Ethanol Extract Of Fruit Research Articles

In vitro Assessment of Antibacterial Activity and Potential Genotoxic Effect of Fruit Extracts of Capparis spinosa L. Plant

This research was carried out to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the genotoxic potential of ethanolic and aqueous (cold and hot) fruit extracts of Capparis spinosa L. (C. spinosa) plant against different types of bacterial strains. The antimicrobial effect of these extracts against the tested bacteria was investigated using broth microdilution method. The potential genotoxic effect was evaluated by ERIC-PCR technique. Results of the current study revealed that the MIC values of ethanolic fruit extract against the tested bacterial had a range of 12.5 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml. However, aqueous fruit extracts had an MIC with a range of 50 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL. The potential genotoxic activity of cold aqueous extract was determined according to the changes in ERIC-PCR profile of E. coli strain treated with extract in comparison to that untreated (negative control). Results of this study suggest the genotoxic effect of aqueous fruit extract on E. coli. Further research is required to assess and identify the biological molecules and their mechanisms in the context of the genotoxicity. In vivo genotoxicity assessment or with the presence of liver extract is recommended to evaluate the safety of using fruits for therapeutic purposes and a valuable nutrient source.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Gambas Fruit Extract (Luffa Acutangula (L.) Roxb.) against Bacterial Growth Staphylococcus Aureus In Vitro

One aspect that needs attention in dental and oral health is bacterial infection, including infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive bacteria that can be found in various parts of the human body, including the skin and nasal mucus. These bacteria usually do not cause problems if they remain within normal limits. However, when Staphylococcus aureus enters the oral cavity or surrounding tissue, it can cause various dental and oral health conditions. Gambas fruit (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.), which is also known as Oyong fruit from the Cucurbitaceae family, has an antibacterial effect. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Gambas fruit (Luffa acutangula (l.) roxb.) on bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. This type of research is a laboratory experimental design post-test only control group. Research data were analyzed using testone-way ANOVA with post-hoc LSD. The results showed that there was an inhibition diameter at each concentration of Gambas fruit extract. 25% Gambas fruit extract has an average diameter of 10.8 mm, 12.5% Gambas fruit extract has an average diameter of 9.4 mm, 6.25% Gambas fruit extract has an average diameter of 8 mm, l Gambas fruit extract 3.125% has an average diameter of 6.9 mm. Gambas fruit extract has antibacterial properties with a minimum inhibition level of 25% against the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Effectiveness test of Diploknema oligomera extracts to the decrease in glucose levels in alloxan-induced BALB/c male mice

Abstract. Faizah S, Eriani K, Rosnizar. 2023. Effectiveness test of Diploknema oligomera extracts to the decrease in glucose levels in alloxan-induced BALB/c male mice. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 143-148. People with diabetes mellitus usually consume chemical drugs to lower their blood glucose levels which cause side effects and require a reasonably high cost. Therefore, alternative natural medicines (phytopharmaceuticals) that are safer and more affordable are needed. Punti fruit (Diploknema oligomera H.J Lam) has the potential as an antihyperglycemic agent that can lower glucose levels in the blood because the punti fruit contains flavonoid compounds, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. These secondary metabolites can reduce blood glucose levels. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design, six treatments, and four replications. This study used 24 BALB/C (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) male mice grouped into six treatments, namely normal control treatment (P1), negative control by giving alloxan 150 mg/kg bw (P2), positive control by giving glibenclamide dose of 0.65 mg/kg body weight (bw) (P3), ethanol extract of punti fruit dose of 250 mg/kg bw (P4), ethanol extract of punti fruit dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (P5) and ethanol extract of punti fruit dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw (P6). The results proved that administering punti extract (P3, P4, P5) for 14 could reduce blood glucose levels in male diabetic mice with a percentage reduction of 33.6%, 37.4%, and 52.7%, and treatment-positive control decreased blood glucose by 32.6%. The conclusion showed that the ethanol extract of punti fruit at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg bw could effectively reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice compared to a dose of 250 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw and 0.65 mg/kg glibenclamide kg bw. Therefore, punti fruit can be used as a drug candidate to be developed as phytopharmaceuticals in treating diabetes mellitus.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel

In the present work, the qualitative analysis of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel was performed from aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts. The phytochemicals present in the Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel were alkaloids, steroids, tannins, soponins, terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Silver nanoparticles produced by green synthesis using fruit peel extracts as reducing agents have photocatalytic properties. The nanoparticles synthesized fruit peel was studied and characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. Seven pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp, S. aureus and Proteus sp and two fungal pathogens, Candida sp and Fusarium sp, were tested for antibacterial activity of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts. Total antioxidant capacity, DPPH, reducing power and ABTS were used to test the free radical scavenging activities of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel extract. Membrane stabilisation and heat induced hemolysis, were used to test the anti-inflammatory effects of various extracts of Nephelium lappaceum fruit peel. In comparison to aqueous and ethanol extracts, methanol extracts had the highest anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Extraction and Encapsulation of Phytocompounds of Poniol Fruit via Co-Crystallization: Physicochemical Properties and Characterization.

Poniol (Flacourtia jangomas) has beneficial health effects due to its high polyphenolic and good antioxidant activity content. This study aimed to encapsulate the Poniol fruit ethanolic extract to the sucrose matrix using the co-crystallization process and analyze the physicochemical properties of the co-crystalized product. The physicochemical property characterization of the sucrose co-crystallized with the Poniol extract (CC-PE) and the recrystallized sucrose (RC) samples was carried out through analyzing the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, loading capacity, entrapment yield, bulk and traped densities, hygroscopicity, solubilization time, flowability, DSC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The result revealed that the CC-PE product had a good entrapment yield (76.38%) and could retain the TPC (29.25 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant properties (65.10%) even after the co-crystallization process. Compared to the RC sample, the results also showed that the CC-PE had relatively higher flowability and bulk density, lower hygroscopicity, and solubilization time, which are desirable properties for a powder product. The SEM analysis showed that the CC-PE sample has cavities or pores in the sucrose cubic crystals, which proposed that the entrapment was better. The XRD, DSC, and FTIR analyses also showed no changes in the sucrose crystal structure, thermal properties, and functional group bonding structure, respectively. From the results, we can conclude that co-crystallization increased sucrose's functional properties, and the co-crystallized product can be used as a carrier for phytochemical compounds. The CC-PE product with improved properties can also be utilized to develop nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals.

Phytochemical Profiling and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activity of <i>Flacourtia inermis</i> Roxb. Fruits

Objectives: The present research work was carried out to explore the potential use Flacourtia inermis [FI] fruits for the prevention and treatment of obesity through pancreatic lipase inhibition in vitro. The study also aimed to investigate the chemical profiling of ethanol extract of FI using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography (HR-LC/MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR). Materials and Methods: Dried fruits of Flacourtia inermis were pulverised and subsequently extracted using various solvents in sequential steps of increasing polarity, such as hexane, ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. After phytochemical analysis by preliminary chemical testing various extracts were evaluated for their ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, and the ethanol extract was found to have an IC<sub>50</sub> close to that of reference drug orlistat. The most potent ethanol extract was analysed by HPTLC and separated through column chromatography, and further analysis was performed by HR-LC/MS and 1H-NMR techniques. Results: The presence of various phytoconstituents in this plant was detected using different types of analytical techniques. PL lipase inhibitory activity was observed in extracts in a dose dependent manner. Performing PL inhibition assay, it was found that the ethanol fruit extracts have lipase inhibitory activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 377.15 μg/ml. HPTLC finger printing of the ethanol extract showed the presence of various bioactice compounds. HR-LC/MS study of the most active ethanol extract indicated the presence of different phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavonoids. Column chromatographic separation of ethanol fruit extract of FI followed by structural elucidation using various spectral studies demonstrated the presence of two compounds namely myricetin and quinic acid. Conclusion: The study suggests that the edible fruits of Flacourtia inermis have the potential to inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme and therefore, may be recommended for the management of obesity. Additionally, our research sheds light on the phytochemistry of flacourtia species and may lead to the development of novel chemical entities as potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors.

Quality by design-based development and optimization of fourth-generation ternary solid dispersion of standardized Piper longum extract for melanoma therapy.

The study aimed to enhance the solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of standardized Piper longum fruits ethanolic extract (PLFEE) via fourth-generation ternary solid dispersion (SD) for melanoma therapy. With the use of solvent evaporation method, the standardized PLFEE was formulated into SD, optimized using Box-Wilson's central composite design (CCD), and evaluated for pharmaceutical performance and in vivo anticancer activity against melanoma (B16F10)-bearing C57BL/6 mice. The optimized SD showed good accelerated stability, high yield, drug content, and content uniformity for bioactive marker piperine (PIP). The X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis revealed its amorphous nature. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) revealed the compatibility of excipients with the PLFEE. The contact angle measurement and in vitro dissolution study revealed excellent wetting of SD and improved dissolution profile as compared to the plain PLFEE. The in vivo oral bioavailability of SD reflected a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in bioavailability (Frel = 188.765%) as compared to plain extract. The in vivo tumor regression study revealed the improved therapeutic activity of SD as compared to plain PLFEE. Further, the SD also improved the anticancer activity of dacarbazine (DTIC) as an adjuvant therapy. The overall result revealed the potential of developed SD for melanoma therapy either alone or as an adjuvant therapy with DTIC.

Assessment of Anti-Alzheimer Pursuit of Jambolan Fruit Extract and/or Choline against AlCl3 Toxicity in Rats

Jambolan fruit extract and choline were investigated for Aluminum tri chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Thirty-six male “Sprague Dawley” rats weighing (150 ± 10 g) were allocated into six groups; the first group was fed a baseline diet and served as a negative control. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was induced in Group 2 rats by oral administration of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in distilled water (served as a positive control). Rats in Group 3 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both 500 mg/kg BW of an ethanolic extract of jambolan fruit once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight). Group 4: Rivastigmine (RIVA) aqueous infusion (0.3 mg/kg BW/day) was given orally to rats as a reference drug concomitantly with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Group 5 rats were orally treated with choline (1.1 g/kg) concomitantly with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight). Group 6 was given 500 mg/kg of jambolan fruit ethanolic extract and 1.1 g/kg of choline orally to test for additive effects concurrently with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg bw) for 28 days. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio, and relative brain, liver, kidney, and spleen weight were calculated after the trial. Brain tissue assessment was analyzed for antioxidant/oxidant markers, biochemical analysis in blood serum, a phenolic compound in Jambolan fruits extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and histopathology of the brain. The results showed that Jambolan fruit extract and choline chloride improved brain functions, histopathology, and antioxidant enzyme activity compared with the positive group. In conclusion, administering jambolan fruit extract and choline can lower the toxic impacts of aluminum chloride on the brain.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect against &lt;i&gt;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt; Using Different Solvents of &lt;i&gt;Neolamarckia cadamba&lt;/i&gt; Fruit Extracts

Neolamarckia cadamba is a commonly found tree in India and is known for its large green leaves and ball shaped flowers and fruits. Also tree is culturally and economically important plant of India and is traditionally used for preparation of herbal medicines because of its various pharmacological properties. Although bark and leaves are mostly utilized whereas fruits are somewhat lagging behind in terms of its medicinal usages. This present study deals with the antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba (ripe and unripe) fruits. Six different solvent extracts which includes acetone, benzene, water, DMSO, ethanol and methanol (mg/ml) were prepared for the screening of antibacterial properties of Neolamarckia cadamba fruits against gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. It was observed that zone of inhibition was highest in ethanolic extract (14 mm) of ripe fruit against the Bacillus subtilis. Zone of inhibition was found lowest in acetonic extract (5 mm) of ripe fruits whereas no zone of inhibition was found in benzene and ethanolic extract of unripe fruits. Out of both fruits, ripe was found to be most effective against both strains whereas out of six solvents ethanolic and methanolic extracts were found to be most effective.

Quality-by-design-based development of ultradeformable nanovesicular transgelosome of standardized Piper longum extract for melanoma.

Background: Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadly form of skin cancer. The stratum corneum of the skin is a major obstacle to dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Ultradeformable nanovesicular transferosome has the capacity for deeper skin penetration and its incorporation into hydrogel forms a transgelosome that has better skin permeability and patient compliance. Method: Here, the quality-by-design-based development and optimization of nanovesicular transgelosome of standardized Piper longum fruit ethanolic extract (PLFEE) for melanoma therapy are reported. Results: Compared with standardized PLFEE-loaded plain gel, the transgelosome displayed optimal pharmaceutical properties and improved ex vivo skin permeability and in vivo tumor regression in B16F10 melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice. Conclusion: The results reflect the potential of transgelosome for melanoma therapy.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN MARKISA KUNING (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa degener) PADA BAKTERI Escherchia coli

Diarrhea is a condition in which the body loses most of its fluids and electrolytes caused by defecating three or more times a day with a thick, fluid consistency. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener) to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. The extraction method used maceration with 70% ethanol solvent and then continued with the antibacterial activity test at a concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30% using the disk diffusion method with 3x replication. The results of the antibacterial activity test were analyzed by the method of one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc test (Tukey). The results of data analysis showed that the ethanolic extract of yellow passion fruit leaves had activity to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria with the average diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 10% (3.85 mm), at a concentration of 20% (6.61 mm), at a concentration of 30% (11.69 mm), and in the data analysis test, a value (sig 0.05) was obtained, which means that there are differences in the antibacterial activity of each concentration and positive control.

Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Dennettia tripetala on Kidney Function of Male Albino Rats

This study examined the effects of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Dennettia tripetala on kidney function of healthy male albino rats. Dennettia tripetala is commonly also referred to as pepper fruit. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal characteristics are only a few of the fruit's many known therapeutic benefits. Fifty healthy adult male albino rats were utilized in this study and were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 10 animals each. The test animals were orally administered ethanolic extracts of fruits of D. tripetala (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) for twenty-one days and were sacrificed at the end of the 21 days. The result of kidney function biochemical parameters revealed that sodium increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in all the test groups, potassium increased significantly in all the test groups except in group 4 which showed no significant alteration, chloride was lowered in all the groups except in group 2 which increased significantly. Urea was lowered significantly in all the test groups; creatinine was significantly elevated in groups 4 and 5, while groups 2 and 3 showed no significant alteration. Photomicrograph of kidney section of normal control rat (group 1) showed normal glomerulus (G), Bowman’s capsule (Bc), Bowman’s space (Bs) and tubules (T) as well as group 2 and 3, while group 4 and 5 showed slightly shrunken glomerulus (SG) with increased Bowman’s capsular space (IBs) and dilated tubules (DT) within the tissue stroma. This study suggests that both the extracts may possess active ingredients that may aid in electrolyte homoeostasis while the unriped fruit extract contains some chemicals that may cause mild kidney toxicity when consumed for a long duration.

Attenuation of Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats by Extracts of Fruits of &lt;i&gt;Ziziphus jujuba&lt;/i&gt; Lam

The objective of the study was to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of fruits of Z. jujuba has been prepared. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Vehicle control was Group 1. Doxorubicin 5 mg/kg i.p. was administered to Group 2 animals on the 7th and 14th day. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were dosed with ethanolic extracts of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. while groups 5 and 6 received aqueous extracts of 200 and 400mg/kg i.p. Animals from group 7 were given nebivolol 5 mg/kg p.o. All the animals were treated for 28 days. Doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to group 2 to group 7 on day 7th and day 14th. Body weight, ECG, blood pressure, CK-MB, Cardiac troponin-I and LDH were the study parameters. The histology of the heart was performed at the end of the study. Doxorubicin showed cardiotoxicity manifested by changes in serum marker enzymes, ECG and hemodynamic parameters which were further confirmed by histology of the heart. These changes induced by doxorubicin were attenuated by treatment with extracts of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. It is concluded that aqueous extract of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. (400 mg/kg p.o.) treatment for 28 days protects the heart of rats in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.

Histological Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Aspirin Induced Stomach Ulcer in Male Albino Rats

Aim: This study examined the histological effect of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on aspirin-induced stomach ulcer in male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are among the plant parts which are used in the treatment of ulcers by local folks in Wukari, Nigeria.&#x0D; Study Design: Seventy healthy male albino rats were used in this study; they were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 10 animals each. The test animals were induced with ulcer using 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin and then treated with Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers for 5 and 14 days respectively.&#x0D; Methodology: This study was carried out in two phases: stomach ulcer was induced in test animals using aspirin and treated for a period of 5 days and 14 days using ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera before sacrifice. The stomach of the animals was harvested, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University Wukari, between August 2022 and January 2023.&#x0D; Results: Photomicrograph of the gastric tissue of normal rats showed normal epithelial lining with mucosa and submucosa appearing unremarkable. Photomicrograph section of gastric tissue of rat administered aspirin only showed moderate ulceration of the epithelial lining. Photomicrograph of gastric tissues of rats administered both plant extracts showed moderate to severe ulcerations of the epithelial lining with unremarkable mucosa and submucosa.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study showed that treatment of stomach ulcer in albino rats caused by administration of excess dose of aspirin with ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera did not heal the stomach ulcer in the albino rats after 5 days and 14 days treatment.

Evaluating the Protective and Ameliorative Effects of Kolaviron on Lead-induced Adrenal Gland Toxicity in Adult Wistar Rats

Lead (Pb) toxicity is possibly the most common form of heavy metal poisoning in the human body due to the abundant global distribution and utilization of Pb. Pb has no functional role in the body. Its only effect on human organs is regarded as harmful. The adrenal gland, one of the most common endocrine organs associated with chemically induced lesions, has its fair share of organ damage from Pb toxicity. Interestingly, some herbs and fruits notably have ameliorative actions against organs damaged due to Pb and other heavy metal toxicity. Kolaviron, the active constituent of Garcinia kola has such an effect on glands, but substantial studies are yet to be done concerning the adrenal gland. Hence, this study aims to investigate the ameliorative effects of the ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola fruit (Kolaviron) on lead-induced adrenal gland toxicity using adult Wistar rats. Thirty (30) healthy adult Wistar rats weighing 160-200g were grouped into six (n=5). Group A (control) was placed on a diet of food and water ad libitum. Group B (untreated) received lead-acetate solutions at 50mg/kg/day for 14 days. Groups C, D, and E received co-administration of lead-acetate solutions at 50mg/kg/day for 7 days and 100, 200, and 300mg/kg/day of Kolaviron consecutively for 14 days. Group F received lead-acetate solutions at 50mg/kg/day for 7 days only, and subsequently for a period of 7 days, 300mg/kg/day of Kolaviron was administered. The route of all administrations was oral and the experiment lasted for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed under ketamine (100mg/ml) as anesthesia 24 hours after their last treatment. Their adrenal glands were carefully harvested, fixed for histological analysis, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin dyes. Relative to the control and untreated groups, treatment with increasing doses of Kolaviron demonstrated mild to moderate ameliorative effects on the pathologic damages noted to be brought about by Pb toxicity. Garcinia kola is a promising agent with potency against adrenal gland injuries from heavy metal intoxication in the human body.

Uji aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak etanol buah renggak (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Candida albicans

Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans are microorganisms that cause infection in humans and have developed resistance to several classes of antibiotics and antifungals. Plants in the genus Amomum have been used in traditional medicine and have scientific potential as alternatives to natural antibacterial and antifungal agents. Renggak (Amomum dealbatum Roxb.) is a species of the genus Amomum that is commonly found in Lombok. Scientific research related to the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the fruit is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of renggak fruit against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The extraction method used sonication with 96% ethanol. Testing of antibacterial and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method. The positive control used chloramphenicol for antibacterial testing and ketoconazole for antifungal testing, while the negative control used 10% DMSO solution. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extract was measured based on the diameter of the inhibition zone formed around the disc. Data analysis used the Kruskall-Wallis statistical test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the ethanol extract had moderate activity against S. aureus at concentrations of 20% w/v &amp; 30%w/v with inhibitory diameters ranging from 5-7 mm, while at concentrations of 40% w/v &amp; 50% w/v. has strong activity with inhibitory diameters ranging from 10-15 mm. The ethanol extract showed no activity at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% in inhibiting the growth of the fungus C. albicans. Statistical test of each extract concentration had a significant effect on the inhibition of growth of S. aureus compared to the negative control. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the extract of renggak fruit has the potential to inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

Nrf2-Mediated Pathway Activated by Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) Fruit Extract: Bioinformatics Analyses and Experimental Validation.

In our previous studies, Prunus spinosa fruit (PSF) ethanol extract was showed to exert antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing activities. In the present study, an integrated bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation was carried out to investigate the biological mechanism(s) that are responsible for the reported PSF beneficial effects as an antioxidant during a pro-inflammatory TLR4 insult. Bioinformatics analysis using miRNet 2.0 was carried out to address which biological process(es) the extract could be involved in. In addition, Chemprop was employed to identify the key targets of nuclear receptor (NR) signaling and stress response (SR) pathways potentially modulated. The miRNet analysis suggested that the PSF extract mostly activates the biological process of cellular senescence. The Chemprop analysis predicted three possible targets for nine phytochemicals found in the extract: (i) ARE signaling, (ii) mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and (iii) p53 SR pathways. The PSF extract antioxidant effect was also experimentally validated in vitro using the human monocyte U937 cell line. Our findings showed that Nrf2 is modulated by the extract with a consequent reduction of the oxidative stress level. This was confirmed by a strong decrease in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) observed in the PSF-treated cells subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (6 h treatment, 1 µg/mL). No visible effects were observed on p53 and MMP modulation.

Phytochemical Screening and Blood Glucose Level Effects of Bhee Fruit Extract (Melastoma sp) on Diabetic Mice

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease among the highest causes of death worldwide, including in Indonesia. Factors that cause diabetes include pancreatic β-cell damage, genetic factors, and an unhealthy lifestyle. Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) beyond normal limits. Hyperglycaemia can be treated using synthetic chemical drugs or insulin therapy, which has adverse long-term effects. The community believes herbal medicine is an alternative diabetes treatment. Melastoma sp is a plant that has the potential as an antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of Bhee fruit (Melastoma sp) on blood glucose levels of diabetic mice. This study is a laboratory experiment using laboratory animals. The mice were divided into seven treatment groups with three replicates: KN (normal control), KP (treatment control), KD (diabetes control), KO (drug control), P1 (treatment dose of 100 mg/kgBB extract), P2 (treatment dose of 200 mg/kgBB extract), and P3 (treatment dose of 400 mg/kgBB extract). The study's results, the administration of doses of ethanol extract of the fruit 100, 200, and 300 mg /kgBB for 14 days reduced glucose levels in diabetic mice. However, they could not exceed the ability metformin at a dose of 500 mg/kgBB.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) Against Escherichia coli Bacteria

This study was conducted to determine the Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) of the Mangosteen fruit ethanol extract (Garcinia mangostana Linn) against Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The study used an experimental research design and made different concentrations of Mangosteen fruit ethanol extract, with concentrations consisting of: Tube 1, 100% (no distilled water), Tube 2, 75% (250 uL [0.25 mL] of distilled water), Tube 3, 50% (500 uL [0.5 mL] of distilled water), and Tube 4, 25% (750uL [0.75 mL] of distilled water). The positive control contains the antibiotic (Gentamicin), and negative control which is made of distilled water. The researchers used a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as statistical analysis. The computed P-value in treatments is <0.0001 that indicates that there is a significant difference in the zone of inhibition of E. coli against various concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract. While the computed P-value in trials is 1.0000 that indicates that there is no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of E. coli against various concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract. It is therefore concluded that the different concentrations of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract has no effect in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. Meanwhile when it comes to the effectiveness of concentrations (100%,75%,50%,25% of Mangosteen Fruit Ethanol Extract) in the inhibitory zone for antimicrobial E. coli, the result shows that it is ≤ 12 hence all of the concentration falls under Resistant category on the Kirby-Bauer Method.

Red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fruit peel extract increased the motility and viability of spermatozoa of hypercholesterolemic rats (Rattus norvegicus)

This study aims to determine the effect of red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fruit peel extract (RDFPE) on spermatozoa motility and viability of hypercholesterolemic rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a model. Twenty male rats were randomly divided into negative control (NC), positive control (PC), treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2), and treatment 3 (T3) groups. All rats were given 2 mL of high cholesterol feed orally every day for 28 days. On day-15, all rats were measured for their blood cholesterol levels, followed by treatment for 14 days. Rats in the NC, PC, T1, T2, and T3 groups were treated with 1% Na-CMC, Simvastatin 10 mg/kg BW, and RDFPE of 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg BW, respectively. On day-29, all rats were sacrificed to evaluate spermatozoa viability and motility. The results showed that spermatozoa viability and motility in the hypercholesterolemic rats (NC) group were the lowest (p &lt;0.05) among the groups. Treatment of hypercholesterolemic rats with Simvastatin 10 mg/kg BW (PC) group showed higher (p &lt;0.05) spermatozoa viability and motility compared to the NC group. RDFPE dose of 1000 mg/kg BW (T3 group) resulted in higher (p &lt;0.05) spermatozoa viability and motility compared to other RDFPE doses (T1 and T2) and the control (NC) groups, and it was similar (p &gt;0.05) compared with the Simvastatin treated (PC) group. It could be concluded that the administration of 1000 mg/kg BW ethanolic extract of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel increased the viability and motility of spermatozoa of hypercholesterolemic rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were the same as the group of rats given Simvastatin 10 mg/kg BW.