Fruit Samples Research Articles

A Polymethionine Nanoparticle Fluorescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of Naringin and Naringenin.

In this work, we demonstrated a novel, sensitive and effective fluorescent naringin (NRG) and naringenin (NRGe) detection method using polymethionine nanoparticles (PMNPs) as a fluorescent nanoprobe. The PMNPs were first synthesized by autopolymerization of methionine at 90 °C when trace copper ions existed. The as-prepared PMNPs were thoroughly characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), transient and steady-state fluorescence and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The quenching mechanism was attributed to the inner filter effect (IFE). Moreover, the developed assay was used successfully to detect NRG and NRGe in real samples of citrus fruits, illustrating that this detection method has great potential application in the field of citrus fruits analysis.

Development and Application of a Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Analysis of 20 Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Fruit and Vegetables at Sub-Parts-per-Trillion Levels.

In response to the European Food Safety Authority's establishment of a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS, a method was developed to quantify and confirm 20 PFASs at the sub-parts-per-trillion level in fruit and vegetables. Improved sensitivity was achieved by (i) increasing the sample intake, (ii) decreasing the solvent volume in the final extract, and (iii) using a highly sensitive mass spectrometer. Except for PFTrDA, target PFASs could be quantitatively determined with an apparent recovery of 90-119%, limits of quantitation down to 0.5 ng/kg, and a relative standard deviation under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions of <28%. The method was successfully applied to 215 fruit and vegetable samples obtained from local grocery stores and markets. Leafy vegetables prove to be the main vegetable category responsible to PFAS exposure, mainly of PFOA, followed by PFHpA and PFHxA.

Effects of geographical variation on the phytochemicals gallic acid, corilagin, and ellagic acid, as well as medicinal properties of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Fruit)

Geographical variation can significantly influence the abundance and distribution of phytochemicals within the raw drug, which in turn may affect its medicinal efficacy and potential health benefits. Understanding these variations is crucial for optimizing cultivation practices and harnessing the full therapeutic potential of herbal raw drug. Owing to the lack of availability of the comprehensive study on the effects of geographical variation on phytochemicals & micronutrient content and antioxidant & antibacterial potential of Emblica officinalis (EO), in the current study, EO fruit samples from different terrestrial regions of India were analyzed to identify variations in certain phytochemicals and nutrients content. A broad study including the identification, substantiation and phytochemical analysis of EO has been performed via a validated HPLC method. The complete profiling of various volatile metabolites present in the sample has been done by GC-MS/MS technique. The observed range of phytochemicals present in different EO samples using validated HPLC-DAD method are 4.38 to 69.41 mg/g for Gallic acid, 0.50 to 5.54 mg/g for Corilagin and 3.92 to 15.34 mg/g for ellagic acid. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) for different samples of EO ranged from 52.86–175.47 mg GAE/g of wt. and 1.28–13.88 mg QCE/g of wt. respectively. ICP-OES analysis depicts substantial amount of various essential micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn. In antibacterial assay, methanolic extracts of EO obtained from Pune zone exhibited promising activity against S. aureus, S. typhi and MRSA strains with inhibition zones of 28, 23 and 28 mm, respectively. Further, the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities of EO on the basis of analyzed phytochemicals have also been evaluated through molecular docking study.

Determination of trace elements content of fruits from Tehran's market using ICP- OES method: a risk assessment study.

For the first time in Iran, in this study, the amount of 19 trace elements in some types of commonly consumed Iranian fruits (in their peel and pulp) was evaluated by ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) method. Based on the outcomes, the highest and lowest average detected elements in all fruits samples were related to (Al) aluminum (1842.18) and (V) vanadium (0.28) ppm, respectively. Mercury (Hg) and antimony (Sb) were not detected (ND) in any samples. Also, the maximum mean of elements in quince, lemon, grapefruit, kiwi, orange south, orange north and tangerine samples was related to(Fe) iron (2048.32 ppm), (Zn)zinc(753.45 ppm), Fe (1056.33 ppm), Al (9794.41 ppm), Zn (717.78 ppm), Fe (1334.87 ppm) and Fe (974.93 ppm), respectively. Furthermore, our outcomes revealed, the highest mean of elements in kiwi peel, kiwi pulp, orange North peel, orange North pulp, orange South peel, orange South pulp, quince peel, quince pulp, grapefruit peel, grapefruit pulp, lemon peel, lemon pulp, tangerine peel and tangerine pulp was related to Al (17967.79 ppm), Al (1621.03 ppm), Fe (1350.01 ppm), Al (1457.66 ppm), Zn (934.71 ppm), Fe (728.06 ppm), Fe (2768.11 ppm), Fe (1328.54 ppm), Zn (1008.54 ppm), Fe (1198.00 ppm), Zn (683.35 ppm), Zn (823.55 ppm), Fe (1182.59 ppm), and Fe (767.27 ppm), respectively. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation results, the THQ (target hazard quotient) and ILCR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) related to exposure to heavy metals via fruits for adults and children showed that there is no significant non-carcinogenic risk (THQ < 1) and carcinogenic risk (ILCR < 1E-4) for adults and children.

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 as a high-affinity adsorbent for dispersive solid-phase extraction in the analysis of plant growth regulators in fruits.

Facile and sensitive determination of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in food samples is crucial but still poses a significant challenge. In this study, to enhance the sensitivity of the HPLC-DAD method for PGR detection, a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) method using zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as the highly effective adsorbent is developed. ZIF-8 nanoparticles are formed through the coordination of Zn2+ with 2-methylimidazole. Due to its high porosity, large surface area, abundant π electronics and nitrogen electronics, ZIF-8 exhibits a strong affinity to PGRs due to the synergistic effects of π-π interaction, van der Waals force, H-bond, and surface effect. Under the optimal d-SPE conditions, the sensitivity of the method is significantly enhanced with outstanding performances, including a wide range of linearity (2.0-200 ng g-1) with high correlation coefficients (R ≥ 0.9989), low limits of detection (LODs, 0.9-8.0 ng g-1 for all PGRs), satisfactory precision (intra-day RSDs ≤ 3.3%, inter-day RSDs ≤ 4.2%), and high accuracy (recovery: 86.6-101.5%). The developed method was successfully applied to quantitatively detect 9 PGRs in fruit samples, yielding satisfactory results. This d-SPE-HPLC-DAD method, characterized by high sensitivity, simplicity, efficiency, ease of practice and cost-effectiveness for PGR detection, shows potential for detecting PGRs in other complex samples and provides a strategy for designing target-affinity adsorbents.

Design of silver nanoparticle-embedded nano zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks for highly sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos in real samples.

Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is widely found in food and water sources due to agricultural use, posing health and environmental risks. Therefore, this work introduces a fluorescent sensor design of silver nanoparticle-embedded nano zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-NH2@AgNPs) for accurate examination of CPS. Briefly, UiO-66-NH2 was synthesized hydrothermally, exhibiting weak luminescence owed to ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). Here, it limits its direct utility in fluorescence-based detection. To address this limitation, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were introduced into UiO-66-NH2, enhancing fluorescence via the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) effect. Briefly, a comprehensive spectral analysis such as XPS, SEM, TEM, PXRD, etc., was performed to validate the synthesis of UiO-66-NH2@AgNPs. Subsequent evaluation revealed that CPS effectively quenched the luminescence intensity of UiO-66-NH2@AgNPs through a static quenching mechanism. The fluorescence intensity exhibited good linearity with CPS concentration in the span of 10 to 1,000 ng/mL, with a recognition limit of 191.5ng/mL(S/N = 3). The interaction involved Ag-S bond formation and electrostatic interactions, reducing fluorescence intensity. The method was confirmed through successful CPS detection in fruit samples. The UiO-66-NH2@AgNPs nanoprobe offers a simple, sensitive, and accurate platform for CPS sensing, with potential for future use in detecting CPS in fruits and vegetables.

Distribution and host ranges of Ceratitis rosa and Ceratitis quilicii (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa.

Two fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species of economic importance: Ceratitis rosa Karsch and Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio are present in South Africa. The two species were considered as one species prior to 2016, but were subsequently separated. In this study, the distribution and abundance of the two species were quantified in seven provinces in South Africa through trapping with Enriched Ginger Oil as an attractant. Trapping was conducted over three seasons across two years (2020 and 2021): late summer, autumn-winter, and spring-early summer. Host ranges of the two species were investigated by fruit sampling in and outside of trapping sites. Ceratitis quilicii was more widely distributed than C. rosa with the latter being recorded in only three north-eastern provinces. There were geographical limits for both species with no records of them in Northern Cape Province. Catches of C. quilicii were higher in summer with average temperatures varying from 15 to 27°C while for C. rosa, catches remained low and consistent between seasons. Ceratitis quilicii catches decreased at lower rates than those of C. rosa at temperatures below 15°C. The two species were reared from 13 plant species from nine families. Four of these hosts were infested by both C. quilicii and C. rosa in the same province where they occurred. Preferred hosts of the two species belonged to the Myrtaceae family. The characterisation of the distribution, abundance and host ranges of these pests will provide a baseline for pest status determination and implementation of management actions.

Monoclonal antibody based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay for the visual and rapid screening of profenofos

Profenofos (PFF) is a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide that requires strict monitoring due to its potential environmental, ecological, and human health risks originating from residues in soil and water systems, as well as accumulation in crops. In this study, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to PFF was prepared for the first time and the recognition mechanism was investigated through molecular simulation. Subsequently, a mAb-based colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) was developed for the rapid screening of PFF in fruit and vegetable samples. The mAb exhibited an IC50 value of 12.9 ng/mL, and limit of detection (LOD) of 4.6 ng/mL, respectively in indirect competitive immunosorbent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). After optimization, the developed GICA exhibited a visual limit of detection (vLOD) of 20 ng/mL and a quantitative of detection (qLOD) of 5.2 ng/mL, with a linear range from 10.0 to 83.8 ng/mL. Good correlation was observed between the results of GICA and standard Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in matrix and recovery test. The developed GICA can be used for rapid sample detection within 15 min, which is an excellent tool for screening PFF in foods and environmental samples.

Development of Biological Control Tools against Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Citrus Orchards in Egypt

The peach fruit fly Bactrocera zonata, is a harmful insect that infests various fruit crops and vegetables worldwide, including Egypt. Its presence leads to significant damages and losses. To minimize the negative impact of pesticide residues on human health and the environment, a study was conducted to examine the seasonal behavior of Bactrocera zonata on navel orange trees. This investigation involved the utilization of sex attractants and the monitoring of fruit samples. The research was conducted over two consecutive seasons, namely 2020 and 2021. By utilizing sex attractants, pheromone (mass trapping) it was discovered that the number of male Bactrocera zonata captured and infested increased during the Autumn period, specifically in October, in both seasons. Additionally, it was observed that Bactrocera zonata males exhibited a single peak of activity each season. Fruit samples were monitored to assess fruit infestation, and it was found that infestation was positively correlated with the maturity of the fruits. The weekly count of males captured in the fly traps, along with the infestation rate of this pest, indicated that these traps could serve as a useful tool for predicting the infestation rates of Bactrocera zonata in their host fruits. Conclusion The implementation of mass trapping techniques utilizing pheromone-based tools will result in a reduction of infestation by the end of the second season of 2021.

Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots Enhanced Hydrogen Carbonate-Hydrogen Peroxide Chemiluminescent Reaction and its Application in Ascorbic Acid Sensing.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were prepared by self-exothermic procedure using grasshopper powder as a single precursor. The prepared N-CDs not only have excellent fluorescence properties, but also can catalyze and enhance the ultra-weak chemiluminescence of NaHCO3-H2O2. The reaction conditions of NaHCO3-H2O2-N-CDs CL were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, when AA was added to the NaHCO3-H2O2-N-CDs CL system, AA had a significant inhibitory effect on the CL intensity of NaHCO3-H2O2-N-CDs. There was a good linear relationship between the calculated lg(I0/I) and the concentration of AA (C), and the calibration curve equation was lg(I0/I) = 0.03667C-0.00708 (µM). The established CL analysis method has a detection limit of 0.12 µM for AA and a linear range of 0-50 µM. The selectivity of CL method was evaluated, and the method was successfully applied to the determination of AA in vegetable and fruit samples. The spiked recoveries were between 88.9% and 118.9%, which indicated that the method was simple, rapid, and sensitive, and had great potential in the determination of AA in foods.

Metabolic and gene-expression analyses reveal developmental dynamics of cutin deposition in pomegranate fruit grown under different environmental conditions

The chemical and transcriptional changes in the cuticle of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit grown under different environmental conditions were studied. We collected fruit from three orchards located in different regions in Israel, each with a distinct microclimate. Fruit were collected at six phenological stages, and cutin monomers in the fruit cuticle were profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), along with qPCR transcript-expression analyses of selected cutin-related genes. While fruit phenotypes were comparable along development in all three orchards, principal component analyses of cutin monomer profiles suggested clear separation between cuticle samples of young green fruit to those of maturing fruit. Moreover, total cutin contents in green fruit were lower in the orchard characterized by a hot and dry climate compared to orchards with moderate temperatures. The variances detected in total cutin contents between orchards corresponded well with the expression patterns of BODYGUARD, a key biosynthetic gene operating in the cutin biosynthetic pathway. Based on our extraction protocols, we found that the cutin polyester that builds the pomegranate fruit cuticle accumulates some levels of gallic acid—the precursor of punicalagin, a well-known potent antioxidant metabolite in pomegranate fruit. The gallic acid was also one of the predominant metabolites contributing to the variability between developmental stages and orchards, and its accumulation levels were opposite to the expression patterns of the UGT73AL1 gene which glycosylates gallic acid to synthesize punicalagin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed composition of the cutin polyester that forms the pomegranate fruit cuticle.

PENGARUH DISKON DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN BUAH-BUAHAN IMPOR PADA TOKO NAYLA BUAH BENGKULU

The aim of the research is to determine the effect of discounts and product quality on purchasing decisions for imported fruit at the Nayla Buah Bengkulu shop. And to find out which factors most dominantly influence purchasing decisions. This research used quantitative methods on 150 respondents. The population used in this research was consumers of the Bengkulu Nayla Fruit Shop and sampling in this research used a non-probability sampling technique. Based on the results of multiple linear regression, the regression equation Y = 9.496 + 0.466 (X1) + 0.414 (X2) is obtained. The research results and hypothesis show that discounts and product quality have a partial or simultaneous positive effect on purchasing decisions. Keywords: Discounts, Product Quality and Purchasing Decisions.

Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations on Same Fruit Crops in Sumuri District, Bintuni Bay

Most of the people of Sumuri District make a living as farmers, especially fruit and vegetable farmers. Local fruit plants that are commonly cultivated include bananas, papaya, mangoes, oranges, rambutan, pineapple and water guava. One of the obstacles experienced by the community is the presence of pests that attack the fruit, causing poor fruit and even crop failure. This prompted a field survey of fruit flies in community fruit plantations. The field survey was conducted in October-December 2023 in Tofoi Village, Materabu Jaya Village and Forada Village, Sumuri District, Bintuni Bay. The survey was conducted using the trapping method with Steiner model traps that have been modified from mineral water bottles and the addition of native fruit samples and Methyl Eugenol (ME) with petrogenol trademark. Traps were set for three days and then identification and collection of fruit fly samples were carried out. The results showed that the highest population of fruit flies was in pineapple (Annanas commosus), which was 738 and the least in water guava (Syzygeum aqueum), which was 324. There were nine fruit fly species identified from this study, including: Bactrocera umbrosa (Fabricus), B.carambolae (Drew and Hancock), B.dorsalis (Hendel), B.curreyi (Drew), B.curvifera (Walker), B.emittens (Walker), B.papayae (Drew and Hancock), B.tryoni (Froggatt) and Procecidochares connexa (Macquart)

Isolation And Identification of Bacteria Associated With Bioelectricity Generation From Fruit Wastes And Gutter Sludge Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) In Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria

Bioelectricity generation is another environmentally friendly mean of waste management, commonly carried out using microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. The present work aims to generate bioelectricity from the fruit wastes using microbial fuel cells (MFC) technology and to isolate and identify bacteria during bioelectricity production. Fruit samples from different fruit wastes of banana, lemon, orange, water melon and pawpaw were collected from Na’ibawa-Yanlemo fruit market’s dump site in Kano metropolis, Kano State Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), organic matter (OM), Temperature and pH of slurries of individual and mixed fruit wastes were determined. Biochemical tests such as voges-proskauer test, oxidase test, catalase test, citrate test and sugar fermentation (TSI) test was also carried out using standard procedures. Generation of bioelectricity was monitored and recorded within a constructed seven dual chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with wasted fruit as readily available materials. Current, current density, power and power density produced from different waste samples for twenty days was also recorded as bioelectricity generated from microbial fuel cells. Bacterial counts at the beginning and end of bioelectricity generation was also recorded from different fruits waste samples for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The result of pH mean value of slurries of individual fruits is recorded to be all acidic with lemon having the highest acidity recorded as 3.45±0.62. The pH mean value of the mixed fruit was recorded as7.1±0.23. Waste pawpaw fruit had 6±0.62 % the percentage of organic matter among all the individual waste fruits while the mixed fruit combined had 10±0.62 % mean value of percentage organic matter (OM). Two (2) bacterial genera were biochemically identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esherichia coli. The highest generation of voltage (mV) from microbial fuel cells was achieved from gutter, mixed fruit and orange as 650, 400 and 390 mV respectively. The peak highest current produced was achieved from orange waste samples as 0.7mA/m2 at day fourteen. Waste lemon had the highest colony count among all the fruits at the beginning and end of the bioelectricity generation of 2.2×103 and 4.12×102 respectively. Mixed fruits had the colony count of 2.10×105 and 7.20×103 at the beginning and end respectively.

The effect of nano propolis on surface color changes of nanohybrid composite resins

Background: Nanohybrid composite resins have many advantages, but one disadvantage is their absorbent nature which can lead to discoloration. Phenols and flavonoids in nano propolis cause diffusion and affect the matrix and pigments of nanohybrid composite resins. The accumulation of reduction-oxidation reactions causes new compounds of nanohybrid composite resins to occur so that they have different colors. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the changes in surface color of nanohybrid composite resin after immersion in nano propolis at 5% concentration. Methods: Research experimental laboratory method with pre and post test design was applied to 25 nanohybrid composite resin fruit samples of size (5x5x1.5) mm embedded in bovine incisive, then immersed in 5% nano propolis and 25 ml of distilled water at 37oC for five days. The color change (ΔE) was measured with a DSLR camera and processed with Adobe Lightroom Classic software in CIE L*a*b* format. Results: The anova test on ΔE in the data showed the p-value of sphericity assumed was smaller than 0.05. There is a difference in the average measurement results on the first day to the fifth day in the treatment group. Independent t-test of control and treatment data showed a significant difference in measurement results. The results of the post hoc test with the Tukey method showed that the treatment groups at 4x24 hours and 5x24 hours did not have significant differences. P-value at 4x24 hours and 5x24 hours was 0.957. Conclusion: There was a change in the surface color of the nanohybrid composite resin after being immersed in a nano-solution of propolis with a concentration of 5%.

Quantitative Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Toxic Heavy Metal Levels (Pb and Mn) in Pineapple, Papaya, Banana and Mango Fruit Purchased from Tepi Market

This study aimed to analyze the composition and safety of commonly consumed fruits, namely pineapples, papaya, banana, and mango, and evaluate their suitability as part of a balanced diet. The fruits were assessed for moisture content, ash content, and heavy metal concentrations, specifically lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn). The moisture content values obtained for pineapple (81.3% ± 0.8), papaya (75.8% ± 1), banana (76% ± 0.5), and mango (83.8% ± 1) indicate varying levels of water content in these fruits. In terms of ash content, the values measured for pineapple (0.66% ± 1), papaya (1% ± 0.5), banana (1.6% ± 1), and mango (2.3% ± 1) indicate the ash content present in these fruits. The concentrations of lead and manganese in the fruit samples were within acceptable ranges, with values for lead ranging from 0.04 ppm to 0.08 ppm, and values for manganese ranging from 0.002 ppm to 0.006 ppm. These results assure the safety of these fruits for consumption. However, further research is recommended to explore factors affecting fruit composition, such as varietal differences and environmental conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of sourcing fruits from reputable suppliers and practicing proper fruit handling and storage. Overall, including these fruits in a balanced diet provides essential nutrients and contributes to a healthy lifestyle. Continuous monitoring and research are crucial to ensure the quality and safety of these fruits for long-term consumption.

Stress response in tomato as influenced by repeated waterlogging.

Plants respond to water stress with a variety of physiological and biochemical changes, but their response varies among species, varieties and cultivars. Waterlogging in tomato reduces plant growth, degrade chlorophyll and increase concentration of oxidative parameters. Priming can alleviate stress in plants caused by waterlogging enabling plants to be more tolerant to an additional stress in the current or even subsequent generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate tomato genotypes for their sensitivity to waterlogging stress applied during early vegetative growth and at full flowering stage. The study included two local genotypes, Trebinjski sitni (GB1126) and Žuti (GB1129), and the reference variety Novosadski jabučar (NJ), which is the variety most commonly used in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The activity of class III peroxidase (POX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured spectrophotometrically, and for quantification of individual phenolic compounds, targeted approach was adopted, using UHPLC/DAD/(-)HESI-MS2 instrument (Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with a DAD detector, configured with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum Access Max (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany)). Oxidative parameters (H2O2 and MDA) exhibited an increase in content in leaves of tomato plants that underwent waterlogging stress compared to control plants. Moreover, oxidative parameters showed positive correlation with proteins and phenolics content. The obtained correlations can indicate that one of the response strategies of tomato plants to waterlogging is the increased synthesis of proteins and phenolic compounds. The POX activity was not correlated with other parameters except with the polyphenols. A positive correlation was shown between POX activity and the content of phenolic compounds, indicating their independent roles in the removal of ROS. Changes in the phenolic profiles after the exposure of plants to waterlogging stress are recorded, and these changes were more severe in leaves and fruits of GB1129 and NJ genotypes than in GB1126. Thus, genotype GB1126 is the most efficient in maintaining the phenolic profiles of leaves and fruits, and therefore of the nutritive and organoleptic qualities of fruits following the exposure to waterlogging. Also, genotype GB1126 exhibited the ability to maintain the content of oxidative parameters during waterlogging at certain growth stages, implying certain waterlogging tolerance. Waterlogging triggered stress memory but not at all growth stages. The most pronounced stress memory was obtained in fruit samples in the phase of full fruit maturity on the 1st truss. This study shed light on the defense mechanisms of tomato plants to repeated waterlogging stress from the perspectives of the changes in the composition of major phenolics, and pointed to the 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and rutin as the chemical markers of the waterlogging stress tolerance in tomato. However, it remains to be determined whether this modulation has a positive or negative effect on the overall plant metabolism. Further investigations are needed to fully elucidate the benefits of waterlogging pretreatment in this context.

Technological aspects and requirements to raw materials for increasing the nutritional value of glaze

Glaze, giving confectionery products an aesthetically attractive appearance, provides the possibility of prolonging their shelf life. The main raw components of the glaze are sugar and fat, which determines its high caloric content. Modern trends dictate the need to create confectionery products enriched with essential nutrients found in vegetables, berries and fruits. The introduction of finely ground additives in the form of fruit and vegetable powder into the glaze formulation may entail changes in the rheological and crystallization properties of the glaze. The aim of the research is to develop technological methods of fruit and vegetable confectionery glaze production with increased content of dietary fibers and reduced amount of added sugar, as well as to establish requirements for fruit and vegetable powders as raw materials used in the production of confectionery glaze. The objects of the research were industrial samples of fruit and vegetable powders from raspberry, apple, carrot and beet, as well as samples of confectionery glaze produced in laboratory conditions. Common and special research methods were used in the work. The technological acceptability of using fruit and vegetable powders in the production of confectionery glaze according to their physical and chemical parameters has been determined. The yield stress of the glaze increased as the content of fruit and vegetable powder increased from 3 to 15% to varying degrees depending on its fat-absorbing capacity. The crystallization characteristic of the glaze changed: the solidification temperature decreased by 1-2 °C, the crystallization duration increased by 27-40% compared to the control sample. The nomenclature is substantiated and numerical values of quality criteria of fruit and vegetable powders to ensure technological properties of glaze are given. The influence of step-by-step introduction of surfactants on the value of yield stress of confectionery glazes with fruit and vegetable powders is shown. The technology of fruit and vegetable confectionery glaze with a high content of dietary fiber (9 g/100 g) and with a reduced amount of added sugar has been developed.

The pomological characteristics and values for public health of Crataegus tanacetifolia

This study aimed to determine the pomological characteristics and allometric relationships of Crataegus tanacetifolia, an endemic plant species in Türkiye, as well as to assess its significance for public health. Fruit samples collected from its natural habitat were subjected (Mihalıççık district of Eskişehir province, 1330-1350m) to pomological measurements. Subsequently, pomological characteristics were correlated with allometric relationships. The following pomological parameters were observed for Crataegus tanacetifolia: fruit length was 15.30±1.70mm, width was 19.51±2.30mm, thickness was 18.85±2.30mm, weight was 3.34±0.99g, flesh weight was 2.73±0.901g, arithmetic mean diameter was 17.89±2.04mm, geometric mean diameter was 17.78±2.02mm, sphericity index was 116.26±4.79%, surface area was 1005.55±223.28mm2, appearance ratio was 0.79±0.05, seed ratio was 0.19±0.04, peduncle length was 3.26±0.24mm, flesh hardness was 14.02±1.61kg/cm2, and fruit color (L*a*b) was 71.54±0.92*9.34±1.82*60.62±3.11. The fruit color ranged from light yellow to light pink, with green being the dominant color in unripe fruits. The seed length was 7.20±0.51 mm, width was 4.14±0.37mm, thickness was 5.42±0.43mm, weight was 0.12±0.02g, volume was 53.73±8.48mm3, and surface area was 80.09±9.29. There was a high relationship between fruit surface area and allometric relationships, with R²=0.9603 and R²=0.8729 confidence interval. The allometric relationships between seed ratio and fruit sizes were in the range of R²=0.3984 and R²=0.5045. In this study, it was determined that Crataegus tanacetifolia is important for public health, its fruits are used as food.

Assessment of bacterial and parasitic contamination of fruits gathered from specific local markets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundAround the world, food-borne illnesses are still a frequent and significant hazard to public health. Human infection outbreaks brought on by eating raw fruits have happened more frequently. Fruits have been connected in recent years to a number of outbreaks of food-borne illness around the globe, including in Ethiopia.ObjectiveTo assess bacterial and parasitic contamination of fruits gathered from specific local markets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out using fruits gathered from Addis Ababa local marketplaces. Convenient sampling were applied. With the assumption that each vendor provided 30 samples, a total of 120 fruit samples were gathered. Fruit samples were gathered in a plastic bag that had been sanitized and then brought to the lab for bacterial and parasitological investigation. All of the samples were checked for intestinal parasites and bacterial contamination. SPSS software version 25 was used to analyze the data. The Pearson's Chi-square test was used to assess categorical variables. The student's t-test was utilized to compare continuous variables, which were represented as the mean ± standard deviation. Using both univariate and multivariate analysis, odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed. Statistical significance was defined as a P &amp;lt; 0.05.ResultsThere was a 100 (83.3%) level of bacterial contamination. While Salmonella and Shigella species were not recovered, S. aureus isolates 16 (13.3%) were the most common bacterial contamination, followed by E. coli isolates 8 (6.7%). The samples of bananas, mangos, papayas, and avocados from all four sites had total coliform (TCC) bacteria ranging from 2.1 × 103 to 3.2 × 104, 8.3x 102 to 1.8x 105CFU/g, 1.6x 102 to 3.7 x 104, and 1.2x 102 to 3.8 x 104 CFU/g, in that order. No parasites were found in this investigation.Conclusion and recommendationIt is usually recommended that customers in this research region wash and handle infected fruits properly to prevent bacterial illnesses. In addition, fruit dealers should have their bacterial contaminations routinely inspected. Large-scale research is advised to support this discovery.