Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Research Articles

Facile green synthesis of Phyllanthus emblica extract based Ag-NPs for antimicrobial and response surface methodology based catalytic reduction applications

Silver nanostructures were synthesized by utilizing facile and simple green methodology based on the usage of biogenic Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the numerous phytochemicals were found to be present in the extract that were responsible for reducing the precursor salt into nanoparticles. After 10 min, the silver nanoparticles were formed in the system while the further nucleation for 30 min resulted in the generation of the silver nanostructures with dual morphology (spherical & rod-like morphology). The reaction time/nucleation time was found to be the major factor responsible for the modulation of the morphology of the biogenic nanomaterials. The crystalline nature with the cubic crystal system was observed in the case of the silver nanostructure via X-ray diffraction analysis. The antimicrobial efficacy investigated for these nanostructures revealed that the silver nanostructures possess comparable or greater efficacy than the selected control. The excellent efficacy is attributed to the smaller size and the peculiar morphological characteristics of the silver nanostructures. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol via silver nanostructures was also investigated by using the response surface methodology as an optimization tool. An extremely high percentage reduction value of 96.491 % with the rate constant value of 0.277 min−1 was documented in the case of Ag-NSs. The prepared silver nanostructures were found to be extremely stable till six reuse cycles. Our findings affirm that the efficient synthesis of nanostructures is achieved by using P. emblica fruit extract and the synthesized material further presents excellent viability for antimicrobial and catalytic applications.

Evaluation The Ameliorative Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Citrullus colocynthis and Phyllanthus Emblica Fruits on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Male Rats

Evaluation The Ameliorative Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Citrullus colocynthis and Phyllanthus Emblica Fruits on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Male Rats

Comparative Analysis of Medicinal and Nutritional Properties of Three Varieties of Phyllanthus emblica Fruits of North-West Himalayas

Comparative Analysis of Medicinal and Nutritional Properties of Three Varieties of Phyllanthus emblica Fruits of North-West Himalayas

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Capsules Containing Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit Nanoparticles

Phyllanthus emblica fruit has diuretic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, antitumor, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antiulcerogenic activities making it possible as a traditional medicine in capsule form. Capsule preparations have the advantage of covering the unpleasant taste and smell of medicinal ingredients, easy to swallow, so they are practical to use. This study aimed to formulate Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticles in capsules and to test the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and anti-inflammatory activity by observing denaturation inhibition in vitro. The method used to manufacture Phyllanthus emblica fruit simplicia nanoparticles was used using a High Energy Ball mill grinding machine. Capsule formulation was carried out with various doses of nanoparticles (100, 150, and 200 mg). Evaluation includes weight uniformity and disintegration time. Test of its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its anti inflammatory activity in vitro. The study found that all formulas could be made into capsules that met the evaluation test requirements. The results of the evaluation of disintegration time ranged from 6.17-11.33 minutes. For the evaluation results of weight uniformity, it was found that weight deviations in columns A1 and A2 were in the range between 0.9% to 2.8% and 0.9 to 1.3%. The study reports on the antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticle capsules (PFNP) against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results indicate that PFNP exhibits a dose-dependent antibacterial effect, with inhibition zone diameters of 10.83 mm, 11.6 mm, and 12.63 mm observed at 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg, respectively, against Streptococcus mutans. Similarly, PFNP demonstrated a dose-dependent antibacterial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameters of 10.7 mm, 11.4 mm, and 12.1 mm observed at doses of 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg, respectively. PFNP capsules showed inhibition results with a value of 5.63%, 6.13%, and 6.80%. It was concluded that Phyllanthus emblica fruit nanoparticles (Phyllanthus emblica L.) could be formulated in capsule dosage forms with doses of 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg; has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and has no anti-inflammatory activity.

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO:NiO Nanocomposites Prepared by Phyllanthus Emblica Fruit Extract Assisted Green Method

We present the environment-friendly facile production of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO: NiO nanocomposites by a completely green synthesis method using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract as solvent as well as reducing agent. The existence of ZnO and NiO phases in the nanocomposites is confirmed by XRD analysis. Rietveld Refinement was performed to calculate the corresponding structural parameters. The average crystallite size is found in between 18 nm to 22 nm for the different phases present in all the samples. The microstructures of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO:NiO nanocomposites were investigated by FE-SEM, displaying mixed morphology having a combination of quasi-spherical and hexagonal shape and the particle size varying from 20 nm to 120 nm. The existence of vibrational modes corresponding to ZnO and NiO phases is shown by Raman spectroscopy. Dielectric characteristics were examined as a function of applied electric field frequency, revealing a decrease in dielectric constant with NiO addition, which was ascribed to the creation of ZnO:NiO interfaces in the composites. Complex impedance analysis was used to confirm the effect of grain and grain boundary resistance on dielectric characteristics. Complex impedance analysis, which supports the predominance of grain boundaries in the conduction process, was used to confirm the effect of grain and grain boundary resistance on the dielectric characteristics.

Two pyrrole acids isolated from Phyllanthus emblica L. and their bioactivities

An undescribed pyrrole acid, 1-(4′-methoxy-4′-oxobutyl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (1) and one known pyrrole acid (2) were isolated from the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica. The structures of these compounds were elucidated via the comprehensive analyses of IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. A series of biological assays revealed that compounds 1 and 2 could inhibit LPS-induced over-production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by reducing the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 were found to reduce lipid deposition and increase the mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated RAW264.7 macrophages.Graphical abstract

Laurus nobilis essential oil nanoemulsion-infused chitosan: A safe and effective antifungal agent for masticatory preservation

The present study reports the first time investigation on encapsulation of Laurus nobilis essential oil into chitosan nanoemulsion (CS-Ne-LNEO) and assessment of its efficacy to inhibit fungal infestation and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in stored masticatories food system. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed m-Eugenol (46.23%) and D-Limonene (8.89%) as the most abundant components of LNEO. The CS-Ne-LNEO was physico-chemically characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses. The CS-Ne-LNEO exhibited broad range of antifungal activity against food contaminating fungi including inhibition of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus (AF-LHP-PE-4) and AFB1 production at lower concentrations as compared to unencapsulated LNEO. The CS-Ne-LNEO caused impairment in ergosterol biosynthesis and enhancement in leakage of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ ions and 260, 280 nm absorbing materials along with inhibition of methylglyoxal production suggesting the antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic mechanism of action. The DPPH antioxidant activity of CS-Ne-LNEO was noted with IC50 value of 0.004 µL/mL. In addition, the CS-Ne-LNEO caused complete protection of stored Phyllanthus emblica (model masticatories) fruit samples against fungal and AFB1 contamination without altering their sensory characteristics and exhibited high LD50 value (13,504 µL/Kg body weight) mammalian system. Overall, these results indicated that LNEO loaded chitosan nanoemulsion could be promoted as an eco-friendly preservative for complete protection of stored plant masticatories against fungal and AFB1 contamination.

Synergistic antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits and its phytocompounds with ampicillin: a computational and experimental study.

Phyllanthus emblica L. (syn. Emblica officinalis), popularly known as amla, Indian gooseberry, or the King of Rasyana, is a member of Phyllanthaceae family and is traditionally used in Ayurveda as an immunity booster. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic interaction of Phyllanthus emblica (FPE) fruits and its selected phytocompounds with ampicillin against selected bacteria. Further, an in silico technique was used to find if major phytocompounds of FPE could bind to proteins responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and enhance the bioactivity of ampicillin. FPE and all the selected phytocompounds were found to have synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin against tested bacteria in different combinations. However, ellagic acid and quercetin interactions with ampicillin resulted in maximum bioactivity enhancement of 32-128 folds and 16-277 folds, respectively. In silico analysis revealed strong ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin binding with penicillin-binding protein (PBP-) 3, further supported by MD simulations. Ellagic acid and quercetin also fulfill Lipinski's rule, showing similar toxicity characteristics to ampicillin. FPE showed synergistic interaction with ampicillin, possibly due to the presence of phytocompounds such as gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin. Molecular docking and MD simulations showed the strong interaction of ellagic acid and quercetin with PBP-3 protein. Therefore, these compounds can be explored as potential non-toxic drug candidates to combat bacterial antimicrobial resistance.

The effect of an oral product containing Amla fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) on female androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAmla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit has been emphasized as a hair tonic in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and recommended for hair loss orally and topically. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the effect of an oral product containing Amla fruit on Female Androgenetic Alopecia (FAGA). Materials and methodsThis study was a triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Sixty women with FAGA were randomly assigned into two groups of thirty. The intervention group received ten cc Amla syrup thrice a day for 12 weeks. The second group received a placebo with the same dose and duration. Hair growth parameters were analyzed using TrichoScan before and after 12 weeks of intervention. Physician and patient satisfaction were assessed using the CGI-I and PGI-I questionnaires, respectively. ResultsTwenty-seven participants in the intervention group and 25 in the placebo group completed the trial. Based on our findings, the anagen-to-telogen ratio increased significantly in the intervention group compared with the group who received placebo (F = 10.4, P = 0.002). Physician and patient satisfaction increased in the amla group compared with placebo at 12th weeks of intervention (P<0.001), (P<0.001). The formula had no remarkable side effects. Only one case of mild constipation was reported in one of the participants after one month of consuming Amla syrup. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated that Amla syrup could help treat androgenic hair loss in women and increase the anagen phase. Further studies are needed to evaluate this potential treatment for FAGA.

In vitro assessment of antioxidant and anti-aging properties of ethanol extracts from Amaranthus dubius, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, and Phyllanthus emblica: Promising natural agents for age-related disease prevention

Age-related diseases (ARDs) and cellular senescence are significant concerns as the aging population increases in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Oxidative stress, induced by free radicals that result in the formation of senescent cells (SCs), is a primary contributor to ARDs. Antioxidant-rich plants have potential in mitigating free radical-related diseases, but their safety for normal cells requires careful investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-senescence properties of Amaranthus dubius leaves (AD), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton seeds (PF), and Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PE), commonly used in culinary and traditional medicine in northern Thailand. The study assessed the phytochemical composition of the plant extracts by GC-MS, their total phenolic content, ability to scavenge free radicals and H2O2, and their potential for DNA damage protection, cellular senescence prevention, and restoration. The results showed that all plant extracts possessed antioxidant, H2O2 scavenging, and DNA damage protection properties, with PE displaying the highest efficacy. AD and PF were potentially non-toxic, whereas PE was observed to be harmful to HDF-a after 24-h treatment, with all extracts exhibiting potential harm after 72 h. Additionally, all extracts showed preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence but were not restorative, with PE exhibiting the greatest performance. In conclusion, PE displayed the most significant preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence, making it a potential candidate for supplement development to potentially mitigate the risk of ARDs occurrence.

Antidiabetic and Immunoregulatory Activities of Extract of Phyllanthus emblica L. in NOD with Spontaneous and Cyclophosphamide-Accelerated Diabetic Mice.

Oil-Gan, also known as emblica, is the fruit of the genus Phyllanthus emblica L. The fruits are high in nutrients and display excellent health care functions and development values. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the activities of ethyl acetate extract from Phyllanthus emblica L. (EPE) on type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and immunoregulatory activities in non-obese diabetes (NOD) mice with spontaneous and cyclophosphamide (Cyp)-accelerated diabetes. EPE was vehicle-administered to spontaneous NOD (S-NOD) mice or Cyp-accelerated NOD (Cyp-NOD) mice once daily at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight for 15 or 4 weeks, respectively. At the end, blood samples were collected for biological analyses, organ tissues were dissected for analyses of histology and immunofluorescence (IF) staining (including expressions of Bcl and Bax), the expression levels of targeted genes by Western blotting and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and helper T lymphocyte 1 (Th1)/Th2/Th17/Treg regulatory T cell (Treg) cell distribution by flow cytometry. Our results showed that EPE-treated NOD mice or Cyp-accelerated NOD mice display a decrease in levels of blood glucose and HbA1c, but an increase in blood insulin levels. EPE treatment decreased blood levels of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis α (TNF-α) by Th1 cells, and reduced interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 by Th17 cells, but increased IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) by Th2 cells in both of the two mice models by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Flow cytometric data showed that EPE-treated Cyp-NOD mice had decreased the CD4+ subsets T cell distribution of CD4+IL-17 and CD4+ interferon gamma (IFN-γ), but increased the CD4+ subsets T cell distribution of CD4+IL-4 and CD4+Foxp3. Furthermore, EPE-treated Cyp-NOD mice had decreased the percentage per 10,000 cells of CD4+IL-17 and CD4+IFNγ, and increased CD4+IL-4 and CD4+Foxp3 compared with the Cyp-NOD Con group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). For target gene expression levels in the pancreas, EPE-treated mice had reduced expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ and TNF-α by Th1 cells, but increased expression levels of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-1β by Th2 cells in both two mice models. Histological examination of the pancreas revealed that EPE-treated mice had not only increased pancreatic insulin-expressing β cells (brown), and but also enhanced the percentage of Bcl-2 (green)/Bax (red) by IF staining analyses of islets compared with the S-NOD Con and the Cyp-NOD Con mice, implying that EPE displayed the protective effects of pancreas β cells. EPE-treated mice showed an increase in the average immunoreactive system (IRS) score on insulin within the pancreas, and an enhancement in the numbers of the pancreatic islets. EPE displayed an improvement in the pancreas IRS scores and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, EPE exerted blood-glucose-lowering effects by regulating IL-17 expressions. Collectively, these results implied that EPE inhibits the development of autoimmune diabetes by regulating cytokine expression. Our results demonstrated that EPE has a therapeutic potential in the preventive effects of T1D and immunoregulation as a supplementary.

The in Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Alcohol Extract of Medicinal Plant Individually and in Polyherbal Combination using DPPH Method

The present study deal with the aqueous alcohol extract of Allium sativum (bulb), Phyllanthus emblica (fruits) and Curcuma longa (rhizomes) were used for relative analysis of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH (1,1-dipharyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and expressed with ascorbic acid. It was found that Phyllanthus emblica, Trigonella foenum graecum and Curcuma longa had more antioxidant activity than the Allium sativum. In combination for all four herbal drug were the in vitro antioxidant activity was more significant with DPPH radical scavenging potential. In vitro screening used for the study and evaluation of herbal drug for antioxidant activity in combination or individually.

Characterization and metabolomic profiling of two pigment producing fungi from infected fruits of Indian Gooseberry

Two pigment producing fungi, Talaromyces atroroseus and Penicillium choerospondiatis, were isolated and identified from infected fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. based on amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region and beta-tubulin gene. This is the first occurrence report of these two fungi from fruits of P. emblica. Culture extract containing metabolites of T. atroroseus and P. choerospondiatis contained phenolics of 26.35mg and 30.89mgGAE/g dry extract respectively; whereas no significant amount of flavonoids and tannins were detected. P. choerospondiatis metabolites extract showed higher DPPH and ABTS activity with IC50 values of 21.94mg/ml and 27.03mg/ml respectively than T. atroroseus. LC-HRMS analysis of metabolites extract of T. atroroseus revealed presence of trimethyl-isopropyl-butanamide, perlolyrine, N-hexadecanoylpyrrolidine etc. whereas P. choerospondiatis displayed presence of tangeraxanthin, ugaxanthone, daphniphylline, etc. Therefore, fungal metabolites are rich natural sources of diversified compounds that can be utilized in dyeing industries, cosmetics and novel drug development.

Chemoprotective Effect of Phyllanthus emblica Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) Nanoparticles on Bleomycin-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Lymphocytes

Following the world's largest nuclear accident at Fukushima in 2011, a lot of research has been conducted to try to minimize the potential health effects of radiation exposure. One way to do this is to use natural antioxidants to protect against oxidative DNA damage. We studied the effects of an Phyllanthus emblica fruit crude extract MoS2 NPs against bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes to see if it increases the overall chemoprotective mechanism. We analyzed the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and DNA damage after treatment with different concentrations of bleomycin. We observed a significant increase in cell viability in lymphocytes treated with Phyllanthus emblica fruit crude extract MoS2 NPs and then exposed to bleomycin induced cytotoxic cells. When lymphocytes were pretreated with Phyllanthus emblica fruit crude extract MoS2 NPs (80 and 100 μg/mL), the frequency of micronuclei was decreased at all doses of bleomycin and DNA damage was decreased at 20 μg/mL of bleomycin induced cytotoxicity human lymphocytes. These results suggest that Phyllanthus emblica fruit crude extract MoS2 NPs may have chemoprotective effects by performing CBMN assay.

Optimizing amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit powder supplementation in liquid feed fed to Holstein dairy calves: Insights from growth performance and health events

Despite efforts at improvement, calf diarrhea remains one of the main problems in calf rearing. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruit could be a good candidate to improve gut health due to its antimicrobial, gastro-protective, and immunomodulatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of amla fruit powder supplementation on frequency of diarrhea and growth performance of dairy calves. One hundred male Holstein calves [2-days (d)-old; 42.6 ± 1.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned into five treatments, CON, PEF5, PEF10, PEF20, and PEF40, with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/d amla fruit powder (PEF) supplementation, respectively, and housed in individual hutches (n = 20 calves per treatment). The experiment lasted from 2 to 75 d of age (weaning) and calves were fed milk (2–7 d), milk replacer (8–75 d), and calf starter (2–75 d). The PEF supplementations were fed in two meals a day, equal amount each time, by mixing into milk or milk replacer. Feed intake and fecal score data were collected daily; BW and body frame measurements at 2, 14, 28, 42, and 75 d; and rumen fluid samples at 14, 28, 42, and 75 d. Starter and total dry matter intakes (DMI) differed among treatments during 22–75 with the highest in CON and linearly decreased with increasing PEF doses. Liquid feed DMI tended to decrease with increasing PEF doses. PEF supplementation had quadratic effect on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, body length, heart girth, and withers height. The BW and ADG differed among treatments during 29–75 and 15–75 d, respectively, with the highest in PEF5 followed by CON and lowest in PEF40. However, PEF did not improve BW and ADG compared to the CON. The overall feed efficiency in PEF5 was higher than in PEF20 and PEF40. PEF5 decreased the frequency of fecal score “3” (P = 0.02) while PEF5 (P < 0.01) and PEF10 (P = 0.03) increased the frequency of fecal score “1”, compared to the CON. Frequency of diarrhea in the PEF5 group (7.9%) was lower (P < 0.05) than all groups (11.1%, 14.3%, 22.6%, and 24.2% for PEF10, PEF20, and PEF40, respectively). Rumen fermentation (pH, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acids) was not affected by PEF supplementation. However, ammonia-N showed a decreasing trend with increasing PEF levels. The results suggested that PEF could be fed at 5 g/d to reduce diarrhea in preweaning dairy calves.

Adsorption of crystal violet dye from wastewater on Phyllanthus emblica fruit (PEF) powder: kinetic and thermodynamic

ABSTRACT This research focused on removal of cationic crystal violet dye using Phyllanthus emblica fruit (PEF) powder (as an adsorbent) from wastewater. Operational parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, dye concentration, as well as temperature were optimised. Results showed that maximum amount of dye, i.e. 84%, has been adsorbed at optimised condition employing particles of mesh sizes 510 µm, at 12 pH, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g, with contact time of 30 min, having dye concentration of 20 ppm at 20°C temperature. Characterisation of adsorbent was done by FTIR and SEM techniques which confirmed the involvement of carboxylic as well as hydroxyl functional groups in dye adsorption, and heterogeneous, highly porous surface (which were occupied after dye adsorption) of adsorbent which favours dye adsorption. Concentration and contact time data of study was applied to various isotherms and kinetic models respectively and investigation of the best fitted model of was carried out. It was found that Freundlich isotherm model (with = 0.986) and pseudo-second-order kinetic model (with = 0.986) was best fitted to experimental data. Thermodynamic study revealed value of ΔG varied from −29.495 to-33.610 kand ΔH was 6.175 k confirming that the process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Applicability of current procedure with tap water showed 74% results, and regeneration showed that nearly 79% of dye was desorbed, indicating the effectiveness of Phyllanthus emblica fruit (PEF) powder for adsorptive removal of crystal violet dye from wastewater.

Real Time Emblica Fruit Disease Monitoring System

Abstract: Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla) fruit is vulnerable to fungal diseases mainly soft-rot and rust causing 25-30% loss in production of fruit in India, the largest producer of Phyllanthus Emblica. So, effective automated detection of Phyllanthus Emblica fruit disease at early stage will not only monitor health status but also help farmers to correctly identify and treat Phyllanthus Emblica disease. This project proposes novel technique of real time detection and categorization of soft-rot (Phomopsis Phyllanthi) and rust (Ravenelia Emblicae) using CNN and YOLO-V2 and providing eco-friendly treatment of detected disease using Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) and bio-fertilizer as fungal controller. For early detection of disease, input image is taken directly from the field using ESP32 camera and YOLO-V2 detects whether input contains Phyllanthus Emblica fruit or not. The output image is trained using CNN to classify fruit disease. CNN and YOLO-V2 is used together for the increased accuracy and better IOU as it is faster algorithm than its counterparts, running at 45 FPS in detection of Phyllanthus Emblica fruit disease over SVM methods and result showed 99.99% accuracy in early detection of soft-rot and rust. Ravenelia Emblicae and Phomopsis Phyllanthi were isolated and identified using PDA and assessed for fungitoxity of homemade ACV and Bio-fertilizer using microbes culturing method. ACV effectively inhibited fungi on 5th day .Thus disease can be controlled after 3-5 attempts of ACV. This technique is easily accessible to farmers and finds a great future for timely detection, prevention and control using eco-friendly treatment of fruit disease which is crucial to promote healthy growth and maintain nutritive value of Phyllanthus Emblica fruit.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle for Rhodamine-B Adsorption using Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract

In this work, the nanoadsorbent efficiency of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhA-B) dye was examined. The NiONPs were synthesized by green technique using NiCl2·H2O and Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. The NiO nanoparticles were characterized using UV, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM and TGA/DTA analysis to study the decomposition pattern, functional groups, crystalline size and elemental composition of nanoparticles. TEM analysis showed that the nanoparticles were spherical, highly crystalline, highly agglomerated and appeared as clusters of nanoparticles in the size range converted into tubular shape. The prepaed NiONPs were used for batch experiments to evaluate the adsorption capacities of the dye. The influence of various key parameters, i.e. adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration were investigated. The extent of adsorption of RhA-B was found to be 88% at pH 6. Langmuir isotherm showed maximum monolayer adsorption with qm values from 328-465 mg/L. The kinetic investigation of RhA-B degradation followed a pseudo-second-order rate kinetics with a rate constant of 2.0495 × 10-2 mg-1 min-1. ΔGº = − 79.00 kJ/mol indicates that the adsorption is chemisorption and spontaneous.

Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves' Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity.

Disease is the main reason for the use of antimicrobials in calf rearing, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat calves, including for unknown diseases. This leads to antimicrobial resistance, which is a challenge to the livestock industry and public health. Plant products containing high levels of phytochemicals may improve the immunity and resistance of calves against infections, thereby reducing the use of antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) fruit powder (PE) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune response of preweaning dairy calves. One hundred, 2-day-old, male Holstein calves were randomly assigned into five treatment groups receiving 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/d PE supplementation. Antioxidant and immune indices and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed from serum samples, whereas 16S rRNA was analyzed from rumen fluid and fecal samples. PE supplementation, at 5 g/d, protected calves against oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymes and immune and anti-inflammatory responses, showing its immunity-enhancing and protective roles against infections. However, the antioxidant capacity and immune response decreased with increasing PE levels, illustrating the adverse effects of PE supplementation at higher doses. The analysis of ruminal and fecal bacterial community abundance detected higher proportions of Firmicutes at an early age, and a higher Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio at weaning, in calves supplemented with 5 g/d PE. This contributed to the development of the immune system in early life, and improved immune and anti-inflammatory responses at a later age. The overall results suggest that PE could be supplemented at 5 g/d for preweaning dairy calves to protect against oxidative stress and infections while maintaining normal gut microbial hemostasis.

Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract assisted green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles: Thermal, vibrational, optical and electrical properties

Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles by green synthesis technique using phyllanthus emblica fruit extract is reported in this communication. Very stable nanoparticles of zinc oxide are obtained using zinc nitrate and phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. We explored the role of biological components, essential phytochemicals as reducing agent as well as capping agent and also as solvent system. XRD, FESEM, TG-DTA, UV–vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and Impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate the structural, microstructural, thermal, optical, vibrational, and electrical transport properties of synthesised ZnO NPs. The pristine hexagonal wurtzite structure is confirmed by the XRD results. FESEM conforms the formation of quasispherical NPs. The EDAX analysis revels the purity of ZnO NPs. The presence of Zn-O stretching vibration in the prepared NPs is revealed by FTIR analysis. UV–vis curve shows the optical response of ZnO nanoparticles and having the optical bandgap 3.29 eV. The dielectric measurements for synthesised ZnO NPs were carried out in the ranges of 20 kHz to 2 MHz. The acquired experimental results show that dielectric constant, dielectric loss and impedance all are frequency dependent, indicating the possible device applications of this materials.