Mango Fruit Research Articles

A genome-wide association study identified SNP markers and candidate genes associated with morphometric fruit quality traits in mangoes

BackgroundMangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are a widely grown fruit tree crop across the world, but breeding new varieties can take 15-20 years due to its long juvenile period and high heterozygosity. Marker-assisted selection can accelerate breeding new mango cultivars with desirable traits for fruit quality, storage, horticulture, pest and disease resistance, and nutrition.ResultsTo achieve this, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to discover molecular markers for 14 morphometric and economically important fruit traits of 161 mango accessions with diverse genetic backgrounds. These traits included pulp and brix; fruit weight, length, thickness, and width; stone weight, length, thickness, and width; and seed weight, length, thickness, and width. In this report, we employed the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) model for conducting GWAS using 135,079 high-quality SNP markers. These analyses revealed 103 SNPs that were significantly associated with these traits. Of these markers, 7 were commonly associated with different traits, while 96 markers were uniquely associated with specific traits.ConclusionsTo choose the most promising mango accessions for future breeding and for closing genetic gaps among the accessions and increasing genetic diversity, a new selection method is suggested based on phenotypic traits such as high-yielding mango fruit cultivars, number of reference alleles, and genetic distance among the selected genotypes. Based on these criteria, 20 accessions were identified as the most promising parents for crossing to produce high mango yield. Gene annotation of the significant markers revealed candidate genes coding for important proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors associated with fruit development traits.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) By-products in Food Processing and Health Promotion.

The edible and nonedible parts of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) contain vitamins, phytocompounds, fiber, and fatty acids. This review highlights the uses of mango by-products in the food industry and their effects on human health. The literature offers many new possibilities for the usage of mango secondary products in the food industry, such as the production of functional foods and bakery products, in addition to the potential for extraction of antioxidants and enzymes. Furthermore, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the consumption of various mango by-products, in the form of peel and leaf (powder or extract), can improve glycemia, plasma lipid levels, satiety, and endothelial function, suggesting that these compounds can prevent or improve various risk factors for cardiovascular complications and metabolic syndrome. Clinical trials show that the discarded parts of mango fruits and leaves can be used to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, mango by-products can be utilized to improve the functional characteristics of foods, may be incorporated as fat replacers, and have the potential to leverage agribusiness and reduce environmental damage resulting from the disposal of discarded materials, in addition to reducing waste and the complex chain of environmental damage. Mango by-products also have the potential to produce nutraceutical food items. The use of new technologies can bring to light the production of numerous products made from by-products, contributing to the development of industrial functional foods. In addition, products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries may also be developed. Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products could have lower prices and could, therefore, be used by low-income populations. The utilization of mango by-products meets the current trend and growing market for better and healthier products. However, more clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of mango by-products on human health, and new technologies can improve industrial applications.

Infestation and damage status assessment of white mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) insect at boloso sore and boloso bombe districts of Wolaita Zone South Ethiopia

This fruit devastating pest of white mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Hempitera: Diaspididae) insect is an economically important pest and damages the mango fruit by sucking the sap through its piercing-sucking mouth part from mango leaves and fruits. Since the 2010 outbreak in Ethiopia due to a poor internal quarantine system this insect pest was distributed and invaded the whole mango-producing region in the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the infestation and severity status of WMS insects to get evidence for upcoming management investigations. The survey was carried out at Boloso Bombe and Boloso Sore districts in South Ethiopia Wolaita Zone in 2023. Among mango-producing farmers by using a semi-structural questionnaire 45 farmers were intervened through random selection. Geographic location and ten samples of mango leaf were collected from four cardinal directions per tree of each stop for examining the infestation and severity status of WMS. The occurrence of this pest at study locations was in 2016 as interviewed farmers respond. Since then, due to a lack of attention by farmers currently, it was distributed and covered the whole study area. As confirmed by this study the infestation ranged from 60 to 100% and damage or severity rated from moderate to very high. Among surveyed locations, 29% of mango farms were very highly, 52% highly and 20% moderately damaged. From the total study area, almost 31% of mango farms reduced 100% yield and the reduction of yield ranged from 50% to 100%. Before the outbreak of this invasive insect pest, the study area farmers were harvesting nearly 272 kg of mango fruit per tree and at normal times yield reduction was almost 43 kg per tree. After the prevalence of WMS insect per tree yield was almost 44 kg and the reduction of yield was alarmingly increased to 228 kg per tree as shown by this study data. Even though this insect pest is a devastating pest of mango fruit, however, it can be controlled through different management practices. Therefore, the management practice of this pest is categorized into three such as cultural, biological and biochemical. Culturally managed by Mango tree pruning, planting resistant materials, using proper spacing, cleaning or sanitation, burying infected residues and fruits, smoking different repellents of dry grass, animal dung, mango leaves and lemon bark or lemon mixed organic materials in one smoking can/pot and hanging inside mango tree. Foliar Spraying of various botanical extracts such as Neem seed extract (Azadirachta indica). Several concoctions made from ash, soap and goat urine were mixed and sprayed on infested mango fruit leaves and twigs. Various predators and parasitoids are used as Biological control. Soil drenching of systemic chemical insecticides also can control this insect pest. The way to control this serious damage and hinder the expansion of this invasive insect pest, integrated experimental investigation using the above-explained mechanisms will be advisable to enhance mango fruit yield. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(2): 28-37, December 2024

Mango Consumption Is Associated with Increased Insulin Sensitivity in Participants with Overweight/Obesity and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation

Background/Objectives: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study investigated the effect of regular mango intake on inflammation and insulin sensitivity in participants with overweight or obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. Methods: A human clinical study was performed using a randomized, controlled, two-arm, parallel design with a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) administered before and after 4 weeks (4 W) of mango or control product intake (1 cup/twice a day). Fasting and time course blood sampling for 2 h post-OGTT were analyzed for effects on plasma metabolic and inflammation endpoints using analysis of covariance and repeated-measure approaches (SAS 9.4). Results: Forty-eight adults (37.6 ± 2.8 years, 30.5 ± 4.1 BMI kg/m2) completed the study. Markers of inflammation (IL-6, TNFα, hs-CRP) were not different at the end of 4 W (p > 0.05). The intervention did not significantly influence fasting glucose concentrations; however, insulin was significantly lowered with the mango compared to the control intervention (8.2 ± 1.2 vs. 15.3 ± 1.2 µIU/mL respectively, p = 0.05). Furthermore, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), along with the disposition index (DI), was significantly improved in the mango compared to the control interventions (HOMA-IR, 2.28 ± 1.19 vs. 4.67 ± 1.21, p = 0.03; DI, 2.76 ± 1.02 vs. 5.37 ± 1.03, p = 0.04). Mean insulin concentrations were also significantly lower at W4 compared to W0 after the OGTT in the mango vs. control intervention (intervention × week effect, p = 0.04). Relative expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a gene regulating endogenous antioxidant defense, was non-significantly increased twofold in the mango intervention (W4 vs. W0). Conclusions: Collectively, the data suggest that mango intake increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with chronic low-grade inflammation, possibly through activating Nrf-2 genes and increasing cellular antioxidant status. The data warrant further research on consuming mango fruit as part of a dietary pattern to address insulin resistance and the mechanisms underpinning the actions of mango intake.

The not-so-sweet side of mango: Mango allergy

Mango (Mangifera indica), from the Anacardiaceae family, originates from Asia and has grown globally. Despite its wide nutritional benefits, mango can induce allergic processes in some individuals. Mango allergy occurs from the body’s immune response to various proteins found in the mango fruit, peel, stem, sap, or tree. Oral allergy syndrome (burning sensation and swelling in the mouth), to severe conditions, including anaphylaxis is included in the spectrum of symptoms observed. Contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitivity reaction that manifests as rash, pruritus, and blisters, is also observed in patients after direct contact with mango or exposure to related allergens from the Anacardiaceae family, such as poison ivy or oak. This narrative review aims at reviewing the cutaneous manifestations of mango allergy, examining the allergenic profiles of affected individuals, cross-reactivity with other allergens, diagnostic methods, and shed light on the importance of recognizing mango allergy in clinical practice, despite its relative rarity.

Response of Mango Trees to Organic and Biofertilizers to Enhance Crop Production and Quality in Egypt as A Step Towards Sustainable Agriculture. Review Article

The development of sustainable agricultural innovations is critically needed given the twin challenges of climate change and population growth, which jeopardise global food security. These developments have to be able to boost crop yields, preserve the health of the soil, lessen our dependency on artificial agrochemical inputs, and preserve the nutritional value of our food crops. The purpose of this study was to look into how using organic fertilisers and biofertilizers in Egypt affected mango fruit yield and quality. Mango (Mangifera Indica, L.) is Egypt's third largest fruit crop. Mango is the king of fruits; it is highly nutritious, has a distinct flavour and aroma, and accounts for roughly half of all tropical fruits produced globally due to the use of various fertilisers. The response of mango trees to organic and biofertilizers can significantly improve crop production and fruit quality. Fruit plant growth is also improved because they are environmentally safe and inexpensive, reducing the need for chemical fertilisers. Mango trees require nutrients for long-term growth, yield, and quality; however, using organic manure alone has some drawbacks, such as unbalanced nutrition, inefficient fertiliser use, a lack of cost-effectiveness, and low production. Mango yield can be increased by using biofertilizers that carry microbial inoculants while preserving soil fertility. Integrative nutrient management, which preserves soil health, can be critical for mango growth, yield, and quality in the long run. Combining organic and bio fertilisers in mango cultivation can result in higher growth and yield. The practices not only promote increased fruit production, but also improve mango quality, making it more appealing to consumers. Adopting these approaches encourages sustainable agricultural practices, which benefit both the environment and farmers' economic outcomes. Thus, organic and biofertilizers help plants meet their nutrient requirements while also restoring soil fertility. Furthermore, improving productivity and fruit quality for sustainable agricultural systems is a step towards sustainable agriculture.

Application of Plant Growth Regulators During Early Fruit Development Stage Increased Perceived Sweetness of Mango Fruit

This study investigated the optimal strategies for improving sugar biosynthesis in mango fruits. Randomized block design was used for experimental treatments. The mango cultivar “Renong-1” was sprayed with five green plant growth regulators, including solutions of SBP (sucrose-based polymers, a new highly efficient and eco-friendly plant growth regulator), SPM (sucrose + potassium dihydrogen phosphate + microelement fertilizer), TPM (taurine + potassium dihydrogen phosphate + microelement fertilize), PFA (potassium fulvic acid), and SOP (seaweed oligosaccharide peptide) at different fruit development stages. Indicators, such as soluble solid content, soluble sugar and starch contents, and activities of 11 enzymes associated with sugar metabolism in physiologically mature and in full ripening fruits were evaluated. The results showed that SBP solution diluted 100-fold exerted the strongest effect on the soluble sugar content and sweetness value of “Renong-1” mango fruits. Based on the linear regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was observed between the activity of acid invertase and the perceived sweetness of physiologically mature fruits, while the activities of other enzymes were significantly negatively correlated with the perceived sweetness of full ripening fruits. According to multiple regression (by lars function in R) and other comprehensive analysis, A1B3 (spraying SBP solution one time in the young fruit stage) was selected as the optimal treatment combination for enhancing “Renong-1” mango perceived sweetness, followed by A1B2 (spraying SBP solution for the first time in the young fruit stage and the second time at medium maturity) as the alternative treatment combination.

Feasibility study on fingerprinting organic and conventional mango fruits, chips, and juice using portable near-infrared spectroscopy.

This research examined the distinction between organic and conventional mango fruits, chips, and juice using portable near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a sample of 100 mangoes (comprising 50 organic and 50 conventional) utilising a portable NIR spectrometer that spans a wavelength range from 900 to 1700 nm. The mangoes were assessed in their entirety and their juice and chip forms. The spectral data underwent pre-processing through methodologies such as multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), standard normal variate (SNV), and derivatives to enhance the precision of the models. Principal component analysis (PCA) and various multivariate classification algorithms, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), were utilised to categorise the samples effectively. The findings indicated that the random forest method and specific pre-processing techniques achieved the highest classification accuracy for distinguishing organic and conventional mango products. For mango fruit and chips, it achieved 88.76% and 77.98% accuracy, respectively, when pre-processed using the second derivative, while for juice, it achieved 87.53% accuracy without pre-processing. This investigation demonstrates the efficacy of portable NIR spectroscopy as a dependable and non-invasive method for verifying organic mango products, thereby enhancing the integrity of food labelling and fostering consumer confidence.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Concentrations in Plants Organs Using Phenyl Isothiocyanate Derivatization.

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a direct precursor of phytohormone ethylene. We used a phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) derivatization modification method combined with spectrographic analysis to isolate and identify three products of the derivatization reactions of ACC and PITC. The MRM+ mode of UPLC-MS/MS was used to establish the analysis of 6-phenyl-5-thioxo-4,6-diazaspiro[2.4]heptan-7-one (PTH-ACC). Three fragment ions detected at the precursor ion (m/z 219.10) were selected for qualitative analysis (m/z 98.10, 77.15, and 72.10), and the most abundant product ion (m/z 98.10) was selected for quantitative analysis. The conditions for the derivatization reaction for the main product PTH-ACC were analyzed and optimized using response surface methodology, resulting in the optimal derivatization conditions being a reaction temperature of 90 °C, a reaction time of 1.5 h, and a formic acid (FA) concentration of 40%. ACC concentrations in 25-200 mg rice samples was successfully determined. Moreover, the ACC concentrations in the shoots, seeds, and roots of rice, maize, and cotton seedlings were all analyzed. The ACC concentrations were found to exhibit tissue specificity. Interestingly, during the ripening process in tomato and mango fruits, the concentrations of ACC in the fruits showed an initial increase, followed by a decrease. In black nightshade fruits, ACC content was the highest in the immature stage, decreased with fruit ripening, and remained stable from the semimature to mature stages. These results provide a reliable analysis technology foundation for the study of ethylene.

Determination of synbiotic mango fruit yogurt and its bioactive peptides for biofunctional properties.

Yogurt is one of the most popular fermented milk products consumed worldwide. Fortification of yogurt with different food components, including fruit pulp, is a common practice to make it more palatable and healthier. In India, mango fruit is easily available. It is rich in nutrients and bioactive components. However, in-depth studies on mango fruit yogurt are scarce. Therefore, in this study, we prepared synbiotic mango fruit yogurt using response surface methodology (RSM) with three different independent factors (sugar 4%-6%; prebiotic inulin 1%-3%, and mango pulp 5%-15%) to determine the response antioxidant activity. The optimal conditions were as follows: sugar 6%, mango fruit pulp 6.562%, and prebiotic inulin 1%. There were no significant differences between the results of the experimental and predicted values of antioxidant activity by this model. The optimized product was analyzed for physicochemical, biofunctional, and technofunctional properties, including total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, proteolytic activity, antioxidant activity, and ACE-inhibitory activity. The bioactive peptides derived from synbiotic mango fruit yogurt were also extracted (3kDa, 5kDa and 10kDa) and determined for their biofunctional attributes. The antioxidant activity was recorded as 1,047.95 ± 2.20mmol/L, 1,208.07 ± 2.92mmol/L, and 1,293.09 ± 1.10mmol/L Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, while ACE-inhibitory activity was 45.68% ± 1.23%, 64.20% ± 1.24% and 82.72% ± 1.24% inhibition in 3kDa, 5kDa, and 10kDa, respectively. The 10kDa bioactive peptide exhibited superior results than the 3kDa and 5kDa peptides. The synbiotic mango fruit yogurt and its bioactive peptides showed significant biofunctional activities.

Review on Major Insect Pests of Mango in Nepal: Impact, Identification, and Integrated Management Strategies

Mango(magnifera indica), called as king of fruits is widely cultivated in Nepal, where huge scales of production and sales are projected to reach approximately 300 millions in 2023.Althought having strong output,Mango industry faces several challenges from insect and pest which affect the quality and quantity in fruits yield.This articles examines the major pest affecting the mango crop in Nepal, including the mango hopper, mealybug, mango stem borer, mango fruit fly, and mango leaf webber. This paper discuss the nature of damage they causes, their biology and environmentally sustainable management practices.The promotion of integrated pest management practices is a crucial approach to mitigate the adverse affects of chemical pesticides, fostering environmental health and enhancing the economic benefits to Nepalese people. The reviews aim to provides insight into effective pest management solution, ensuring the sustainability of mango production in Nepal.

A Hybrid Distribution Network Model for Cost, Quality and Distribution Optimization in Perishable Goods Supply Chains

The entrenched role of syndicates and intermediaries in the perishable goods sector inflates prices through artificial scarcity and hoarding, creating significant affordability challenges. Addressing these issues is critical amid rising global demand for fresh produce, which is highly vulnerable to quality degradation due to Supply Chain (SC) inefficiencies and inadequate cold storage practices. Consequently, formulating an SC Distribution Network (SCDN) becomes imperative to optimize distribution planning, mitigate quality deterioration, and ensure the sustainability of the SC. This research proposes an advanced SCDN architecture by developing a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model tailored for multi-echelon scenarios. The model aims to minimize overall SC costs, reduce cold storage expenses, and preserve the freshness of perishable goods through an efficient and hybrid distribution channel. The proposed model integrates competing objectives by addressing a multi-criteria problem via the weighted sum method (WSM) and is executed using the GUROBI optimizer in Python. Two case studies centred on the distribution of Mango and Jack fruits in Bangladesh validate the model's practicality. The findings highlight the strategic importance of optimal distribution center placement and a dual supply strategy, with plants meeting 63% of mango and 53% of jackfruit demand, reducing reliance on intermediaries by advocating direct shipping to markets while bypassing cold storage. This study further highlights the model's robustness and offers critical managerial insights, facilitating informed decision-making in the complex landscape of perishable product supply chains.

Melatonin induces resistance against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in mango fruit via regulation of defense-related genes by MiWRKY45 transcription factor.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is a major disease leading to postharvest loss of mango fruit. Melatonin (MT) is a natural bioactive molecule that has multiple physiological functions in plants. This study investigated the effect of exogenous MT on mango disease resistance against C. gloeosporioides and related molecular mechanism. MT treatment at 1 mmol L-1 limited the expansion of anthracnose in mango inoculated with C. gloeosporioides, which was associated with increased level of defense-related indexes, including activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and peroxidase (POD), expression of MiPAL, Mi4CL and MiPOD and contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and lignin. RT-qPCR analysis of 15 MiWRKY members revealed that MiWRKY45 had the highest expression in response to MT + C. gloeosporioides. MiWRKY45 transcription factor was identified as a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator based on subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays. MiWRKY45 bound to W-box motif and activated the expression of MiPAL, Mi4CL and MiPOD, as verified by DNA affinity purification-seq (DAP-seq), yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays. Transient transformation analysis revealed that MiWRKY45 positively regulated phenylpropanoid pathway, thereby enhancing mango resistance. These results suggest that MiWRKY45, as a positive regulator, is involved in MT-induced resistance against anthracnose in mangoes.

Physicochemical and Functional Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Green Banana Flour‐Based Snacks Enriched With Mango and Passion Fruit Pulps by Extrusion Cooking

Surplus banana crops that are not marketable, but still of suitable quality for consumption, are indeed a challenge in terms of underutilization as a post‐harvest by‐product. However, this situation also presents an exciting opportunity: these by‐products can serve as a valuable raw material for the production of extruded snacks. This study examines the impact of incorporating passion fruit and mango pulp (6% w/w) into green banana flour on physicochemical properties, pre‐ and postextrusion cooking, and bioactive compound content, alongside their bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion. Proximate composition analysis revealed that there were no significant changes in lipid and protein content following extrusion. However, there was a notable decrease in fiber due to alterations in starch. Initial values for zinc, sodium, and calcium in banana flour were 0.678 mg/100 g, 9.237 mg/100 g, and 14.214 mg/100 g, respectively. Extrusion resulted in an increase in zinc content (1.032, 0.736, and 0.999 mg/100 g), sodium content (21.904, 17.608, and 18.787 mg/100 g), and calcium content (28.217, 16.884, and 58.207 mg/100 g) in the banana flour extrudates without pulp, with passion fruit pulp, and with mango pulp, respectively. The addition of fruit pulp significantly enhanced the total phenolic compounds and carotenoids, though thermal degradation reduced the compound content postextrusion. Texture analysis demonstrated no significant differences among the samples, which were found to have hardness and crispness values consistent with those reported in the literature, at 20–25 N for hardness and 100–117 for crispness. In vitro digestion demonstrated increased bioaccessibility of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids in extrudate samples compared to raw mixtures. The enhancements were 41%–72% for total phenolics, 100% for flavonoids, and 22%–78% for carotenoids. The utilization of surplus green banana represents a valuable alternative to produce healthy and functional snacks enriched with fruit pulps.

Development of a sorting system for mango fruit varieties using convolutional neural network

Development of a sorting system for mango fruit varieties using convolutional neural network

Development of chitosan coating product containing bitter gourd extract to delay anthracnose disease in mango

Mangifera indica cv. ‘Nam Dok Mai’ is the most popular fruit in Asia and worldwide, but it often faces anthracnose disease both in the vegetative stage (on leaves) and the reproductive stage (on fruit). The symptoms of this disease affect low yield and limit export; therefore, the effect of coating to reduce the incidence of anthracnose disease in mango fruits is necessary. This research aimed to develop an edible chitosan coating containing bitter gourd extract. Mango fruits were coated with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% chitosan solution (70-75% deacetylation; 310-375 kDa) and appropriate 500 ppm bitter gourd extract. The result showed that chitosan coating with bitter gourd extract could not extend the shelf life of mango fruits and decrease the incidence of disease longer when compared with coatings with chitosan or bitter gourd extract alone. Further, it could also delay ripening. Disease incidence and lesion diameter on mangoes coated with 2% chitosan with bitter gourd extract was the most effective (P < 0.05) within 5, 7 and 10 days after storage. Weight loss in mangoes increases during ripening; however, chitosan coating can help reduce weight loss. Fruits coated with 1% chitosan were the best formula for reducing weight loss. Chitosan coating adding bitter gourd extract is the best choice to replace chemical treatment to obtain better quality before export or transportation.

Genetic Variability and Morpho-Agronomic Characterization of Some Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars and Varieties in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Mango stands as a critical tree crop with significant economic value on a global scale. This is attributed to the advantageous effects of its mineral content, abundance of vitamins, and biologically active compounds, all of which contribute to the overall health and well-being of consumers. Therefore, it needs special attention for its emergence through the phenotypic characterization of the existing varieties. To do this, we characterized agro-morphologically different mango varieties in some parts of Nigeria. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variation and morpho-agronomic traits of different mango varieties in Nigeria. Qualitative and quantitative data from mango leaves were recorded from 10 mature leaves and mango fruits in 4 States of different agroecological zones of Nigeria. The genetic variability, phenotypic and genotypic variances, coefficients of genotypic and phenotypic variation, broad sense heritability, and genetic advance, based on morpho-agronomic traits, were evaluated. Analysis of variance and descriptive analysis through the coefficient of variability revealed an extensive diversity and the prospect of genetic selection for profitable characters. Broad sense heritability for all the characters varied from 44.61% for petiole length to 98.48% for pulp weight and fruit weight, indicating moderate to high inheritability. Genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (GAM) was high in all the traits studied and ranged from 28.27% to 172.58%. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), demonstrating the extent of environmental effects. Edible rate is significantly and positively corrected with fruit length, fruit width, fruit weight, peel weight, pulp weight, seed length, seed width, pulp%, and pulp thickness.

Contributions of Catholic Missionaries in the Economic Development of Nkongho-Mbo, Southwest Region, Cameroon, 1936-2000

This paper is primary concerned with providing evidence that the Catholic Missionaries who introduced Christianity (Whiteman’s religion) in Nkongho-Mbo in 1936 played a significant role in the economic development of the area. The paper argues that if the Catholic Missionaries did not set foot in the area, then the entire region should have remained as stagnant economically just as it was during the pre-Christian era. In the domain of agriculture the paper reveals that the Missionaries introduced new fruit trees such as mango, paw-paw (Carica papaya), oranges (Citrus sinensis) pineapples (Ananas cosmosus), guava (Psidium guayava), pear (Persea Americana) and lime (Citrus aurantifalia) fruits. They also experimented the cultivation of vegetables such as tomatoes, onion and yellow pepper. The cultivation of these food crops coupled with cash crops such as coffee, American oil palms and cocoa that were also introduced by the Missionaries helped to improve the nutritive diet of the entire Mbo populace, increased the income of the villagers, increased agricultural yields in the area and thus raised the standard of living of the people. The paper further illuminates improvement in trading activities, road infrastructure and the introduction of a radio telephone network in Nkongho-Mbo. The study also sheds light on the bee keeping that was introduced by Catholic Missionaries as it fetched honey-producers a fortune and thus improved their financial situation remarkably. To accomplish this study, three main sources of information were consulted including archival documents, sacred return records from Catholic Mission Mbetta, printed documents such as books, dissertations, theses and finally oral interviews.

Mango solar dryer prototype design with temperature and humidity control system with bluetooth monitoring

Mango is a fruit that is produced in the southeast of Mexico. To preserve the product, it is necessary to keep it refrigerated and this increases the sales price due to the high electricity consumption. An alternative to taking advantage of this fruit is to dehydrate the pulp, taking advantage of This way the product is not wasted. There are solar dryers where the fruits do not require electrical energy and their conservation is at a very low cost. In this document, the implementation of a project to dry the mango fruit taking advantage of solar energy is presented with evidence so that its temperature and humidity can be monitored via Bluetooth. For this purpose, sensors were adapted with the support of hardware and software. used an Arduino uno board. In the end it is shown that the project has been functional, being an alternative in reducing costs, drying and efficiency.

Trans-2-hexenal reduces postharvest mango stem-end rot by oxidative damage to Neofusicoccum parvum cell membranes.

Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the most hazardous pathogens causing mango fruit decay. The present study utilized trans-2-hexenal (TH), a typical antifungal component of plant essential oils (EOs), to control N. parvum both in vivo and in vitro, and attempted to explore the mechanisms involved. The findings showed that at concentrations greater than 0.4 µL/mL, TH exhibited exceptional antifungal activity against N. parvum in vitro. TH application led to the disruption of the structural integrity of both cell walls and cell membranes, with a particular impact on the latter, as evidenced by the dramatically increased propidium iodide level, as well as reduced total lipids and ergosterol content. Further DCFH-DA staining experiments showed that TH induced mycelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which exacerbated cell membrane lipid peroxidation. For easier application of TH, we fabricated aerogel-loaded TH (ALTH) materials, which demonstrated excellent antifungal activity in vitro. Infestation studies on fruits demonstrated that ALTH mitigated mango stem-end rot in a dose-dependent fashion, with a concentration of 40 µL/L showing efficacy comparable to the conventional fungicide prochloraz, while maintaining fruit quality. In light of these results, TH works by inducing ROS buildup and oxidative damage to the cell membrane of N. parvum, and is a particularly promising preservative for preventing postharvest infections in mangoes.