Fruit Peel Waste Research Articles

Microwave-assisted synthesis of Au nanoparticles using fruit peel waste: antioxidant activity and catalytic reduction of malachite green

Microwave-assisted synthesis of Au nanoparticles using fruit peel waste: antioxidant activity and catalytic reduction of malachite green

Karakteristik Sensori dan Fisikokimia Kukis dari Campuran Tepung Mocaf dan Tepung Kulit Buah Naga

To support the goal of zero waste outlined in the sustainable development goals (SDGs), repurposing dragon fruit peel waste presents a promising opportunity. In Indonesia, the high demand for dragon fruit leads to the generation of considerable organic waste. This study explored the use of dragon fruit peel flour, combined with modified cassava (mocaf) flour, as a wheat flour alternative to improve the sensory and chemical properties of gluten-free cookies. The research involved preparing the flours and cookies, followed by conducting sensory, physical, and chemical analyses. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed, testing five formulations with varying ratios of mocaf flour to dragon fruit peel flour. The results indicated that 73% of panelists preferred the crispiness of cookies containing 25% dragon fruit peel flour, while 60% were satisfied with the color of cookies containing 45% dragon fruit peel flour. Physical analysis showed no significant differences in thickness or bake loss, but there were notable differences in diameter, spread ratio, and color. As the proportion of dragon fruit peel flour increased, the cookies showed significant improvements in chemical characteristics, including higher levels of moisture, ash, fat, protein, and fiber content. Additionally, the content of total phenolics and antioxidant activity increased with higher ratios of dragon fruit peel flour, reaching 1.14 mg GAE/g for total phenolics and 662.64 mg AAE/g for antioxidant activity. FTIR analysis revealed a consistent absorbance pattern across samples, with minor variations in peak intensities at specific wavenumbers. Based on the sensory, physical, and chemical evaluations, cookies containing 45% dragon fruit peel flour were recommended for production.

Use of CO2 for enhanced carbon recovery in thermochemical processing of fruit peel waste

To address a supply variability associated with biomass, utilization of food waste provides a practical approach to consistently obtain carbon–neutral energy resource. Despite the technical merits of conventional biological process, the inevitable generation of less useful by-products, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and sludge, remains a primary constraint. As an alternative, thermochemical process, such as pyrolysis, presents a promising solution for the comprehensive valorisation of food waste. In this study, citrus peel, one of the fruit processing wastes, was used as a model food waste. To enhance the eco-friendliness of the pyrolysis system, CO2 was introduced as a medium gas given the uncertainty regarding its behaviour as an inert or reactive agent at the pyrolysis temperatures. The pyrolysis approach demonstrated that CO2 interacts with volatile pyrogenic products, resulting in an increased formation of carbon monoxide (CO). Notably, this enhancement was observed at ≥ 400 °C, suggesting that CO2′s reactivity is limited at lower temperatures. To maximize the utility of CO2, the pyrolysis setup was modified by incorporating a heating block at 600 °C and a nickel-based catalyst (Ni/Al2O3). While these adjustments accelerated the thermal cracking of citrus peel, test setup modification led to an aromaticity increase of the resulting pyrogenic products. However, integrating CO2 into the catalytic pyrolysis created favourable conditions for detoxifying these aromatic compounds and further boosting CO production. Syngas productivity from catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of CO2 was 35.2 wt%, showing 3.67 times increase over that from conventional pyrolysis. In conclusion, CO2-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of the citrus peel offers significant technical benefits: it enhances carbon recovery in the form of CO and reduces the formation of undesirable aromatic pyrogenic products.

The Used of Variuos Biomass Waste as Raw Material Biogass Production using Cow Dung as Source of Microbe by Continuously-Anaerobic Fermentation on the 15 Liter Reactor

In Indonesia, there were some biomass wastes if there not treatment, will cause quality- environmental decreasing. It is need effort to minimalize negative effect of those biomass wastes by treating to higher value product. The organic materials in the biomass waste could be anaerobically fermentatation degradated to produce biogass. The anaerobic fermentation were depended on the use of raw materials and microorganism. The organic wastes that use as raw material on this research were (1) tapioca industrial wastewater,(2) tofu industrial wastewater, (3) fruits-peel wastes and (4) vegatable wastes. The source of microbe were found from cow dung The reaserch purpose were to know the influence of the kind of raw materials on the biogas production using cow dung as source of microbe. The research were done at Engineering Faculty Laboratry, Malahayati University Bandarlampung on the 15 liter continuously-anaerobic bioreactor with 15 days retention time. The influen were added 2 liter/2days continuously. The tested variable were COD and biogas composition. The research result showed that the COD in the tapioca industrial wastewater were reduced 71.00 – 89.5 %, in the tofu industrial wastewater reduced 70.00 – 75.00 %, in the fruit-peel waste reduced 7.00-86.00 % andin the vegetable waste reduced 65.00 – 67 %. The CH4 concentration in the produced biogas were 57.63 % ; 40,75 %; 41,41 % and 40.64 %. The C/N ratio effluent between 7.94 – 14.08 could be used directly as liquid organic fertilizer The research conclusion were the production biogas using tapioca industrial wastewater showed the best result . That cause tapioca industrial wasterawte contain high carbohydrate concentration. In the anaerobic digestion, the carbohydrate material were degradated to CH4 (methane)

Use of Fruit Waste as Natural Dyes in pH-Sensitive Colorimetric Sensors for Tilapia Fillets Quality Decline

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. The use of dragon fruit peel, mangosteen peel and onion peel waste as natural dyes in colorimetric sensors was analyzed in this study. 2. Natural dyes are added to bioplastics with kappa carrageenan polymer, a mixture of corn starch and kappa carrageenan, and corn starch to determine the characteristics of the best bioplastic to be used as a colorimetry sensor. 3. The quality of the fish fillet compared to the color changes in colorimetry sensor was analysed in this study. 4. Mixture of kappa carrageenan and corn starch as bioplastic with casting method was analyzed in this study. Abstract Tilapia fillet aimed to prolonging shelf life, may still experience quality deterioration posing food safety risks. Colorimetric pH indicators offer a simple and affordable solution to the food industry to evaluating fish spoilage. Natural dyes reduce potential health risks associated with synthetic dyes. Anthocyanin sources haven’t been explored like dragon fruit rind, mangosteen rind, and red onion skin serve as real time quality and safety assessment tools for consumers. This study explores the potential of anthocyanin extracted from dragon fruit rind, mangosteen rind, and red onion skin as colorimetric sensors for evaluating the quality and safety of tilapia fillets. The anthocyanin-based sensors developed using kappa carrageenan and corn starch polymers to achieve sustainability fisheries program and were characterized according to the Japanese Industrial Standard for bioplastics. The results show that anthocyanin from dragon fruit skin exhibited the best color change in response to pH changes in the tilapia fillet, indicating its potential as a reliable indicator of spoilage. This research highlights the feasibility of using natural dyes as colorimetric sensors, reducing the risk of health hazards associated with synthetic dyes. This study also shows that different polymers give different characteristic of bioplastic. Carrageenan bioplastic shows best thickness values of 0,118 mm; Carrageenan and corn starch bioplastics shows best tensile strength values of 20,62 MPa; Carrageenan bioplastic shows best elongation values of 254%; and All polymers shows the same biodegradation rate values of 14,29%. Further studies are needed to explore other natural dyes and optimize the polymers for optimal bioplastic characteristics.

Preparation of Passion Fruit Peel Extract/Polydopamine/Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Film and Its Application in Banana Preservation

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of blending passion fruit peel extract (PFPE) with polydopamine (PDA) solution and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) to prepare the properties of PFPE/PDA/HPMC composite films for their application in fruit and vegetable packaging. PFPE was extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method, which is simple, easy to operate and has high extraction efficiency, PFPE and dopamine were subjected to PFPE/PDA solution preparation, which in turn led to the preparation of HPMC, PFPE/PDA/HPMC films at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%), and 10% PDA/HPMC and PFPE/HPMC films were prepared with PDA and PFPE solutions, respectively. The interactions between the components in the films were analysed by infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometer, and the colour, mechanical properties, barrier properties and antioxidant activity of the films were determined. The results showed that the addition of PFPE/PDA solution had a positive effect on the performance of the films. The tensile strength of the composite films was 8.21 MPa, the elongation at break was 85.02% and the water vapour transmission was 2.62 × 10−14 g·mm/(cm2·h·Pa) when the content of PFPE/PDA was 20% compared to that of HPMC films; the DPPH radical scavenging rate and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the films increased with the increase of PFPE/PDA concentration, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate of the film with 20% additive was 28.71% and the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate was 34.77%, which were much higher than that of the HPMC film. The simulated bananas were stored at room temperature together with the films and stored at 25°C and tested every day, and it was found that the bananas without packaging film began to show browning on the third day, while the film with 20% additive still did not show obvious browning on the fifth day, so the addition of PFPE/PDA could effectively delay the browning of bananas and prolong their shelf life. In summary, this study improves the use value of passion fruit peel waste and provides new effective packaging for fresh bananas, while it can also provide a new way for the development of degradable films from plant extracts.

Value-Added Nanocellulose Valorized from Fruit Peel Waste for Potential Dermal Wound Healing and Tissue Regenerative Applications

Value-Added Nanocellulose Valorized from Fruit Peel Waste for Potential Dermal Wound Healing and Tissue Regenerative Applications

A green method for the preparation of carbon quantum dots from yellow lupin peel waste for spectrofluorometric determination of nirmatrelvir

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective antiviral agents. One such promising drug is nirmatrelvir (NIRMA), which has demonstrated the ability to inhibit viral replication and reduce hospitalization and mortality rates. In the field of analytical chemistry, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from fruit peel waste have gained attention for their eco-friendly and cost-effective properties. In this study, CQDs were synthesized from the peel biomass waste of yellow lupin and utilized for the spectrofluorometric determination of NIRMA in pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed method offers simplicity and speed compared to existing methods. The synthesis process involved washing and grinding the peel waste, followed by heating in propylene glycol and purification using a dialysis membrane. The resulting CQD solution showed fluorescence at an emission wavelength of 411 nm upon excitation at 325 nm. The validation of the method, including linearity, range, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, and robustness, was conducted following ICH guidelines. The fluorescence intensities exhibited a linear relationship with increasing NIRMA concentration in the range of 15–150 µg/mL. The limit of detection found to be 4.0 μg/mL, with %relative standard deviations ≤ 1.46. This spectrofluorometric method represents a novel approach for the determination of NIRMA using CQDs derived from yellow lupin peel waste.

Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik dari Buah-buahan dan Sayuran Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Eco Enzyme

People have a significant need to consume fruits in daily life. Overall, the pulp of the fruit is the only part that is utilized; thus far, fruit rind is rarely utilized and is merely wasted. Similarly, whenever it relates to vegetables, only the desirable sections are picked; the tougher sections, such as the stems, are usually eliminated. Potential raw materials for the production of eco enzyme (which can be used as liquid organic fertilizer) abounds in the profusion of fruit and vegetable waste. Typically, organic waste is neglected, resulting in an offensive odor that affects the environment's cleanliness and may pose health risks. In an attempt to mitigate the adverse effects caused by organic waste, alternative raw materials for the production of liquid organic fertilizer and eco-enzymes may be derived from fruit and vegetable peel waste. The production process of eco enzyme commences with the segregation of organic waste, which will serve as its main material. Subsequently, blend the components in the suggested proportions (1 part sugar/molasses to 3 parts organic matter to 10 parts water). Three months after the mixture is complete, eco-enzymes may be harvested. The collaborators of this community service endeavor consist of housewives, beverage vendors, and organic waste-focused community organizations. Encouraging economic and social autonomy in the community is the objective of this Community Service Program activity, to educate and raise awareness among the general public regarding the proper disposal of organic garbage in order to create a more sanitary and habitable environment and a greener planet, enhance both soft and physical skills while fostering greater social harmony and comfort.

Studi Pustaka: Ekstraksi Pewarna Alami dari Tanaman di Indonesia

Dyes have played an important role in human life, therefore the production of dyes has continued to increase from the past until now. The use of synthetic chemical dyes has apparently caused various health and environmental problems, this is what has triggered the return to use of natural dyes. Through advances in science and technology, research related to the extraction of natural dyes in Indonesia was carried out until 31 scientific reports were found that studied this matter in the last ten years. Literature studies with secondary data have summarized the novelty of research related to the extraction of natural dyes from plants, where currently flower objects are of great interest for observational studies. Various types of flowers have potential pigments that can be converted into natural dyes. The maceration extraction method is still the choice for extracting plant bioactive substances. Recently a study on the extraction of dyes from fruit peel waste was also carried out. It is hoped that the development of information related to the extraction of natural dyes will have more opportunities to be applied in various aspects.

Utilizing Biomolecule-Rich Citrus Fruit Waste as a Medium for the Eco-Friendly Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Properties

An ample amount of fruit waste is generated as agro-industrial waste, leading to significant nutritional, economic, and environmental challenges. Fruit peels are rich in many valuable bioactive compounds with the potential for developing nanoparticles. This study examined fresh juices of two citrus fruit peel wastes (Citrus sinensis: C. sinesis and Citrus limon: C. limon) for antioxidants and total protein. Then, we investigated their ability to produce silver nanoparticles, which were further analyzed for anti-microbial activity against thirteen pathogenic microbes. Both Citrus peel juices were rich in secondary metabolites. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with peaks at 400 nm for C. sinensis peel Ag nanoparticles and 430 nm for C. limon peel Ag nanoparticles. Further characterization was conducted using zeta sizer, zeta potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method against 11 bacterial strains (five Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) and two fungal strains of Candida. TEM and SEM results revealed a spherical shape, with an average diameter of about 13 nm for C. sinensis and 21 nm for C. limon Ag. EDX confirmed the presence of silver in both nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of biomolecules, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles showed remarkable antimicrobial activity, but the nanoparticles from C. sinensis exhibited stronger antibacterial properties because of their smaller size. Citrus peel waste is a suitable medium for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles.

Enhancing vinyl ester composites with biocarbon from pineapple leaf fiber and dragon fruit peel waste: a characterization study

Enhancing vinyl ester composites with biocarbon from pineapple leaf fiber and dragon fruit peel waste: a characterization study

Pemanfaatan Limbah Organik Menjadi Eco Enzyme Dan Kandungan Unsur Hara Makro Untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Lingkungan

Organic waste is waste that comes from plants and creatures; if not managed properly, it will produce methane gas, which can damage life on earth. One type of organic waste is fruit peel waste. The aim of this research is to recycle organic fruit peel waste into eco-enzymes and test the levels of eco-enzyme macro nutrients. The method used is laboratory testing with spectrophotometric and absorbance tests. The research results were pH 3.5, N 526 mg/l, P 4.2 mg/l and K 2,900 mg/l.

Anthelmintic effects of Podang mango (Mangifera indica) fruit peel waste extract through in vivo application on Indonesian Etawa goat production and health.

The continuous use of anthelmintic drugs has led to global issues of resistance. One breakthrough to address this problem is the utilization of bio-anthelmintics derived from active compounds in agro-industrial waste. This in vivo study investigated the effectiveness of Podang mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit peel waste extract for anthelmintic purposes, using concentrations up to 5%. This study included 28 Etawa crossbred goats aged 17 months. Goats were randomly assigned to four groups: A negative control, an aqueous fruit peel extract (AFPE) group at 2.5%, another AFPE group at 5%, and a positive control receiving ivermectin. Goats chosen had egg per gram (EPG) counts surpassing 1000 before exposure to Haemonchus contortus. For 7 days within a 9-week study, AFPE from Podang mangoes was given. On the 7th day, the positive control group was administered ivermectin. AFPE dosage relied on the average abomasum fluid per kilogram of animal weight. The feeding regimen consisted of concentrate and Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott is customized for the nutritional needs of livestock. Data on feed consumption, digestibility, average daily gain, percentage reduction in fecal egg count, body condition score, and clinical parameters were collected throughout the study. At higher treatment levels (AFPE), there was a greater reduction in both EPG and fecal egg counts. The expected and normal ranges were maintained for consumption and digestibility. While body weight increased, FAMACHA parameters showed a decrease. Compared to the negative control group, substantial disparities (p < 0.05) existed for hemoglobin, red blood cells, and hematocrit in both the positive control and the treatment groups. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, indicative of liver and kidney health, were within normal ranges. At a concentration of up to 5%, Podang mango waste extract (AFPE) can function as a substitute for traditional helminth medicines or bio-anthelmintics in goats, enhancing their production.

Praktik Packaging Eco-Enzym Dari Kulit Buah Bagi Santriwati Di Panti Asuhan

Food waste such as fruit peels is often found in domestic waste. Fruit peel waste can produce eco-enzymes that have many benefits and do not harm the environment. The utilization of eco-enzymes can be carried out by empowering the community from production to branding. Branding training is conducted to assist the community in improving their quality of life. The methods used in the training include lectures and discussions with participants who are residents of the Putri Aisyiyah Pucang Gading Orphanage. The training is a continuation of the previous community service activities related to the production of eco-enzymes using fruit peel waste in the surrounding environment. The success of the training is evident from the enthusiasm of the orphanage residents for the eco-enzyme and branding materials presented. Monitoring and evaluation are conducted periodically for the coaching of improving the residents' skills in the aspect of product branding. Similar community service programs need to be developed to help communities improve their quality of life. Keywords: branding; eco-enzym; fruit peels

Pelatihan Penerapan Pengelolaan Limbah Kulit Buah dan Sayuran pada Usaha Honey Juice Taman Jati Sari Bekasi

Honey juice business is a business in the field of making fruit juices that requires fresh fruit as the main ingredient in making fruit juice, this honey juice business is located in the beautiful garden of Jati Sari Bekasi. In this Honey juice business, there are 4 activities, namely purchasing fresh fruit from fruit farmers, washing fruit, peeling fruit skin, and mashing fruit by means of a blender. However, this honey juice business is not clean, especially in the disposal of fruit skins, therefore it is necessary to hold training on the application of handling fruit and vegetable peel waste so that fruit peel waste in this Honey juice business can be reused by fermentation or what we call eco-enzyme.

Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles by using pineapple peel waste: in vitro characterizations and antibacterial potential.

A considerable amount of fruit waste is being produced every day worldwide. The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles from fruit peel waste can be an innovative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized by a green method using the pineapple peels extract (PLX) and copper sulfate pentahydrate. The formation of CuNPs was visually identified and detected by UV-Visible spectroscopy. The CuNPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antioxidant and reducing power of CuNPs were conducted by %DPPH scavenging and electron transfer-based ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. The antibacterial properties of CuNPs were determined in gram-positive, and gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the CuNPs were spherical in shape with mean particle size 290.5nm. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was found to be -12.3mV indicating the instability in the colloidal state. The FTIR study confirmed the peaks of phytochemicals present in the PLX and the nanoparticles supporting the use of pineapple peels as stabilizing, reducing and capping agents. Both the DPPH and reducing power assay depicted that the synthesized CuNPs had significant antioxidant activity. However, the synthesized CuNPs had strong inhibitory capacity against both gram-positive and gram-negative test organisms. Thus, the CuNPS could be used for its viable antibacterial potential to preserve fruits, flowers, and vegetables from bacterial contamination.

Pectin From Fruit Peel Waste: A Sustainable Source for Production of Active Packaging Films

ABSTRACTPectin from lemon and passion fruit peels was studied for its potential to serve as a source of biopolymer for preparation of active film. To develop a packaging film appropriate for fruits, different combinations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), pectin from lemon and passion fruit peel and rosemary essential oil (REO) were evaluated. Extensive characterisation of these films with respect to colour, thickness, moisture, opacity, UV absorption, tensile strength, elongation, swelling, solubility and thermal and chemical interactions was studied. Film prepared with PVA, lime and pectin peel (2:1:1 v/v) without REO and glycerol as plasticiser was found to be best based on the above properties. Additionally, the effectiveness of this film at extending the shelf life of strawberries and plums was evaluated. Physiological changes on storage were lesser in active packaged fruits as compared to unpackaged fruits. On basis of several spoilage indices studied, unpacked fruits had shelf life of less than 7 days, while those packed in active film were acceptable up to 15 days in case of strawberry and 45 in case of plums when stored at chilled temperature (6°C). Thus, use of the developed active packaging film would be beneficial for extending the marketable period of the fruits and enhancing its cost‐effectiveness.

Enhancing oxidative stability of biodiesel using fruit peel waste extracts blend: Comparison of predictive modelling via RSM and ANN techniques

This work harnessed the potentials of banana, mango, and palm fruit peels as green sources of natural antioxidants whose liquid extracts were recovered via supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to improve biodiesel's low oxidative stability (OS). Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were explored and compared in predicting the OS of the extracts' stabilized biodiesel. The induction period (IP) for the freshly synthesized (Y1) and 8-weeks stored (Y2) extracts-blended biodiesel was determined using Rancimat analyzer. Optimization of the biodiesel's IP was carried out using central composite design (CCD) for the chosen process variables namely extracts' dosage ratio, mixing speed, and reaction time against the response variable (IP). Accordingly, the optimal conditions that accounted for the maximum IP value of 17.59 h for Y1 were a dosage ratio of 1.24, a mixing speed of 496.66 rpm, and a reaction time of 64.99 min. Whereas, a corresponding dosage ratio of 0.94, a mixing speed of 430.27 rpm, and a reaction time of 46.71 min produced the highest IP (12.82 h) value for the response Y2. The predictive capability of both models was manifested based on the results and found to be within an acceptable range. However, the ANN presented lower percentage errors and a high correlation coefficient (R2) corresponding to 0.9710 and 0.9462 for Y1 and Y2 respectively, demonstrating the model's superior predicting ability compared to 0.9428 and 0.8091 for the same responses presented by RSM. Finally, the limitation of the traditional RSM chemometric approach can be overcome by utilizing the ANN line of optimization which proved to be more accurate in the prediction ability.

ISOLASI ALFA SELULOSA DAN PEMBUATAN SERTA KARAKTERISASI MIKROKRISTALIN SELULOSA DARI KULIT BUAH LIMPASU (Baccaurea lanceolata Muell)

Indonesia is rich in biological natural resources and has diversity spread throughout Indonesia. One of the typical Indonesian plants, especially in Kalimantan, is Limpasu. Limpasu is a typical Kalimantan plant, where this plant has many nutritious contents such as antioxidants and has high potential to be used as a raw material for making microcrystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) is cellulose that is partially purified, then processed with ɑ-cellulose preparations. The aim of this research is to obtain microcrystalline cellulose from Limpasu fruit peel waste. The research method used in this research is chemical delignification, followed by hydrolysis using dilute acid to produce MCC, then characterized with Avicel PH 102 as a commercial comparison. Based on the research results, the yield of α-cellulose was 14.14% for simplicia powder, the MCC yield was 11.48% for α-cellulose and the characterization of MCCKBL powder showed similar characteristics to Avicel® PH 102 as a comparison.