Fruit Shell Research Articles

Mechanical and Morphological Characterization Analysis on Aegle marmelos Dispersed Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite

ABSTRACT This research is a study on the mechanical behavior of novel natural composites consisting of Aegle marmelos fruit resin and epoxy resin as matrix, basalt mat fibers, and Aegle fruit shell powder as reinforcement and fillers, respectively. The composites were fabricated using a hand-lay molding process having five layers of basalt mat fiber and Aegle marmelos shell powder with epoxy/Aegle resins as a matrix. Five weight fraction samples were fabricated, namely EB (basalt and epoxy), EBAP (basalt, epoxy, and Aegle shell Powder), EBAR1 (basalt, epoxy, and 100 g of Aegle resin), EBAR2 (basalt, epoxy, and 150-g Aegle resin), and EBARP (basalt, epoxy, 100 g of Aegle resin, and Aegle shell Powder). The specimens of ASTM standards for various tests were prepared using a water jet cutting process. The specimens were subjected to tensile, flexural, and impact testing. The EBARP composite showed better tensile, flexural, and impact strength, compared to other composites. The composites were subjected to FTIR analysis to understand the existence of bonds in the resin. 1,3-butadiene, vitamin A, and ethylene were noted in the FTIR analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images of the composites revealed strong bonding between the fiber and the matrices.

Lignin structural elucidation and compositions investigation of Camellia oleifera fruits collected from various locations

A sufficient understanding of structural characteristics of lignin is essential for the production of biomaterials, bioenergy, and biochemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. Camellia oleifera fruit shell (CFS) is a considerable waste lignocellulosic resource in the camellia seed oil production industry, and contains a large amount lignin. Herein, to understand the structural characteristics of CFS lignin, double enzymatic lignins (DEL) and acid-soluble lignins (ASL) from CFS collected from various locations were separated and thoroughly characterized. Additionally, to synthetically comprehend the difference among the six camellia varieties, the chemical compositions of the camellia fruits were also studied. The results showed that the ASL from XL210 shells showed the highest lignin derivative content (4.15 wt %). All DEL were of the SG-type with low S/G ratios (0.47–0.88) and homogeneous structures (Mw/Mn, 2.00–2.06). The DEL showed a high content of β−O−4 aryl ether linkages (41.89–48.26/100 Ar) and C−C interunit linkages, namely β−β (14.84–26.30/100 Ar) and β−5 (9.61–13.85/100 Ar). DELQD had the highest total phenolic OH content (2.64 mmol/g) among the six DEL. Finally, the structural models of the DEL were depicted. Understanding the chemical compositions of Camellia oleifera fruits and structural characteristics of the CFS lignins would facilitate the optimization of the pretreatment process and the deconstruction of the CFS, and in addition, it would be important for the future comprehensive utilization of Camellia oleifera fruits and the valorization of the CFS.

A discrete choice experiment to measure the Malawian potential market for Baobab fruit shell briquettes: Evidence from consumer preferences in Mzuzu City

Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, is mainly dependent on wood biomass for its energy supply. This biomass, in most cases, is procured in an unsustainable manner, such as from the country's dwindling natural forests. Under these circumstances, there is an urgent need to develop more environmentally friendly and reliable energy sources. Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruit shell, a waste product of baobab fruit pulp processing, has high lignin and cellulose contents with a good heating value. The main objective of this work is to determine the product characteristics desired by urban consumers of a substitute for firewood and charcoal. Using a discrete choice experiment, our work analyzes consumer preferences for Baobab fruit shell briquettes in Mzuzu City, as a potential alternative to current fuel sources for cooking and heating. A questionnaire divided into 3 parts was used to collect primary data from 203 consumers of fuelwood and/or charcoal. Apart from choice sets, respondents answered questions related to procurement issues of fuel sources, their relation to Baobab trees, and socioeconomic conditions. The results show that a higher willingness to pay is attached to the products with lower smoke formation, exclusion of children's help for procurement, and extensive time intervals for procurement needs.

Study on the Mechanical Properties and the Way of Breaking the Shell of Fresh Camellia oleifera Fruit

In this study, based on the physical and mechanical parameters of Camellia oleifera, the mechanical model of Camellia oleifera was rebuilt and analysed to reveal the damage mechanism of fruit shell breakage. The results revealed that under the same conditions (e.g., axial loading form), the stress of the fruit uniformly diffused from the extrusion point to the periphery and depth, and the maximum equivalent stress was 9.4104 Mpa. While under radial loading, the stress of the fruit extended axially along the dorsal line of the tea seed, and the maximum equivalent stress was 6.9467 Mpa. The maximum stress under the two loading modes occurred at the joint between the middle column of the shell and the calyx. The increased loading displacement decreased the stress on the fruit, making it easier to break the shell of Camellia oleifera by radial extrusion. The results can serve as a reference for the development of different equipment to break the shell of the Camellia oleifera fruit.

PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED CARBON OF PALMYRA PALM FRUIT SHELL (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) FROM KISAR ISLAND, SOUTHWEST MALUKU REGENCY FOR ADSORPTION OF METHYL RED DYE


 Palmyra palm is a species of palmae that grows a lot on Kisar Island where all parts of the plant can be utilized. However, the palmyra palm fruit shell has not been used and that is only thrown away. In this study, palmyra palm fruit shell were made as activated carbon and were characterized using XRD to determine the crystallinity properties of the palmyra palm fruit shell activated carbon and adsorption test was carried out to determine the capacity and efficiency of activated carbon adsorption to methyl red dye. The production of palmyra palm fruit shell activated carbon is carried out through the carbonization stage at 300°C for 1 hour, and followed by chemical activation using H3PO4 10% solution for 24 hours. The results of the analysis using XRD showed that the activated carbon of the palmyra palm fruit shell formed peaks with the highest intensity at diffraction angles of 2θ = 26.5241° and 27.6274° with d-spacing values ​​(Å) = 3.36059 and 3.22884, which are characteristic peaks of carbon and are amorphous. The adsorption of methyl red 20 ppm use batch method, with various contact times of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. The results of showed that on 15 minutes was the optimal time, with 0.25 gram mass of the adsorbent and the adsorption capacity and adsorption efficiency was 0.87 mg/g and 44.3%, respectively.

Assessment of the anti-hair loss potential of Camellia japonica fruit shell extract in vitro.

Hair loss is caused by various factors. Impacts of these factors are often overlapped and intensified. Currently, mitigation of hair loss is being studied by proliferating dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and inhibiting deleterious factors such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oxidative stress on hair growth. Camellia japonica (C.japonica) fruit shell is a discarded part. Its biological activity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the capacity of C.japonica fruit shell extract (CJFSE) for hair loss mitigation. MTT assay, spheroid culture and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to observe the proliferative effect of CJFSE on hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). Effects of CJFSE on DHT-induced hair loss were confirmed by Dkk-1 ELISA, β-galactosidase (β-gal) and 5α-reductase activity assay. In addition, effects of CJFSE on oxidative stress were confirmed through DPPH and ROS production assays. CJFSE increased the proliferation and spheroid size of HFDPCs. Expression levels of VEGF-A, Wnt-1, c-Myc and Cyclin D1 were upregulated by CJFSE. CJFSE also suppressed 5α-reductase activity and DHT-induced decrease in cell proliferation, Dkk-1 secretion and β-gal activity. Moreover, CJFSE showed DPPH scavenging activity and ameliorated hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS production and β-gal activity. Finally, gallic acid and protocatechuic acid were observed in CJFSE through HPLC analysis. CJFSE has the potential to alleviate hair loss by promoting hair cell growth and suppressing effects of DHT and oxidative stress on hair.

Microwave-assisted extraction of Swietenia macrophylla fruit shell and its application in corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl pickling environment

Microwave-assisted extraction of Swietenia macrophylla fruit shell and its application in corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 0.5 M HCl pickling environment

A BIOACTIVE COMPONENT MARMESIN FROM FERONIA LIMONIA FRUIT PERICARP: A REVIEW

Plants serve as a vast source for many phytoconstituents that exhibit pharmacological properties. Identification of such types of potential plants is of great significance in medicine. It's a necessity to study the pharmacognostic characteristics of any plant before using it in the field of research and pharmaceutical formulation. Feronia limonia plant is well known for its medicinal properties. Wood apple has antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity. In India, the fruit pericarp is used as a stomachic, diuretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiotonic and tonic to liver and lungs. Fruit pericarp of Feronia limonia contains marmesin and other components. Shell shows anti-fungal activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria because of Psoralen. The fruit shells also contain anti-fungal compounds xanthotoxin, 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and osthenol. The structure elucidation 1 13 was performed with the help of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and mass spectra that confirmed the identity of Marmesin. It is a bioactive component furanocoumarin, which has a variety of pharmacological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiangiogenic, anticancer and antitumor activities. This article explains all about these things.

A BIOACTIVE COMPONENT MARMESIN FROM FERONIA LIMONIA FRUIT PERICARP: A REVIEW

Plants serve as a vast source for many phytoconstituents that exhibit pharmacological properties. Identification of such types of potential plants is of great significance in medicine. It's a necessity to study the pharmacognostic characteristics of any plant before using it in the field of research and pharmaceutical formulation. Feronia limonia plant is well known for its medicinal properties. Wood apple has antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity. In India, the fruit pericarp is used as a stomachic, diuretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiotonic and tonic to liver and lungs. Fruit pericarp of Feronia limonia contains marmesin and other components. Shell shows anti-fungal activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria because of Psoralen. The fruit shells also contain anti-fungal compounds xanthotoxin, 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and osthenol. The structure elucidation 1 13 was performed with the help of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and mass spectra that confirmed the identity of Marmesin. It is a bioactive component furanocoumarin, which has a variety of pharmacological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiangiogenic, anticancer and antitumor activities. This article explains all about these things.

Adsorption of Cd (II) and Hg (II) from aqueous phase by adsorbent prepared from Cassia tora fruit shell

Adsorption of Cd (II) and Hg (II) from aqueous phase by adsorbent prepared from Cassia tora fruit shell

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from the nipa fruit shell irradiated by microwave: Effect temperatures and time of carbonization

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from the nipa fruit shell irradiated by microwave: Effect temperatures and time of carbonization

A Nature Based Solution: Production and Characterization of Biomass Derived Catalyst from Nigerian Baobab Fruit Shell Powder (Adansonia Digitata).

Work on biomass synthesized catalyst from Nigerian Baobab fruit shell powder was thermally treated at 550o C for 6 hours using a muffle furnace. The resultant calcined powder and the un-calcined were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and further compared with the un-calcined form (baobab fruit shell powder). The FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups matched as alkenes with carbon-hydrogen and nitrogen-hydrogen bonds for baobab fruit shell powder (BFSP). With C-O, a carbon stretch at 1118 & 670 cm-1 and C-H alkyne for the biomass derived catalyst (BDC) from baobab. The morphology of the samples using SEM indicated the presence of higher porosity in the calcined sample when compared to the uncalcined. The superimposed graph of intensity vs 2 theta, of the BFSP and BDC showed no crystallinity during phase determination causing differing diffraction peak counts with no width from 200 – 450 , characteristic to biomass of plant or animal origin. Related outcome was seen for XRD results.

Bitki Büyümesini Arttırıcı Bazı Rhizobakteri Türlerinin Sulu ve Susuz Yetiştirilen Kavunlarda Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri

It has been determined in many research results that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) affect yield, plant growth and fruit quality and play an important role. However, the use of biostimulants in agricultural production in Malatya is negligible. In order to contribute to the region's producers, a research was planned directly in the producer's garden in the Malatya/Arguvan region, which is an important melon production center. A trial was established with Arguvan (Narmikan) melon type and Kırkağaç 637 melon cultivars, which are the most grown local cultivars in the summer period of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in irrigated and non-irrigated melon cultivation in Malatya-Arguvan conditions, and the trial was repeated for two consecutive years. In the research, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megatorium, Enterococcus spp. and cocktail bacteria solutions, which are a mixture of these three bacteria were used. Inoculation of bacteria into seeds was done by soaking the seeds in bacterial solution for 24 hours. The effects of the use of bacteria on the fruit quality of melon in cultivation with the method of seed sowing in the field were determined. In the study, the presented of which are resulted in fruit only pomological porperties ; fruit height, fruit weight, fruit flesh thickness, fruit shell thickness, fruit diameter, seed cavity diameter, pH and WTSS contents were examined, and two-year results were presented. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological properties were not found statistically significant except for the TSS values of Kırkağaç 637 cultivars grown under non-irrigated conditions. The effects of different bacteria on the fruit pomological characteristics of Kırkağaç 637 melons grown under non-irrigated conditions were found statistically significant, although there were differences in other parameters, it was not statistically significant. Bacillus subtilis bacteria application has been the prominent bacterial application in terms of fruit characteristics.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ПЛОДОВ В ПРОЦЕССЕ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ГРЕЧИХИ

Buckwheat is a source of a valuable food product, the preparation of which for food purposes imposes a number of quality requirements. The most important criteria for the quality of raw materials that affect the yield and quality of unground groats are the weight of 1000 fruits, evenness of fruits, high content of the kernel and ease of peeling. Due to the achievements of breeding, the size and weight of 1000 fruits of some modern varieties of buckwheat amounted to 30 g or more. In breeding for the technological properties of fruits in large-fruited varieties, the problem of optimizing the proportion of fruit shells and fruit fulfillment is relevant. Buckwheat as a food product is a source of biologically active compounds with antioxidant properties that improve the functional activity and health of people. Increasing the content of rutin in the selection process will increase the biological value of buckwheat. Therefore, it is important to combine in modern varieties the signs of increased productivity with the qualitative characteristics of the crop. The paper analyzes the results of assessing the quality of the fruits of new and promising buckwheat varieties created by including fasciated forms in the composition of populations of materials of family-group selection. Promising genotypes have been identified for inclusion in the process of buckwheat breeding for high quality technological parameters and an increased amount of flavonoids in groats.

Adsorption of iron(III) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon of a natural source: Bombax ceiba fruit shell

Under this study, the extent of Fe(III) adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated charcoal prepared from a natural source, Bombax ceiba fruit shell was investigated. The fruit shell was carbonized and then activated using zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as an activating agent. The prepared activated carbon was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Point Zero Charge (PZC). Some important parameters influencing the adsorption rate namely adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and solution pH were optimized through batch adsorption study. The optimum adsorption was found to be at pH 3.5, adsorbent dosage 0.05 g, contact time 25 min and initial Fe(III) concentration 75 mg/L. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were investigated. Where, Temkin model was found to be more suitable compared to other two describing the adsorption of Fe(III). The maximum iron(III) removal efficiency was commenced to be 99.10 % and the adsorption capacity of the prepared activated carbon was initiated as 37.16 mg/g.

Enhancement of γ‐aminobutyric acid content in shells of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) under anoxic vacuum conditions

Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a popular all-weather fruit eaten fresh or processed. Its shells, which currently are mostly discarded as waste and hurt the environment, account for more than half of the passion fruit. The shells contain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and has many proven medical values such as antidepressant, anti-anxiety, etc. Many studies have shown that GABA production in plants can be significantly increased by reverse stress. Taking Tainong 1 as a typical passion fruit cultivar, this study explored the optimal anoxic vacuum treatment for increasing the GABA content of passion fruit shells. The content increased to 2139.25±26.69mg/100g on day 4 of chill storage after vacuum packing (63.68% higher than the control). The activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were significantly higher in the vacuum-treated group than in the control group after 4 days of vacuum-chill storage. On day 5 of vacuum-chill storage, the activities of all measured enzymes decreased except for the increase of GABA transaminase (GABA-T), which was accompanied by a decrease in GABA content. Vacuum treatment and subsequent chill storage increased the content of GABA, thereby increasing functional value of passion fruit shells.

Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm of Crystal Violet by Carbon Modified with Magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) and Triethoxyphenylsilane (TEPS) from Rubber Fruit Shell

Rubber fruit shells-derived carbon (RC) modified with magnetite (MRC) and triethoxyphenylsilane (TEPS) (SRC) made from rubber fruit shells were used to adsorb crystal violet (CV) dye effectively. The RC was successfully modified by magnetite and TEPS, according to the characterization of the adsorbent utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) showed that the RC was successfully modified by magnetite and TEPS. Several adsorption process parameters were investigated, and the ideal results were obtained with an adsorbent dose of 0.1 g, pH 10, contact time of 15 min, and initial concentration of CV 250 mg L−1. The MRC and SRC adsorption capacities are 71.43 and 69.93 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model with MRC and SRC rate constants of 3.40 and 0.83 g mg−1 min−1, respectively. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm is suitable for CV dye adsorption using MRC and SRC with KF values are 1.36 and 1.76 mg g−1 L mg−1 which gives R2 0.943 and 0.932, respectively. These findings showed that the modified RC with magnetite and TEPS effectively removes the CV dye solution through the adsorption process.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of lead (ii) ions on magnetite, baobab (Adansonia digitate) and magnetite - baobab composite

The detrimental consequences of excessive levels of heavy metal contamination on living things served as the motivation for this study. Adsorption of Pb(II) ions was investigated on synthetic magnetite (MG), baobab fruit shell (BB) and magnetite-baobab composite (MB). The batch equilibrium technique was used to investigate the adsorption of Pb(II) ions. The effects of initial metal concentrations (15-500 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.05-0.3 g), contact time (5-150 min), pH (2-8) and temperature (303-343 K) on the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent were studied. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were used to describe the adsorption of Pb(II) ions. The maximum adsorption capacity, qmax, of MB, MG and BB was 249.86, 227.45 and 34.67 mg/g respectively at a concentration of 500 mg/L of Pb(II) ions. Freundlich model was shown to have the best fit for the adsorption data in the following order: BB > MG > MB, with R2 values of 0.9954, 0.980 and 0.9797 respectively. Freundlich adsorption intensity for MG, BB and MB are 1.590, 1.339 and 1.761 respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic investigations revealed that the adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and endothermic process. The amount of Pb(II) ions adsorbed after each stage of the desorption process varied between the different acid concentrations, according to sorption-desorption studies using spent adsorbents. The highest stepwise adsorptions of Pb(II) ions were observed when 0.5 M HCl was utilized as a stripping agent for BB while 0.1 M HCl favoured MG and MB.

The polysaccharide from Camellia oleifera fruit shell enhances immune responses via activating MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Macrophage plays an important role in innate immune responses by secreting immune molecules and phagocytosis. Camellia oleifera fruit shell, accounting for approximately 60% weight of the single C. oleifera fruit, is rich in polysaccharides and has several biological activities such as anti-oxidation, lipid regulation and anticancer. However, the immunomodulatory activity of the polysaccharide from C. oleifera fruit shells (CPS) has not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activities and mechanisms of CPS in RAW264.7 macrophages. The Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) method was used to evaluate the effect of CPS on the cell viability of RAW264.7 macrophages, and cell morphology was pictured using microscope. The production of immune-related molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, was detected by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and the phosphorylation level of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were analyzed through western blotting. The mRNA levels of related genes were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was detected using immunofluorescence technology. The results indicated that CPS treatment stimulated the production of NO and PGE2 and significantly enhanced the protein expression of iNOS and COX2 with little effect on the cell morphology and viability. Also, the secretion and mRNA levels of TNFα were increased by the treatment of CPS. In addition, CPS treatment markedly upregulated the phosphorylation level of MAPKs including Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK), P38, and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) at different time points and caused the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Our data implied that CPS exerts immunomodulatory activities by activating MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Analisis Nilai Kalor dan Laju Pembakaran Arang Cangkang Buah Karet

Rubber fruit shells are found as agricultural waste. Many farmers have not used rubber fruit shells. Therefore, the researchers made alternative fuels from rubber fruit shells containing 60-80% cellulose and 5-20% lignin. The research objective was to analyze the calorific value and burning rate of rubber fruit shell charcoal. The combustion rate test is carried out by burning charcoal and measuring how long it takes to turn into ash, and the mass of the burned ash. The heating value is done by making a simple furnace from a can filled with charcoal with a mass of 5g, 10g, 15g, 20g, 25g and 30g. 200ml of water is placed on the stove until it boils, measure the time and temperature when it boils. The result of the longest burning rate is 2.12g / minute. The heating value that results in high temperatures and large coals is 332.4 kJ. The conclusion of this study is that rubber fruit shells which have a large mass are very good to be used as an alternative fuel with a very high combustion rate and calorific value.