobotanical knowledge and diversity distribution patterns of 27 potential wild edible fruits consumed by Bhotia tribe in Niti Valley have been recorded with their botanical names, family, local names, uses and indigenous processing methods.

Green Plums Surface Defect Detection Based on Deep Learning Methods

Green plums are a characteristic fruit resource in China, with a long history of cultivation. Many surface defects will appear in the growth, transportation and preservation of green plums which seriously affect the processing quality of by-products. The existing manual sorting method of green plums is limited by the experience of workers. It is difficult to ensure the quality and speed of detection. Therefore, the formation of automatic detection of green plums surface defects is of great significance to the development of green plum industry. According to the surface defects of green plums, this paper divides green plums into five categories: rot, cracks, scars, spots and normal. A total of 1235 images of green plums were obtained by self-built image acquisition device. The WideResNet50-AdamW-Wce model based on WideResNet model was built to classify the surface defects of green plums. Accuracy, recall and F1-measure were selected as the indexes to evaluate the accuracy of classification. The accuracy of classification reached 98.95 %, and the classification accuracy of rain spots, normal, scars, rot and crack reached 100 %, 99.56 %, 98.59 %, 98.25 % and 96.10 % respectively. Comparing the performance of ResNet50-SGD, WideResNet50-SGD, WideResNet50-SGD-Wce and WideResNet50-AdamW network models, the F1-Measure based on WideResNet50-AdamW-Wce is the highest in each defect, and more greengage defect features can be learned. The detection results can meet the production needs of plum deep processing enterprises – evaluating 1800 green plums per hour on the assembly line.

Towards characterization of Eurasian crop fruit resources: biochemical marker profiles in Azerbaijani and Iranian pomegranate cultivars under cold stress.

Towards characterization of Eurasian crop fruit resources: biochemical marker profiles in Azerbaijani and Iranian pomegranate cultivars under cold stress.