Fruits Of Forsythia Suspensa Research Articles

Microwave‐assisted extraction followed by RP‐HPLC for the simultaneous extraction and determination of forsythiaside A, rutin, and phillyrin in the fruits of Forsythia suspensa

An optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method and RP-HPLC method were developed for the simultaneous extraction and determination of rutin, forsythiaside A, and phillyrin in the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. The key parameters of the open-vessel MAE process were optimized. A mixed solvent of methanol and water (70:30, v/v) was most suitable for the simultaneous extraction of the three components. The sample was soaked for 10 min before extraction. The optimized conditions were: microwave power 400 W, temperature 70°C, solvent-to-material ratio 30 mL/g, and extraction time 1 min. Compared to conventional extraction methods, the proposed method can simultaneously extract the three components in high yields and was proved to be a more rapid method with a lower solvent consumption. The optimized HPLC-photodiode array detection analysis was validated to have good linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The developed MAE followed by RP-HPLC is a fast and appropriate method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of rutin, forsythiaside A, and phillyrin in the fruits of F. suspensa.

Neuroprotective effects of forsythiaside on learning and memory deficits in senescence-accelerated mouse prone (SAMP8) mice

Forsythiaside (3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-4-O-caffeo yl-β-d-glucopyranoside, C29H36O15), which is isolated from air-dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa, has been shown to possess anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of forsythiaside on learning and memory deficits in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8, a model of age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease). Forsythiaside (60, 120 and 240mg/kg) was orally administered to aged (8months old) SAMP8 mice for 45days followed by evaluating cognitive impairment (Morris water maze and step-through passive avoidance), inflammation (interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels), oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents) and neurotransmitter such as norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), glutamate (GLU) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetyl choline (ACh). In Morris water maze, forsythiaside had significantly reduced the latency time, the crossing numbers and time spent in target quadrant compared to aged SAMP8 mice. In passive avoidance test, a significant decline in number of errors while increase in latency was observed when compared with aged SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, a significant decrease in IL-1β, NO, MDA and NE levels, and an increase in T-SOD and GSH-Px activities and GLU and Ach levels were evident in the brain homogenates of forsythiaside-treated mice compared to aged SAMP8 mice. These findings demonstrated that forsythiaside may be a useful treatment against amnesia.

Lianqiaoxinoside B, a Novel Caffeoyl Phenylethanoid Glycoside from Forsythia suspensa

Chemical investigation of the 70% ethanol extract of the unripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa resulted in the isolation of a novel caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, lianqiaoxinoside B, together with the known compound forsythoside H. The new compound was elucidated to be 1'',2''-[β-(3,4,-dihydroxylphenyl)-α,β-dioxoethanol]-3''-O-caffeoyl-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-glucopyranoside by extensive spectroscopic and chemical studies. Lianqiaoxinoside B and forsythoside H showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in vitro by the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) radical-scavenging assay and plate method. This study can be further extended to exploit for the possible application of caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides as the alternative antioxidants and antimicrobial agents of natural origin.

Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa

AimTo investigate the chemical constituents from the fruits of Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl.. MethodsCompounds were separated by column chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and ODS. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physiochemical and spectral analyses. ResultsEleven compounds were obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction, and their structures were elucidated as 3-acety-isofouquierol(1), dammar-24-ene-3β-acetate-20S-ol (2), 3β-acetoxyl-20S, 24R-dammarane-25-ene-24-hydroperoxy-20-ol (3), β-amyrin acetate (4), betulinic acid (5), morolic acid (6), phillyrin (7), pinoersinol (8), phillygenin (9), 3β-acetyloleanolic acid (10), and 3β-hydroxy-labda-8 (17), 13E-dien-15-oic acid (11). We further tested the cytotoxity of the three dammar triterpenoids. They all showed cytotoxity against gastric cancer cells. ConclusionCompounds 1, 3, 6, 11 were isolated from the Forsythia genus for the first time. Compound 2 was the most potent proliferation inhibition compound.

Application of Genetic Marker and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Discrimination between Forsythia viridissima and Forsythia suspensa

Forsythiae Fructus has been used as a herbal medicine for a fruit of Forsythia viridissima LINDLEY or Forsythia suspensa VAHL (Oleaceae). In Korea, the fruit of Forsythia viridissima is used and in China, the fruit of Forsythia suspensa is used generally. There are differences in the amount and distribution of constituents between Forsythia viridissima (FV) and Forsythia suspensa (FS). Accordingly, a discrimination of these two herbal drugs is needed. In this study, we designed FV genetic marker based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nuclear ribosomal DNA that can discriminate Forsythia viridissima and Forsythia suspensa and species-specific amplification product 252 bp was confirmed. Using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (allelic discrimination) analysis, an accurate discrimination between Forsythia viridissima and Forsythia suspensa was accomplished. Accordingly, with the use of PCR analysis based on ITS region sequence of ribosomal DNA and the real-time PCR analysis which can efficiently discriminate between Forsythia viridissima and Forsythia suspensa was developed.

A New Caffeoyl Phenylethanoid Glycoside from the Unripe Fruits of Forsythia suspensa

Aim To study the chemical constituents on the unripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl in order to find new or biologically active components. Methods Compounds were isolated by repeated silica gel column and reversed-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS spectrometry as well as by comparison with published data. All the isolated compounds were examined for antibacterial activity against eight bacterial strains ( Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Beta-hemolytic streptococci, Bacterium vulgare, Aeruginosus bacillus, Micrococcus pneumoniae, S. albus and B. dysenteriae) in vitro by plate method. Results Five compounds were isolated from the unripe fruits of Forsythia suspensa, their structures were identified as phillygenin ( 1), (+)-isolariciresinol ( 2), phillyrin ( 3), forsythiaside ( 4) and lianqiaoxinside A ( 5, 3, 4-dihydroxy- β-phenethyl- O-α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-3- O-caffeoyl-β- D-glucopyranoside). Conclusion Lianqiaoxinside A ( 5) is a new caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycoside, and the pharmacological screens eight bacterial strains in vitro disclosed that the principal antibacterial constituents from F. suspense were caffeyol phenylethanoid glycosides.

New Alkaloids fromForsythia suspensaand their Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Two new alkaloids, named suspensine A (1) and (-)-7'-O-methylegenine (2), along with two known alkaloids, (-)-egenine (3) and (-)-bicuculline (4), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. Their structures were established by means of chemical methods and spectroscopic analyses. In vitro, four alkaloids showed anti-inflammatory activities, with inhibition rates of release of beta-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocytes of rats being in the range 34.8%-39.6% at 10 microM.

Lignans from the Fruits ofForsythia suspensa(Thunb.) Vahl Protect High-Density Lipoprotein during Oxidative Stress

The objective of the present study was to investigate the beneficial properties lignan compounds obtained from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl (Oleaceae) for protecting human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) against lipid peroxidation. The isolated compounds (1-8) inhibited the generation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values from 8.5 to 18.7 microM, since HDL oxidation mediated by catalytic Cu2+. They also exerted an inhibitory effect against thermo-labile radical initiator (AAPH)-induced lipid peroxidation of HDL with IC50 values from 12.1 to 51.1 microM. Compounds 1 and 5 exerted inhibitory effects against the Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation of HDL, as shown by an extended lag time prolongation at the concentration of 3.0 microM. These results suggest that the antioxidative effects of F. suspensa are due to its lignans and that these constituents may be useful for preventing the oxidation of HDL.

Lignans from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the methanol extract of the fruits of Forsythia suspensa Vahl has led to the isolation of two new monoepoxylignans, forsythialan A (1) and B (2), together with a known tetrahydrofurofuran lignan, phillyrin (3). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activities of these lignans have been assessed by evaluating their protective effects against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress. The compounds 1 and 2 showed protective effects against renal epithelial cell injury by 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite generator. The relatively stronger antioxidant activities of compounds 1 and 2 may be associated with the presence of aromatic hydroxy function.

Vasorelaxant Effects of Forsythiaside from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa

The vasorelaxant effects of forsythiaside (compound 1) from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa on isolated rat aortic rings were studied. Compound 1 showed a slow relaxation activity against norepinephrine (NE)-induced contractions of rat aorta with/without endothelium. This compound did not affect contractions induced by a high concentration of potassium (K(+) 60 mM), while it inhibited NE-induced vasocontraction in the presence of nicardipine. These results show that the inhibition by compound 1 of NE-induced vasocontraction is due to a decrease in calcium influx from the extracellular space caused by NE.

Determination of rutin and forsythin in fruit ofForsythia suspensa(Thunb.) Vahl by capillary electrophoresis-electrochemical detection

Capillary electrophoresis-amperometric detection is evaluated for simultaneous determination of rutin and forsythin. The cyclic voltammogram, hydrodynamic voltammogram, effect of pH, buffer concentration and SDS, and percent organic modifier on separation and detection were studied. Conditions were optimized as follows: 1.2 V detection potential; separation at 12 kV; 5 s at 15 kV for sample injection time and sample injection voltage; mobile phase 20 mM boric acid buffer; pH 8.4, containing 40 mM SDS and 10% (v/v) acetontrile. The method gave low detection limit as 0.001 mg mL−1 and 0.0005 mg mL−1 (S/N=3), wide linear range 0.005–0.5 mg mL−1 for rutin and forsythin, respectively. The relative standard deviations of peak current and migration time for 8 consecutive injections of the standard solution containing 0.1 mg mL−1 each compound were 4.78%, 3.63% and 6.40%, 2.95% for rutin and forsythin, respectively. In addition, levels of the two compounds in traditional Chinese herbal drugs were easily determined.

Dammarane derivatives from the dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa

Anti-inflammatory activity guided fractionation of the n-hexane soluble fraction of a 70% aqueous methanolic extract of the dried fruits of Forsythia suspensa afforded two new triterpenes. The structures of these compounds were elucidated as 3β-acetyl-20,25-epoxydammarane-24α-ol (1) and 3β-acetyl-20,25-epoxydammarane-24β-ol (2) on the basis of spectral data interpretation as well as by comparison with those of structurally similar compounds.

Antiinflammatory effect of Forsythia suspensa V(AHL) and its active principle.

This study was carried out to elucidate the antiinflammatory active principles obtained from 70% methanol extract of the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa V(AHL) (F. suspensa). The methanol extract was then partitioned between n-hexane and water, and then the n-hexane fraction was evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The n-hexane fraction was chromatographed (Frs. I--V), Fr. IV was rechromatographed (Frs. VI--VIII), and then Fr. VII was rechromatographed (Frs. IX--XI) by silica gel column chromatography. The antiinflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in rats. The n-hexane fraction showed an antiinflammatory effect and these activities shifted successively to Fr. IV, Fr. VII and Fr. X. The chemical structure of the active principle obtained from Fr. X was identified as 3beta-acetoxy-20,25-epoxydammarane-24-ol. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory and an analgesic effect of 70% methanol extract of F. suspensa may be the result of the compound that it contains.

Inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by tetrahydrofurofuran lignans from Forsythia suspensa and Magnolia coco.

Based on the inhibition of Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation as marker, the major antioxidants in the fruits of Forsythia suspensa and the stems of Magnolia coco were identified. Of these bioactive tetrahydrofurofuran lignans, pinoresinol, phillygenin, and syringaresinol were more potent than probucol. Sesamin and fargesin, which do not contain phenol groups, were found much less active.

Two New Caffeyol Glycosides from Forsythia suspensa

Two new caffeoyl glycosides of phenethyl alcohol, suspensaside A (1) and suspensaside B (2), were isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. Also obtained in this investigation were two known compounds forsythiaside (3) and suspensaside (4). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and chemical methods.

A New Furofuran Mono-Lactone from Forsythia Suspensa

A new furofuran mono-lactone, named forsythenin, was isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa, together with the known compounds, ocotillone, ocotillol monoacetate, (6′-O-palmitoyl)-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and palmitic acid. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic means and X-ray crystallography.

New Quinoid Glycosides from Forsythia suspensa

Three novel compounds, suspenolic acid (1), forsythenside A (2), and forsythenside B (3), have been isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspensa. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods and chemical reactions.

Studies on the Chinese crude drug "forsythiae fructus". VIII. On isolation of phenylpropanoid glycosides from fruits of Forsythia koreana and their antibacterial activity

It was revealed that the fruits of Forsythia koreana NAKAI (Oleaceae) contain four phenylpropanoid glycosides, suspensaside, β-hydroxyacteoside, forsythiaside and acteoside. Antibacterial activity of phenolic compounds isolated from Forsythia fruits and the aqueous extracts of the fruits were examined. Four phenylpropanoid glycosides and the aqueous extracts of the fruits of Forsythia suspensa showed high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus TERASHIMA.