Fruit Peel Waste Research Articles

Effect of Drying Time on Physicochemical Characteristics of Dragon Fruit Peels Powder (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

The increasing production and demand of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Indonesia produces a high amount of dragon fruit peel waste that can pollute the environment. As an alternative, dragon fruit peel could be applied as a functional food ingredient due to its high fiber content and antioxidant capacity. This study contributed to analyzing the effect of drying time on the physical and chemical characteristics of dragon fruit peel powder. To optimize the functional properties, dragon fruit peel was developed into a powder that was prepared by using a food dehydrator at 60 °C with drying times of 4, 5, and 6 h. The results showed that the longer drying time led to lower moisture and protein content, which reached the lowest at 9.73% and 13.07% with a drying time of 6 h, respectively. Meanwhile, drying time (4-6 h) did not significantly affect the ash (13.74-14.57%), fat (22.46-23.46%), and crude fiber content (29.13-31.75%) of dragon fruit peel powder. The drying time can affect antioxidant activity significantly, while the highest antioxidant activity was found in 6 h drying time (IC50 0.03 gram/mL). The L* value was measured between 29.68-30.23, a* value 9.61-10.34, and b* value 15.20-16.53. The drying time of 4 h could maintain the color of dragon fruit peel and produce the highest yield product at 4.52%. In general, drying dragon fruit peel powder for 4 hours gave the best results for high fiber content and high yield. Drying it for 6 hours was suggested to increase its antioxidant activity.

Effectiveness of Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract as an Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor for API 5L Steel

The development of organic or natural inhibitors is essential due to their cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. In this study, an organic inhibitor derived from red dragon fruit peel waste is employed. The material of interest is heat-treated API 5L Grade B steel. The research assesses the inhibitor’s efficiency in corrosive environments, namely 3.5‰ NaCl solution and pH 3 HCl solution, with varying inhibitor concentrations (5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm, 20 ppm). Using Tafel analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), it is found that the addition of red dragon fruit peel extract substantially reduces the corrosion rate. The highest efficiency is observed in the 3.5‰ NaCl solution (62.4%) and pH 3 HCl solution (87.73%), accompanied by charge transfer resistances of 2.47 x 106 Ω and 1.79 x 103 Ω, respectively. Immersion tests reveal corrosion products, subsequently examined using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to identify lepidocrocite phases in the 3.5‰ NaCl solution and magnetite phases in the pH 3 HCl solution. This research supports the development of environmentally friendly and effective natural corrosion inhibitors for protecting steel materials in corrosive conditions.

The Electrical Characteristics of Fruit Peel Waste as a Biobattery in Terms of Fermentation Time and Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Pulp Concentration

Bioenergy is an alternative energy that utilizes various types of organic waste that can generate electricity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation time and coconut pulp concentration on the electrical characteristics of durian fruit skin, banana fruit skin, and cassava skin waste as an alternative energy source. The electrical characteristics observed were the voltage generated by fruit peel waste based on fermentation time and coconut pulp concentration. This research is a laboratory-based experimental research. The results of the study showed that: 1) the length of fermentation time affects the voltage generated by durian skin, banana skin, and cassava skin; 2) the fermentation time to produce the best voltage is the fourth day (96 hours); 3) the longer the fermentation time, the lower the voltage generated; 4) coconut pulp concentration affects the voltage generated by durian skin, banana skin, and cassava skin; 5) the ratio of 25% coconut pulp concentration and 75% raw material concentration becomes the ratio that produces the best voltage; 6) durian fruit peel waste has the highest voltage compared to banana fruit peel and cassava peel waste, both in terms of fermentation time or coconut pulp concentration. 7) cassava peel waste has a higher potential difference resistance than other skin waste

Pelatihan Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Piring Organik Sebagai Upaya Menumbuhkan Jiwa Wirausaha Siswa SMKS Sunan Drajat Jember

Vocational High Schools should be able to produce entrepreneurs who can create businesses independently for their lives. But in reality, there are some SMK alumni who haven't got a job after graduating from school. This can be avoided from the beginning of their education an interest in entrepreneurship is cultivated so that when they graduate, they can choose to become entrepreneurs. On the other hand, every human activity produces waste (garbage). Excessive waste production can cause problems for the environment. In addition to having an unpleasant smell, flies often infest garbage and can cause disease outbreaks, some of the waste that is abundant in the environment is fruit peel waste. The use of fruit peels in dosage forms is still little done, and product preparations in circulation are still very minimal to be found, even though the use of fruit peels is fairly easy to find, economical and practical. Based on the above conditions, it is necessary to have activities to increase the interest in entrepreneurship for SMK students in harmony with sustainable waste management. One of the alternative activities is Entrepreneurship Training by making organic soap from fruit peel waste. The methods used are identifying partner needs, designing activities, mentoring, implementing, and evaluating sustainability. The result of this training is that students practice directly making organic dish soap, it is hoped that the data will make alternative business products.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Awal Larutan Ion Logam Cd2+ terhadap Penyerapan Biomassa Kulit Langsat (Lansium domesticum) yang Dimodifikasi Metanol

Industrial activities have been growing rapidly lately. Increased industrial activity can improve the quality of human life, but behind it there are adverse effects on the environment and human health. There are many harmful heavy metals found in industrial waste. One of them is cadmium metal, which is one of the dangerous heavy metals that if accumulated in the body can threaten human health. Langsat fruit peel waste can be utilized as an adsorbent. Adsorbent is an absorbent substance/material to absorb heavy metal ions. Biomass was characterized using AAS instrument to determine the concentration of Cd2+ metal ion absorption in langsat peel biomass. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the initial concentration of solution on the absorption of Cd2+ metal ions in methanol-modified langsat peel biomass. The results showed that the optimal absorption of Cd2+ metal ions in methanol-modified langsat peel biomass was at a concentration of 400 mg/L with an absorption capacity of 9.387 mg/g.

Empowerment of PKK Members in Training for the Production of Red Dragon Fruit Peel Tisane in the Kauman Subdistrict of Malang City

Tisane is an infusion beverage composed of a mixture of various ingredients such as leaves, seeds, herbs, legumes, tree bark, fruits, or flowers that are dried, or parts of plants that provide aroma and flavor while also being beneficial for health. Tisanes can offer health benefits such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Red dragon fruit peel contains a significant amount of natural anthocyanin colorants, rich in polyphenolic compounds, betalain compounds, vitamins C, E, and A, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, cobalamin, phenolics, carotenes, and phytoalbumins, making it a potential source of natural antioxidants. Therefore, red dragon fruit peel can be used to make tisanes due to its proven health benefits. Empowering members of the PKK (Family Welfare Movement) in the Kauman Subdistrict of Malang City in tisane production aims to increase the knowledge and skills of PKK members regarding the benefits and methods of tisane production using red dragon fruit peel waste. The community service activity was conducted in three phases. The first phase involved an explanation of the health benefits of tisanes. The second phase covered the method of making tisanes using red dragon fruit peel, and the third phase included practical tisane production and evaluation. Evaluation results showed an improvement in participants' understanding, with an average pretest score of 61.74 and an average post-test score of 90.87, with an average participant skill score of 28.61 (categorized as skilled). This indicates that the information provided about tisane production was well-understood by the participants, indicating the success of the community service activity. Throughout the activity, participants interacted well and responded by asking questions about the community service activity.

An Efficient and Recyclable Acid Catalyst (PolyE‐IL) for Production of Pectin from Citrus Peel Waste

AbstractCitrus fruit waste is a potential source for valorisation into pectin. In present manuscript a PolyE‐IL‐1 as an efficient acid catalyst has been integrated for fractionation of pectin from citrus fruit waste. The use of PolyE‐IL‐1 catalyst has specific advantages in term of high yield, ease of catalyst separation, recycle and reuse etc. The process optimization study was conducted to check the influence of catalyst concentration, temperature, time and substrate concentration etc., to obtain maximum yield of pectin. The intensified process yields 30 % pectin at 95 °C in 90 min in batch mode of operation. Moreover, batch reactor, ultrasound batch reactor and microwave batch reactor were compared to observe the influence of the mode of reactor operation. Various citrus waste feedstock (Orange, Sweet lime and Lemon) was tested and maximum yield of (32.52 %) pectin was obtained from Lemon peels. The catalyst recyclability study showed consistency in pectin yield (30 %) for five consecutive recycle runs. Thus, the use of an easily recyclable PolyE‐IL‐1 catalyst provides an efficient route to produce pectin from citrus fruit peel waste.

Anaerobic Fermentation of Mixed Fruits Peel Waste for Functional Enzymes Production Employing Palm Sugar and Molasses as The Carbon Source

The daily abundant generation of fruit peel waste potentially triggers environmental problems if no appropriate management is performed. Besides, fruit peel waste can be a valuable source for functional enzyme production. This study aims to investigate the use of molasses and palm sugar as sugar source during anaerobic fermentation of banana and papaya peel waste to produce functional enzymes. The fermentation was subjected to biomass at various banana peels to papaya peels mass ratio for 3 months. The feed consisted of sugar:biomass:water, and their mass ratio was kept constant at 1:3:10. Both brown functional enzyme cocktails obtained from the fermentation using palm sugar and molasses as carbon source were acidic with pH of 3.7 and 4.4, respectively. The amylase, protease, and lipase activities of the functional enzyme cocktails was maximum when the biomass mixture contained four portions of banana peel and one portion of papaya peel. In addition, molasses was found to be the better sugar source than palm sugar for producing functional enzymes from aerobic fermentation peel fruits comprises banana and papaya peels. This study proved that fruit peel waste can be converted to valuable functional enzymes as one of the solutions of fruit peel waste management Keywords: anaerobic fermentation; carbon source; enzyme activity; functional enzyme; organic waste

Formulation of Solid Body Wash From Dragon Fruit Peel Waste With Pandan Leaf Extract

Formulation of Solid Body Wash From Dragon Fruit Peel Waste With Pandan Leaf Extract

Vitamin C and Phenolic Compounds in Fruit Peel and Pulp Waste

Vitamin C and Phenolic Compounds in Fruit Peel and Pulp Waste

Isolation And Characterization Of Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi From Fruit And Vegetable Peel Waste Compost Fertilizer

Phosphate solubilizing fungi are fungi that can convert phosphate in soil from compound form (almost insoluble) into ionic form (easily soluble) so that it can be utilized by plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the isolation and characteristics of phosphate solubilizing fungi isolates found in fruit and vegetable peel waste compost. This research was conducted in January 2023 until completion in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Science and Technology, Labuhanbatu University. This research was carried out by isolating fungi from municipal waste compost, characterizing morphology and the ability to dissolve phosphate and molecular identification. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively based on the research results obtained. There were 4 isolates of phosphate solubilizing fungi that were able to form clear zones on Pikovskaya media with different morphological characteristics and ability to dissolve phosphate. The largest clear zone diameter was shown in isolate A3 of 3 cm which is Aspergillus niger fungus.

Improving antioxidant scavenging effect of fruit peel waste extracts and their applicability in biodiesel stability enhancement

The increasing popularity of fruit peel extracts as effective sources of natural antioxidants is primarily attributed to their affordability, easy availability, and high phenolic contents that readily dissolve in solutions. However, most natural antioxidants demonstrate a lesser free radical scavenging effect when applied in mono blends compared to their synthetic counterparts. To address this problem, this work aims to improve the antioxidant capacities of palm fruit, banana, and mango peel liquid extracts recovered using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Firstly, a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to isolate three (3) target bioactive compounds from the extracts, whose estimated quantities ranged between 1.2983–4.6841, 1.1469–3.6987, and 0.0254–0.0489 mg/g for quercetin, beta-carotene, and gallic acid respectively. Subsequently, blends of the recovered extracts were formulated in mono, binary, and ternary dosage ratios (S.1–S.10) to assess their free radical scavenging efficiency (RSE) in terms of inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carotenoid content (TCC). Based on the results obtained, the highest RSE was exhibited by the ternary blend (S.9), with an IC50 value of 76.21 ± 032 µg/mL and a TPC value of 242.38 ± 0.26 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g). The fastest kinetics for the extracts’ reaction with DPPH corresponding to a rate constant (K) of 1.2351 M−1.min−1 and activation energy (Ea) of 0.55 KJ/mol were presented by the same sample blend (S.9), indicating the ease of hydrogen atom release for radical scavenging. Finally, the peel extracts demonstrate an improved antioxidative performance by prolonging the biodiesel’s induction period of the extracts-blended samples as obtained from Rancimat analysis.

EKOENZIM SEBAGAI PENGENDALIAN PATOGEN Fusarium sp. DAN Colletotrichum sp. PADA TANAMAN PISANG BARANGAN (Musa acuminata)

Barangan banana (Musa acuminata) belongs to Musaceae family which has hig economic value and has the potential as a commercial material and food diversification. One of the diseases of Barangan banana (Musa acuminata) which causes quite high damage is Fusarium sp. wilt disease. and anthracnose disease Colletotrichum sp. This study aims to control Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. using ecoenzymes in this study ecoenzymes were made from fruit peel waste which was fermented for three months. Testing the activity of controlling Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. using the diffusion method. Ecoenzymes phytochemical test results contained alkaloids and saponins. Ecoenzymes at concentrations of 10% - 40% showed strong and very strong activity against Fusarium sp. while Colletotrichum sp. 20% concentration shows very strong activity.

Dragon Fruit Peel Waste (Hylocereus undatus) as a Potential Ingredient for Reducing Lipid Peroxidation, Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products, and Starch Digestibility in Cookies.

Excessive consumption of cookies has been linked to harmful health outcomes owing to the presence of refined carbohydrates and heat-induced toxicants including end products of lipid peroxidation and dietary advanced glycation end products (dAGEs). To address this issue, this study explores the addition of dragon fruit peel powder (DFP), which is rich in phytochemicals and dietary fibers, to cookies as a potential solution to mitigate their adverse effects. The results indicate that adding DFP at 1%, 2%, and 5% w/w of raw cookie dough significantly improves the total phenolic and betacyanin contents and antioxidant activity, as evidenced by increased ferric-reducing antioxidant power. DFP incorporation also led to reductions in malondialdehyde and dAGEs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the starch digestibility, hydrolysis index, and predicted glycemic index were all reduced in the presence of DFP, with the latter estimate being due to the higher content of undigested starch. Incorporating DFP in cookies resulted in significant changes in their physical properties, including texture and color. However, sensory evaluation indicates that the overall acceptability of the cookies was not negatively impacted by the addition of up to 2% DFP, suggesting that it is a viable option for enhancing the nutritional value of cookies without compromising their palatability. These findings suggest that DFP is a sustainable and healthier ingredient that can improve the antioxidant capacity of cookies while also mitigating the harmful effects of heat-induced toxins.

Pembuatan dan Pemanfaatan Larutan Multiguna Eco Enzyme sebagai Upaya Reduksi Limbah Organik di Kampoeng Kuliner Makassar

Kampoeng Kuliner Makassar (KKM) is one of the MSMEs in the culinary field in Makassar. KKM produces about 25 kg/day of organic waste, mainly fruit and vegetable. This community partnership program is a form of transfer of knowledge and technology fermentation in organic waste treatment, which aims to assist KKM partners in processing fruit and vegetable peel waste into eco-enzyme which is then used as a multipurpose cleaning solution according to KKM needs. This activity consists of a focus discussion group (FGD), counseling, making and harvesting eco enzyme, and its application in the restaurant as a multipurpose cleaning solution. Paired t-test results of participants' pre-test and post-test showed a significant increase (p-value &lt; 0.001) in participants' knowledge about various aspects of eco-enzyme. The participants' skills are improved through independent practice so that all participants can produce good quality eco enzymes. Eco-enzyme has been used as a cleaning and disinfection agent, such as washing agents for food, tableware, and cooking utensils; kitchen and bathroom cleaners at KKM. After this community partnership program, it is hoped that KKM can become a place to promote a healthy lifestyle with minimal waste.

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER DAN UJI TOKSISITAS HASIL FRAKSINASI EKSTRAK KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

East Kalimantan, especially the cities of Tana Paser, is one of the producers of dragon fruit, especially red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). The amount of consumer interest in red dragon fruit results in a large amount of dragon fruit peel waste that is not utilized. Several studies have shown that red dragon fruit skin extract has toxic properties that can be applied to cancer cells. So in this study, the extraction and fractionation process was carried out which was then continued with phytochemical tests and BSLT tests with the aim of knowing secondary metabolites in the aqueous extract fraction, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction with phytochemical test methods and to determine the toxicity of the fraction. aqueous extract, ethyl acetate extract fraction and n-hexane extract fraction were carried out using the BSLT test method. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the aqueous fraction extract of dragon fruit peel contained alkaloids, phenolics and saponins. The extract of the ethyl acetate fraction of dragon fruit peel contains phenolics and flavonoids. Fralsi n-hexane dragon fruit peel \contains triterpenoids. The results of the BSLT test showed that the LC50 value of the aqueous fraction extract was 451.855 ppm, the ethyl acetate fraction extract was 374.024 ppm, and the n-hexane fraction extract was 312.176 ppm which overall was classified as moderately toxic. The highest toxicity effectiveness was shown in the n-hexane fraction extract with triterpenoid secondary metabolite compounds.

Comparative Physicochemical Properties of Isolated Pectin from Various Tropical Fruit Peel Wastes

Pectin is widely used as the main polymer in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical applications. The pectin utilization in diverse fields can contribute to fruit waste processing since waste such as fruit peel serves as a pectin source. This study is aimed to analyze the extraction temperature effect on the physicochemical properties of extracted pectin from various tropical fruit peel waste. In this study, we determined the extracted pectin’s physicochemical properties from peel wastes of tropical fruits like papaya, lime, lemon, and dragon fruit using 3% citric acid at 65 and 90°C. A higher pectin yield resulted from a higher extraction temperature of 90oC (8.78 to 27.03 %) than that obtained at 65oC (5.78 to 17.71 %). The spectra of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) mainly showed the degradation of pectin, specifically in the cases of papaya, lime, and lemon, indicated by the higher OH peak intensity. All samples extracted were high methoxyl pectin (HM), with degrees of esterification (DE) ranging from 56.98 to 89.63%. Among the fruit peels studied, only the lemon peel pectin extracted at 90°C, with anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content of 77.35%, meets the criteria for food additives and pharmaceutical purposes.

Analysis of Waste Composition, Waste Generation and The Recycling Potential in The Natsepa Beach Tourism Area, Central Maluku Regency

Natsepa Beach is one of the famous tourist areas on Ambon Island. The presence of tourists in the area contributes to the production of both organic and inorganic waste which affects not only the aesthetics of the area but also the income of economic agents. The study aims to analyse waste composition, waste generation, and the recycling potency in Natsepa Beach. The study was conducted from July to August 2022 by applying a field observation method. The procedure of SNI 19-3964-1994, which regards urban waste collection methods to measure the composition and waste generation, was applied in this research. The results showed that the amount of organic waste, which is dominated by fruit peel waste (from rujak or fruit salads), is about 92.21%, whereas it is only about 7.79% of inorganic waste that comes from plastic waste. Total weight of waste that is generated by a person is around 0.12 kg/day or 0.46 liters/day in volume standard. Thus, it can be assumed that every visitor in Natsepa Beach produces 0.12 kg (0,11 kg of organic and 0,01 kg of inorganic waste). The potency to recycle organic waste into compost is 100% and eco enzyme is 78.52%. Furthermore, the potential plastic waste recycling is about 77.19%.

Synthesis of Activated Porous Carbon from Red Dragon Fruit Peel Waste for Highly Active Catalytic Reduction in Toxic Organic Dyes

In this study, an alternative precursor for production of biomass-derived activated carbon was introduced using dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis) peels. Chemical activators such as FeCl3, MgCl2, ZnCl2 were used in the thermal carbonization process to convert carbon into porous carbon (PC). However, heteroatom-doped PC catalysts including N-, B-, and P-doped carbon catalysts in the field of dye removal is highly desirable. Several approaches (XRD, FE-SEM/TEM, XPS, FT-IR, EDS, and elemental mapping) were employed to examine the surface morphology, surface properties, and elemental composition of the PC catalyst. The catalytic activity of metal-free PC catalyst was demonstrated for methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and Nile blue (NB) in a mild environment The corresponding rate constant (kapp) values were estimated as 0.2473, 0.3248, and 0.3056 min−1, respectively, for MB, CV, and NB, which were significantly greater than those of numerous reports. It exhibited the best catalytic activity and recyclability. Moreover, the approach proposed here could create new opportunities for the remediation of organic dyes in lakes and industrial wastewater.

SCREENING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POTENTIAL ETHANOL OXIDIZING YEAST ISOLATES FROM SUGAR-RICH ORGANIC WASTE RESOURCES USING SCHIFF’S-BASE REACTION

Alcohol dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase enzyme that carries both alcohol oxidation and aldehyde/ketone reduction activity. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity of yeast cells were essential for industrial applications. Sugar-rich organic waste resources including spoiled fruits, fruit peel waste, spoiled vegetables, raw and composed sludge from the dairy industry, and cane molasses spill from the sugar industry, provide a favorable habitat for ethanol-oxidizing microorganisms with ADH activity. The total ethanol oxidizing microbial population of organic waste resources differs considerably from the overall microbial community. Yeast from the natural habitats has a great potential for developing novel enzymes for industrial uses. Under this backdrop, the present study was focused on screening and characterization of potential ethanol oxidizing yeast strains from sugar-rich organic waste resources. Totally seventeen ethanol oxidizing yeast strains belongs to Pichia sp. (9 strains), Candida sp. (2 strains) and Debaryomyces sp. (2 strains), Hanseniaspora sp, Lachancea sp, Torulaspora sp, and Magnusiomyces sp. have been identified. The ability of strains to oxidize ethanol into acetaldehyde was verified by the Schiff’s-base reaction through p-rosaniline assay. The selected five potential ethanol oxidizing strains were identified by 18S rRNA gene sequence as Pichia kluyveri FYES5, Pichia kudriavzevii FYES6, Pichia kudriavzevii VYES2, Candida mengyuniae CSYES1, and Magnusiomyces capitatus CSYES2 with the p-r index of 2.64±0.40, 3.79±0.54, 3.73±0.69, 2.28±0.24, and 2.87±0.58 respectively at 28°C. This is the first report to identify ethanol oxidizing yeast strains from sugar-rich organic waste resources and by this study found that the strain Candida mengyuniae has a better ability to oxidize ethanol.