Ethyl Acetate Extract Of Fruits Research Articles

Potency of Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora L presl.) fruit ethyl acetate extract as antioxidant, α amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor for anti-diabetic prevention

This research was carried out to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic potential of ethyl acetate extract of kitolod fruit (Isotoma longiflora (L) Presl). The design of this research was carried out descriptively. To obtain bioactive compound components, the Kitolod fruits were dried at a temperature of 50°C and then ground into powder until they passed through an 80 mesh sieve. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method at 30°C for 48 hours with an ethyl acetate solvent. Ethyl acetate extracts had been fractioned with n-Hexan and identified through LC-MS examination. The dominant chemical composition of ethyl acetate extract was sesquiterpene (66.74%), followed by flavonoids (18.11%). Antioxidant potential was evaluated through DPPH free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of α-amylase and αglucosidase enzyme activity. Ethyl acetate extract showed moderate levels of antioxidant activity. The inhibitory activity of α-amylase enzyme is lower than quercetin as a positive standard, but the inhibitory activity of αglucosidase enzyme is extreme with an IC50 value of 47.33 ±1.40 μgmL-1. These results suggest that ethyl acetate extracts from the fruit have the potential for antidiabetic-based natural products and antioxidant agents.

Ethyl Acetate Extract from Romdoul (Sphaerocoryne affinis) Fruit Induced Apoptosis in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells.

Romdoul (Sphaerocoryne affinis) is a flowering plant of the Annonaceae family and has been used customarily in folk medicine. The bioactivities of this plant, especially the anti-cancer effect, however, remain surprisingly few. this study aimed to elucidate the anti-leukemic effect of romdoul fruit extracts and their underlining mechanisms. The extracts were prepared from fresh fruits and the phytochemical contents were evaluated by biochemical assays and HPLC method. The promising extract was identified via the inhibition of HL60 as well as normal NIH-3T3 cell densities utilizing MTT assay. The underline mechanism of the extract's effect was studied by accessing the treated HL60 cell population overtime (via MTT assay). The morphology of abnormal cells was examined by bright-field microscopic imaging. Hallmarks of apoptosis including nucleus characteristics and caspase 3 activation were analyzed by fluorescence imaging. The underline mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation inhibition were accessed via RT-qPCR examination of involved genes. Our findings showed that the ethyl acetate extract of romdoul fruit (SA-EA) was found to be an exceptional anti-leukemic candidate (IC50 was as low as 4.11μg/mL). More interestingly, the treated HL60 cells expressed nuclear fragmentation and caspase 3 activation, indicating the effect could follow an apoptotic mechanism. Importantly, the transcription assessment of apoptotic and proliferative genes suggested that SA-EA might suppress the growth of HL60 cells and induce p21-dependent apoptotic pathway. This study demonstrated one of the first scientific evidence for the anti-cancer activity of Sphaerocoryne affinis fruit-derived extract. Thus, our findings exhibited a novel and promising anti-leukemic candidate for future studies.

Malabaricones from the fruit of Myristica cinnamomea King as potential agents against Acanthamoeba castellanii

Acanthamoeba castellanii is an opportunistic free-living amoeba (FLA) pathogen which can cause fatal central nervous system (CNS) infection, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and potentially blinding ocular infection, Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Acanthamoeba species remain a challenging protist to treat due to the unavailability of safe and effective therapeutic drugs and their ability to protect themselves in the cyst stage. Natural products and their secondary metabolites play a pivotal role in drug discovery against various pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, the ethyl acetate extract of Myristica cinnamomea King fruit was evaluated against A. castellanii (ATCC 50492), showing an IC50 of 45.102 ± 4.62 µg/mL. Previously, the bio-guided fractionation of the extract resulted in the identification of three active compounds, namely Malabaricones (A-C). The isolated and thoroughly characterized acylphenols were evaluated for their anti-amoebic activity against A. castellanii for the first time. Among tested compounds, Malabaricone B (IC50 of 101.31 ± 17.41 µM) and Malabaricone C (IC50 of 49.95 ± 6.33 µM) showed potent anti-amoebic activity against A. castellanii trophozoites and reduced their viability up-to 75 and 80 %, respectively. Moreover, both extract and Malabaricones also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibit the encystation and excystation of A. castellanii, while showed minimal toxicity against human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT cells) at lower tested concentrations. Following that, the explanation of the possible mechanism of action of purified compounds were assessed by detection of the state of chromatin. Hoechst/PI 33342 double staining showed that necrotic cell death occurred in A. castellanii trophozoites after 8 h treatment of Malabaricones (A-C). These findings demonstrate that Malabaricones B and C could serve as promising therapeutic options against A. castellanii infections.

Zanthoxylum armatum DC fruit ethyl acetate extract site induced hepatotoxicity by activating endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibiting autophagy in BRL-3A models

Ethnopharmacological relevanceZanthoxylum armatum DC (Z. armatum) is renowned not only as a culinary spice but also as a staple in traditional ethnic medicine, predominantly in Southeast Asia and various other regions. Recent research has unveiled its multifaceted pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and toothache relief effects. Nonetheless, some studies have reported the potential toxicity of Z. armatum, emphasizing the need to further explore its toxicity mechanisms for safer application. Aim of the studyThis study investigated the effect and mechanism of hepatotoxicity in BRL-3A cells induced by Z. armatum. Materials and methodsThe compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of Z. armatum (ZADC-EA) were identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The hepatotoxicity of the extract was evaluated by detecting cell viability, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and apoptosis were detected by Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B, flow cytometry, and Western blot to explore the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by ZADC-EA. ResultsUPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis revealed the presence of compounds belonging to flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The IC50 value of ZADC-EA was 62.43 μg/mL, the cell viability of BRL-3A decreased in a time-dose dependent manner, and the levels of AST, ALT, and LDH were upregulated. In addition, ZADC-EA-induced increased expression of eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway proteins, inhibited autophagy, and promoted apoptosis. ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of ZADC-EA on BRL-3A cells. It was found that ZADC-EA could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibit autophagy, then intensify apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress could exacerbate autophagy inhibition.

Black mulberry extract inhibits hepatic adipogenesis through AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in T2DM mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBlack mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is an ancient dual-use plant resource for medicine and food. It is widely used in Uyghur folklore for hypoglycemic treatment and is a folkloric plant medicine with regional characteristics. However, the mechanism of Morus nigra L. treatment in diabetes mellitus has not been fully understood, especially from the perspective of hepatic lipid accumulation is less reported. Objective of this studyThis study was to explore the potential of Morus nigra L. fruit ethyl acetate extract (MNF-EA) to reduce blood sugar levels by preventing the production of hepatic lipogenesis and to provide more evidence for the use of MNF-EA as an adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methodsIn this study, the chemical composition of MNF-EA was first analyzed and characterized using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. A series of in vitro studies were performed with HepG2-IR cells and oleic acid (OA)-induced HepG2 cells, including MTT assay, glucose uptake assay, oil red O staining and Western blot analysis. The STZ-HFD co-induced T2DM mice were employed for in vivo research, including physical indices, biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, and Western blot analysis. ResultsThe 19 compounds in MNF-EA were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technique. Insulin resistance (IR) and lipid droplet accumulation in HepG2 cells were greatly improved by MNF-EA treatment, which had no appreciable side effects at the dosage used. In T2DM mice, MNF-EA decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG), saved body weight, and significantly improved oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) and IR status. In addition, MNF-EA treatment also improved lipid metabolism disorders and liver function in T2DM mice. Histopathological sections showed that MNF-EA treatment reduced hepatic steatosis. Mechanistic studies suggest that MNF-EA acted through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. ConclusionsThese results suggest that MNF-EA has great potential to reverse the metabolic abnormalities associated with T2DM by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, we believe that MNF is a promising medicinal and food-homologous agent to improve T2DM.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Assessment and Phytochemical Investigation of Three Varieties of Date Fruits.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and other micronutrients, which impact human health due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics. In the present study, the effect of ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, hydromethanol, and aqueous extract from three date palm varieties (i.e., Ajwa, Siwi, and Sukkari) on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and anticancer activities was investigated. Fruit extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH· method. Phenolic constituents were quantified and identified using HPLC-DAD. Extracts (ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, and hydromethanol) were assessed for cytotoxicity on nine human cancer cell lines, i.e., MG-63, HCT116, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HEPG2, HUH7, A549, H460, and HFB4, using the sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Sukkari fruits has the greatest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 132.4 ± 0.3 μg·mL-1, while the aqueous extract of Ajwa date fruits exhibited the lowest antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 867.1 ± 0.3 μg·mL-1. The extracts exhibited potent to moderate anticancer activities against the investigated cancer cell line in a source-dependent manner. Methanol extract of Siwi fruits exhibited the most potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 99 ± 1.6 µg·mL-1), followed by the same extract of Sukkari fruits with an IC50 value of 119 ± 3.5 µg·mL-1 against the cell line of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated to determine the relationship among the investigated traits and treatments. Our findings reveal that date palm fruit-derived extracts are excellent sources of biologically active constituents and substantiate their potential use in new anticancer strategies from natural resources.

Nematicidal Coumarins from Cnidium monnieri Fruits and Angelica dahurica Roots and Their Physiological Effect on Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus).

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a major pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), which is a devastating disease affecting pine trees. Eco-friendly plant-derived nematicides against PWN have been considered as promising alternatives to control PWD. In this study, the ethyl acetate extracts of Cnidium monnieri fruits and Angelica dahurica roots were confirmed to have significant nematicidal activity against PWN. Through bioassay-guided fractionations, eight nematicidal coumarins against PWN were separately isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of C. monnieri fruits and A. dahurica roots, and they were identified to be osthol (Compound 1), xanthotoxin (Compound 2), cindimine (Compound 3), isopimpinellin (Compound 4), marmesin (Compound 5), isoimperatorin (Compound 6), imperatorin (Compound 7), and bergapten (Compound 8) by mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data analysis. Coumarins 1-8 were all determined to have inhibitory effects on the egg hatching, feeding ability, and reproduction of PWN. Moreover, all eight nematicidal coumarins could inhibit the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Ca2+ ATPase of PWN. Cindimine 3 from C. monnieri fruits showed the strongest nematicidal activity against PWN, with an LC50 value of 64 μM at 72 h, and the highest inhibitory effect on PWN vitality. In addition, bioassays on PWN pathogenicity demonstrated that the eight nematicidal coumarins could effectively relieve the wilt symptoms of black pine seedlings infected by PWN. The research identified several potent botanical nematicidal coumarins for use against PWN, which could contribute to the development of greener nematicides for PWD control.

Exploration of the inhibitory effect of Cassia fistula on quorum sensing mediated virulence factor production and biofilm activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vivo study in model organism Caenorhabditis elegans.

Introduction. Resistance to antibiotics is leading to challenges in the treatment of microbial diseases. One amongst the various approaches to control these pathogens is quorum sensing (QS), which is used to rectify resistance issues. Blocking the bacterial QS circuit is the most reliable anti-virulence therapy to control pathogenicity-associated genes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a contagious bacterium that proliferates in the host by using signalling molecules like acyl-homoserine lactones; these molecules generate and disseminate toxins and virulence factors for increasing host infection.Hypothesis. The herb Cassia fistula is known to have antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor medicinal properties amongst others. We hypothesize that its crude extracts will inhibit the QS circuit of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).Aim. The research work was aimed at evaluating anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm activity of various crude extracts from Cassia fistula against P. aeruginosa.Methodology. Various extraction methods and solvents were availed for maximum separation, and the extracts were screened for anti-quorum sensing activity. The most potent Fruit Ethyl acetate (FEE) extract at non-inhibitory concentrations was found to interrupt both short-chain (RhlI/R) and long-chain (LasI/R) QS circuits and other virulence factors (P<0.05) such as elastase, protease, rhamnolipids and pyocyanin levels in P. aeruginosa. Biofilm inhibitory properties of FEE were demonstrated using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope and confocal laser microscope. Caenorhabditis elegans infection model (Paralytic assay) was developed to determine the protective role of FEE by reducing the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa.Results. The study results suggest that hot crude FEE extract interfered in the QS circuit, leading to comprehensive debilitation of QS-controlled virulence factors. The extract reduced virulence factor production in P. aeruginosa at 4 mg ml-1 concentration whilst paradoxically promoting biofilm formation. Possibly, higher sugar content in the extract promoted clump formation of biofilm architecture by increasing exopolysaccharide production. Moreover, in vivo analysis of bacterial pathogenesis on Caenorhabditis elegans reveals a drastic increase in survival rates in FEE treated worms compared to untreated control.Conclusions. FEE showed promising QS inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa. In the future, additional purification of crude FEE is required to remove carbohydrates, and pure isolated phytochemicals from FEE could be used as therapeutic agents to control QS-mediated infections in P. aeruginosa.

Antioxidant, Anti-Cancer Activity and Phytochemicals Profiling of Kigelia pinnata Fruits

Over the past few years, research studies on the therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants with potent antioxidant activity and few side effects have grown significantly. This has sparked interest in determining whether naturally occurring antioxidants could take the place of synthetic antioxidants, which are currently being constricted because of their toxic and carcinogenic properties. The identification and quantification of phytochemicals in the methanolic extract of Kigelia pinnata fruits was measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) techniques. Additionally, the methanolic extract of fruits was used to determine antioxidant activity. Free radical-scavenging (DPPH) and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power were measured using spectrophotometry, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was compared with two common antioxidants, vitamin C and α-tocopherol. Moreover, mature fruits have high DDPH, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, mature fruits have high levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content; these compounds are thought to be the sources of the antioxidant activity. The major constituents of the methanolic extracts from the mature fruits of K. pinnata were found to be larixinic acid, 3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-pyran-4-one (DMDP), and 5-Hydrxoymethylfurfural. We performed the elemental analysis of the whole fruit. Huh-7 (liver cancer), PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer), Colo-205 (colorectal cancer), HT-29 (colorectal cancer), SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (colon carcinoma) were tested in vitro for anticancer activity. Both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits had a positive effect on all cancer cell lines as compared to the doxorubicin drug. In addition, the methanolic extracts of mature fruits showed more potent cytotoxic effects than the ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, the most pronounced cytotoxic effects of the methanolic extract were detected in SW620 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), with an IC50 value of 6.79 μg/mL, SNU-16 (gastric carcinoma), with and IC50 value of 8.69 μg/ ml, and in PANC-1 (pancreatic cancer) with an IC50 value of 10.34 μg/mL. Moreover, the results show that the water, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of mature fruits have antioxidant capacity, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power, DPPH scavenging activity and also anticancer activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that the phytochemical profiles of mature fruits of K. pinnata may be used as potential natural antioxidants and anti-cancer cell lines.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Fruit Extracts Against Selected Bacteria

Introduction: Most diseases involving bacterial infections have caused high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. However, the misuse of synthetic antibiotics in treatments has not only caused adverse effects on patients but also led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The escalating issue of antimicrobial resistance has led to the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents originating from natural resources. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi fruits against selected bacteria. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by disc diffusion method and microdilution broth method were respectively performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the A. bilimbi extract against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC 14579), as well as gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311)). Results: Initial screening for ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts showed inhibition against all microbes with the most significant effects on B. cereus at 16 and 11.67±1.15 mm, respectively. With MIC value of 7.81 mg/ml, the lowest concentration of ethyl acetate extract was required by S. aureus and B. cereus to inhibit their growth. For aqueous extract, the lowest MIC value of 31.25 mg/ml was observed to inhibit E. coli. Moreover, A. bilimbi fruit extracts also contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, and reducing sugars responsible for antibacterial activities. Conclusion: Therefore, A. bilimbi fruit extract with its potential antibacterial properties can be used as an alternative therapy to combat infectious diseases initiated by the selected pathogens.

Antiproliferative Effects of Artabotrys odoratissimus Fruit Extract and its Bioactive Fraction through Upregulation of p53/γH2AX Signals and G2/M Phase Arrest in MIA PaCa-2 Cells.

Artabotrys odoratissimus (Annonaceae) is a medicinal and ornamental plant widely cultivated in Southeast Asia for its famous ylang ylang essential oil. The fruits of this plant are used for health benefits, but very little is studied about the bioactive principles, their role in regulating oxidative stress and tumour progression. The study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of fruit extract of Artabotrys odoratissimus and its bioactive fraction using cell-based assays. The free radical scavenging and antiproliferative effects of Artabotrys odoratissimus fruit ethyl acetate (FEA) extract and its bioactive fraction were evaluated using cell viability assays, colony formation assay, double staining assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, comet assay, cell cycle analysis, and western blotting. The extract showed phenolic content of 149.8±0.11μg/mg Gallic acid equivalents and flavonoid content of 214.47±4.18 μg/mg Quercetin. FEA showed an IC50 value of 76.35 μg/ml in the ABTS assay and an IC50 value of 134.3±7.8 μg/ml on MIA PaCa-2 cells. The cells treated with 125 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml FEA showed increased apoptotic cells in Double staining assay, DNA damage during comet assay, enhanced ROS, and cell cycle arrest at G2M phase at 125 μg/ml and 250 μg/ml. The active fraction AF5 showed an IC50 value of 67±1.26 μg/ml on MIA PaCa-2 cells during MTT assay, displayed potential antiproliferative effects, and showed a marked increase in the expression of γH2AX and p53. These results prove that the fruit extract and the bioactive fraction demonstrate oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage, leading to apoptosis in the MIA PaCa-2 cell line.

Hypolipidemic Potential of Ethyl acetate Extract of Hyphaene thebaica Fruit in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Hyperlipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of Triglycerides, Cholesterol, LDL, and decreased levels of HDL are challenges in the management of Diabetes mellitus which might lead to death. This study aimed to determine the hypolipidemic potential of ethyl acetate extract of Hyphaene thebaica fruit in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The hypolipidemic potential of H. thebaica fruit in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was determined. Rats were divided into six groups. Treatment groups were administered the extract at doses of 400 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of the extract at 400 mg/kg body weight for four weeks significantly (p &lt; 0.05) decreased the levels of total cholesterol (151.7 mg/dl ±2.40), Triglyceride (84.0 mg/dl ±1.15), LDL (75.2 mg/dl ±1.20) and increased HDL (39.3 mg/dl ±1.88) level. However no significant (p &lt; 0.05) difference was observed between the 400 and 200 mg/kg body weight dose. Conclusively, H. thebaica can be used as a medicinal plant due to its protective action against dyslipidemic complications of diabetes mellitus.

Phytochemical estimation and evaluation of antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic and ethylacetate extracts of Tribulus terrestris linn. (gokhru) and Solanum nigrum linn (makoi)

Tribulus terrestris L. and Solanum nigrum L. has been used traditionally since ages. To explore the phytoconstituents (qualitatively and quantitatively) and estimate antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. and Solanum nigrum. Different methods were adopted for phytochemical screening. Evaluation of antioxidant potential was achieved by total anti-oxidant capacity assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity and reducing power assay. The qualitative estimation of fruits of Tribulus terrestris L and of Solanum nigrum L. showed the presence of various phytoconstituents likewise tannins, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Quantitative estimation revealed the presence of flavonoids (5.01%w/w), saponins (0.70%w/w), and terpenoids (0.013%w/w) in fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. whereas presence of flavonoids (10.46%w/w), saponins (11.02%w/w) and terpenoids (0.034%w/w) was found in fruits of Solanum nigrum L. It can be concluded that both the extracts of Tribulus terrestris L and Solanum nigrum L possess significant antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical Study of Iraqi Cydonia oblonga Miller Fruit

Quince (Cydonia oblonga) fruit has a lot of phytochemicals that draw the attention of many researchers nowadays for its important medicinal values. This study concerns the identification and isolation of two flavonoids (Astragalin) flavonol glycoside and (Isorhamnetin) from fruit ethyl acetate extract of Iraqi cultivated Cydonia oblonga. The identification was carried out by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis techniques. The yield of isolated compound was (1.6 and 1.3 %) for astragalin and isorhamnetin, respectively. This was achieved by using preparative thin layer chromatography glass plate (20×20) cm. This is followed by structure elucidation of isolated compounds through fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR). analysis procedures.

Anticancer Activity of Grewia obtusa Fruit on HCT- 116, MCF-7, and HeLa Tumour Cells Besides Antitubercular Activity

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Considering the unexplored therapeutic potential of a plant, Grewia obtusa (G. obtusa), and the study evaluated the biological potential of fruit extract for antitubercular and anticancer activities. Materials and Methods: G. obtusa fruit extracts were obtained by a process of cold maceration with the solvents, which includes methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The phytochemical constituents were identified in the obtained three extracts by various qualitative tests and further screened for the activity of anticancer on HeLa, HCT- 116 and MCF-7 tumour cells, along with anti-tubercular activity against H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Results: The results revealed that the presence of alkaloids, terpenes, lignans, carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids. Anticancer screening revealed the 3-4-fold efficacy of ethyl acetate extract (32.94 μg/ml) in inhibiting HCT-116 cells comparing to n-hexane (89.69 μg/ml) and methanol (128.86 μg/ml) extracts. Same result was notice on HeLa, for ethyl acetate extract with 4-5-fold potency (45.83 μg/ml) as compared to other test extracts of methanol (164.58 μg/ml) and n-hexane (194.58 μg/ml). In case of MCF-7 cell line also the GFE showed 2 to 3-fold potency (73.04 μg/ml) as compared to other test extracts of n-hexane (140.15 μg/ml) and methanol (251.79 μg/ml). The antitubercular activity showed the MIC of>200μg/ml for all extracts. Conclusion: Ethyl acetate extract exhibited more potent activity of inhibition on HCT- 116, MCF-7, and HeLa tumour cell lines than methanol and n-hexane extracts. In specifically G. obtusa fruit ethyl acetate extract was more active on HCT-116 tumour cell lines. But the antitubercular activity was not appreciable in all three extracts. Keywords: Grewia obtusa fruit, Extraction, Anticancer activity, Antitubercular activity, HeLa, HCT 116, MCF-7.

The Effect of Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and the Use of Andaliman Fruit Extract as Natural Preservatives on Microbiological Quality of Beef Meatbals in Household Food Industry “Mak Iji” in Medan City

Bacterial contamination such as Salmonella and E. coli is the main cause of extraordinary cases of foodborne diseases. This study was done at the Mak Iji Household Food Industry in Medan City which produces beef meatballs. The application of good manufacturing practice (GMP) was carried out in accordance with the Regulation of the Head of the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BPOM RI) of 2012. The microbiological quality of the beef meatballs produced was carried out before and after the application of GMP with and without the addition of ethyl acetate extract of andaliman fruit. The results show there are 8 elements of major findings and 29 elements of minor findings from 37 elements of GMP examination. The application of GMP can reduce the total plate count (TPC) from 3.87 CFU/mL to 1.47 CFU/mL in meatballs without the addition of andaliman fruit extract, and 0 CFU/mL for meatballs with the addition of andaliman fruit extract. E.coli and Salmonella were not detected after the application of GMP. The results of this study indicate that the application of GMP and ethyl acetate extract of andaliman fruit can prevent the growth of harmful bacteria in beef meatball products.

Антиоксидантные свойства этилацетатного экстракта маклюры оранжевой (Maclura pomifera)

The antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate extracts of fruits, leaves and bark of the Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) tree were studied by a kinetic method using the example of a model reaction of cymene oxidation. The extracts exhibit antioxidant properties. Findings of the research show that fresh orange maclura fruits contain the greatest amount of antioxidants. At a temperature of 348 K, the effective content of antioxidant substances is 1.05 · 10--3 mol/(l · mg). The analysis of the effective content of antioxidants in each extract revealed that it decreases when the extract is stored at room (289 K) temperature. Antioxidant activities of antioxidants were determined --- rate constants of InH + RO•2→ ROOH + In•. According to the content of antioxidants, the ethyl acetate extracts are distributed in the following order: fruits &gt; bark &gt; leaves, and according to antioxidant activity --- bark &gt; fruits &gt; leaves. The dependence of the effective content of antioxidants on the measurement temperature was examines. The study shows that the effective content of antioxidants increases, especially in the extracts of dried fruits, leaves and bark of Osage orange, with decreasing temperature. This is due to a decrease in the additional initiation of primary radicals as a result of the autoxidation of easily oxidizing substances contained in the extracts

Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium) Fruit Extract on Anticancer Activity of HEPG2 Liver Cancer Cell Lines

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or hepatoma is the most common primary liver cancer and causes many deaths. Andaliman extract functions as an antioxidant against several cancer cells such as breast cancer cells and cervical cancer cells.&#x0D; Aim: To investigate the effect of andaliman fruit extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) on the anticancer activity of HepG2 liver cancer cell lines.&#x0D; Methods: This research is an experimental study, exploratory laboratory to prove andaliman fruit extract to inhibit proliferation rate, inhibit growth, and triggers apoptosis of HepG2 liver cancer cell lines in vitro. HepG2 liver cancer cell lines were cultured on a suitable and controlled medium to grow. The n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and ethanol extract of andaliman fruit were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution, vortexed and made up with MK-RPMI. Further dilution was carried out to obtain a test solution with a concentration of 500 ug/mL, 250 ug/mL, 125 ug/mL, 62.5 ug/mL and 31.2 ug/mL. The cytotoxicity test results of andaliman fruit against HepG2 cells was carried out using the MTT assay.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; In this study we found that the IC50 of andaliman fruit extract was 122,656 µg/mL.&#x0D; Conclusions: &#x0D; The results show that there is a cytotoxic activity from the andaliman extract on HepG2 liver cancer cell. Our further study is to assess and compare the anticancer activity from the andaliman extract and doxorubicin on HepG2 liver cancer cell.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Zanthoxylum acanthopodium, extract, anticancer, HepG2.

In vitro cytotoxic activity using fruits of Annona muricata and aerial parts of Euphorbia tirucalli against lung and oral cancer cell lines

Aim: Cancer is one of the life-threatening diseases which cause severe pathological conditions, leading to mortality. The exhaustive data on the vital role of medicinal plants in combating cancer and related diseases are available since antediluvian times. Materials and Methods: In this present study, cell viability, morphological changes, and IC50 were evaluated by in vitro 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltertazoliumbromide) assay. Hydro-alcoholic and ethyl acetate extracts of fruits Annona muricata (AM) and aerial parts Euphorbia tirucalli (ET) against lung (A549, H1975) and oral (SCC9, SCC25) were used to investigate the potential antitumor activity. Results: Ethyl-acetate extract of AM and ET showed the highest IC50 value, 89.48 μg/mL and 119.2 μg/mL against lung cancer cell line A-549. Among four study extracts, the IC50 value of hydroalcoholic extract of AM showed 184.3 μg/mL against H1975 cell line. The hydroalcoholic extract of AM and ethyl acetate extract of EA showed the IC50 value of 149.7 μg/mL and 156.2 μg/mL against SCC9 cell line. Hydroalcoholic and ethylacetate extract of ET showed the highest cytotoxic potency against SCC25 139.2 μg/mL and 205.6 μg/mL compared to AM. Further, all the study extracts exhibited decrease in % cell viability in the dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: This comprehensive data obtained from the in vitro study indicate that the extracts that showed toxicity toward cancer cell lines can be considered potential chemotherapeutic agents. The data suggest to further confirm the anticancer potential by conducting in vitro and in vivo studies, so that the study plants may be adopted in the treatment of lung and oral cancer.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae.

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.