Ethanol Extract Of Fruit Research Articles

Asimina triloba (pawpaw) fruit extract suppresses adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis-related protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells

Obesity is a health condition accompanied by life-threatening comorbidities; hence, there is an increasing need for anti-obesity agents. The anti-cancer effects of the leaves of Asimina triloba (pawpaw) has been reported. However, limited research has been conducted on the potential anti-obesity effects of A. triloba fruit. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of A. triloba fruit extract on murine preadipocytes (3T3-L1). We specifically examined lipid droplet formation in these cells using Oil Red O solution and intracellular pro-adipogenic protein levels were examined using western blot analysis. The results revealed that treatment with A. triloba 70% ethanolic fruit extract effectively suppressed lipid droplet formation. Moreover, the expression of crucial proteins involved in adipogenesis, namely sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and fatty acid synthase, were significantly inhibited. These findings suggest that A. triloba fruit has the potential to prevent obesity by inhibiting fat synthesis and may serve as a natural source for anti-obesity functional agents..

Anti-diabetic properties of the ethanolic extract of unripe Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit regulates glucose homeostasis in high-fat-fed diet-induced obese mice

Anti-diabetic properties of the ethanolic extract of unripe Artocarpus heterophyllus fruit regulates glucose homeostasis in high-fat-fed diet-induced obese mice

Bioactivity-Guided Isolation and Antihypertensive Activity of Citrullus colocynthis Polyphenols in Rats with Genetic Model of Hypertension.

Background and Objectives: Citrullus colocynthis belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family and is a wild medicinal plant used in folk literature to treat various diseases. The purpose of the current study was to explore the antihypertensive and antioxidant potentials of Citrullus colocynthis (CC) polyphenol-rich fractions using a spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) model. Materials and Methods: The concentrated aqueous ethanol extract of CC fruit was successively fractioned using solvents of increasing polarity, i.e., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The obtained extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TOF). Moreover, the CC extracts were further evaluated for radical scavenging capacity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays and antioxidant activity using inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation and determination of reducing potential protocols. The phytochemical components were characterized by HPLC-MWD-ESI-MS in positive ionization mode. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) exhibited a higher content of phenolic compounds in term of TPC (289 mg/g), TFC (7.6 mg/g) and TOF (35.7 mg/g). EAF showed higher antioxidant and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities with SC50 values of 6.2 and 79.5 µg/mL, respectively. LCMS analysis revealed that twenty polyphenol compounds were identified in the EAF, including phenolic acids and flavonoids, mainly myricetin and quercetin derivatives. The in vivo antihypertensive activity of EAF of CC on SHR revealed that it significantly decreased the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressures (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) as compared to normal and hypertensive control groups. Moreover, EAF of CC significantly reduced the oxidative stress in the animals in a dose-dependent manner by normalizing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Furthermore, the treatment groups, especially the 500 mg of EAF per kg body weight (EA-500) group, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Conclusion: It was concluded that the EAF of CC is a rich source of polyphenols and showed the best antioxidant activity and antihypertensive potential in SHR.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ficus heterophylla var. assamica Fruits

The objective of the current study was to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of the ethanolic extract from the fruits of Ficus heteorphylla var. assamica (FHVAEE). Several in-vitro tests were performed on the plant's fruit ethanol extract. The antioxidant capability of diverse compounds was assessed using tests for total phenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and total antioxidant capacity. Protein denaturation was tested against anti-inflammatory properties. On a test for total phenol content, the fruit extract had a modest antioxidant capability; TPC as GAE was 120 ±3.14 mg/gm. Total flavonoid content assay results indicated exceptional antioxidant activity; TFC as QE was 428.33 ±7.07 mg/gm. The IC50 value for the DPPH free radical scavenging experiment was 61.17 μg/ml, while standard ascorbic acid was found to have an IC50 value of 16.97 μg/ml, indicating modest antioxidant activity. According to the anti-inflammatory assay, the plant fruit extract has excellent anti-inflammatory potential. The presence of several phytoconstituents in the extract could be the cause of these effects. To assess these effects and the results, which call for further advanced research, more studies must be done.

Electrochemistry of lyophilized blueberry and raspberry samples: ROS activation of the antioxidant ability of anthocyanins

An electrochemical study of lyophilized blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruits was carried out using microparticulate deposits from ethanolic extracts of fruits in contact with different aqueous electrolytes. This voltammetry is dominated by the oxidation of anthocyanins. It was hypothesized that under conditions of electrochemical generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), new anthocyanin-derived species with high antioxidant capacity are formed over a wide pH range. In the case of ROS-activated anthocyanins, electrochemical oxidation is associated with loss of sugar moieties. Experimental voltammetric and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) imaging data consistent with this hypothesis are presented.

Effects of ethanolic fruit extract of solanum aethiopicum (L.) on saccharin induced hyperlipidemia and sperm abnormalities in male wistar rats

Effects of ethanolic fruit extract of solanum aethiopicum (L.) on saccharin induced hyperlipidemia and sperm abnormalities in male wistar rats

The Potential Hepatoprotective Effect of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. Fruit Extract in Diabetic Rat.

Vaccinium arctostaphylos has traditionally been employed in Iranian folk medicine to treat diabetes. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its antidiabetic properties remain incompletely understood. The current experiment intended to explore the modulatory effects of V. arctostaphylos fruit ethanolic extract (VAE) on biochemical and molecular events in the livers of diabetic rats. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: normal control, normal rats with VAE treatment, diabetic control, and diabetic rats with VAE treatment. Following 42 days of treatment, the impact of VAE on diabetes-induced rats was assessed by measuring various serum biochemical parameters, including insulin, free fatty acids (FFA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and adiponectin levels. The activities of hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and glycogen content were determined. Additionally, expression levels of selected genes implicated in carbohydrate/lipid metabolism and miR-27b expression were evaluated. H and E-stained liver sections were prepared for light microscopy examination. Treatment with VAE elevated levels of insulin and adiponectin that reduced levels of FFA, ROS, and TNF-α in the serum of diabetic rats. VAE-treated rats exhibited increased activities of hepatic glucokinase (GK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glycogen concentrations, in conjunction with decreased activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase). Furthermore, VAE significantly upregulated the transcription levels of hepatic insulin receptor substrate 1 (Irs1) and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), while considerably downregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). VAE remarkably enhanced the expression of miR27-b in the hepatic tissues of diabetic rats. Abnormal histological signs were dramatically normalized in diabetic rats receiving VAE compared to those in the diabetic control group. Our findings underscore the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of V. arctostaphylos and assist in better comprehension of its antidiabetic properties.

Effectivity test of ethanol extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) against mortality of Aedes aegypti and its effect on midgut morphological changes

Aedes aegypti is the vector of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Dengue vector management usually depends on synthetic larvicides. However, it can lead to insect resistance and leave chemical pollutant residues. Therefore natural larvicides are needed for their environmentally friendly and do not induce insect resistance. Piper nigrum fruit is expected to contain secondary metabolites beneficial as larvicides to Aedes aegypti. This study aims to test the effectivity of the ethanol extract of Piper nigrum fruit on the mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae and determine the effect of extract exposure on larval midgut morphological changes. The study used a completely randomized design with five experimental groups and four repetitions as follows: K (aquades + 0% extract), P1 (0.25% extract), P2 (0.50% extract), P3 (0.75% extract), P4 (1% extract). Data analysis used one-way ANOVA and continued to the LSD Post hoc test. The extract's effectiveness was analyzed using the probit test and LC50 confirmation. Changes in the morphology of larval midgut were observed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and figures. The results showed that the 1% treatment resulted in the highest larval mortality of 93% and the lowest in the 0.25% treatment of 43%. The LC50 value was 2,666 based on the probit analysis. The ethanol extract of Piper nigrum fruit affected midgut morphological changes of Aedes aegypti larvae characterized by peripheral membrane damage, microvilli thinning, epithelial cell swelling and vacuolation, and basement membrane damage.

ETHNO MEDICINAL SURVEY AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS ON MUD DAUBER NEST IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA.

The emergence of pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to several antibiotics has recently presented a significant challenge to the healthcare system. Therefore, an alternative source of antimicrobial agents is needed. The study aimed to compare the antibacterial activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of ripe and unripe fruits of red and yellow varieties of Anacardium occidentale against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Cold maceration method of extraction was used using water and ethanol. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against the isolates were evaluated by agar diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth dilution method. In the determination of the antibacterial activities of all the extracts, the highest zones of inhibition were shown by ethanolic extracts of both ripe red cashew (25 mm) and yellow cashew (26 mm) against Escherichia coli. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of unripe red and yellow cashew had no antibacterial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As well, both aqueous and ethanol extracts of ripe red and yellow cashew and ethanolic extract of ripe yellow cashew inhibited all the test organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 50 to 150 mg/ml. At 100 mg/ml, both ethanolic extracts of ripe red and yellow cashew were bactericidal to Escherichia coli while aqueous extract of ripe red cashew was bactericidal to Escherichia coli at 150 mg/ml. The antibacterial activities of A. occidentale apple (fruit) extracts underscore the credence to the efficacy of their use as traditional remedy against some human ailments.

Comparison of Diuretic and Electrolyte Excretory Activity between Compounds of Okra Fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Furosemide

Introduction: Hypertension takes place of being one of the most concerning health issues, leading to increasing rate of death due to its complications. Pharmacological therapy diuretic become one to intervene on hypertension’s pathological sequences through sodium and potassium regulation. Similar diuretic effect can be achieved through fruits and vegetables crop including Okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus). Objective: to investigate the diuretic variance of different part of Okra fruit’s (Abelmoschus esculentus). Methods: In total of 8 groups of male Rattus norvegicus rats are sorted into control and intervention groups. As control, the C- Group (negative control group) was given Na- CMC 0.5% suspension, and C+ Group (positive control group) was given furosemide. The experimental groups P1, P2, and P3 were given Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) whole fruit ethanolic extract; P4, P5, and P6 Group are were given Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) seedless fruit ethanolic extract within range concentration of 75-300 mg/kg body weight. Urine volume is measured every hour for 6 hours and the 24th hour. Sodium and potassium measurements are executed towards 24-hour urine accumulation. Results: Single dose administration of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit significantly increase 5th hour urine volume as compared to furosemide (p < 0.001). Whole fruit of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) compared to seedless fruit exhibit no significant increment of urine volume and electrolytes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit produce similar diuretic effect to furosemide. However, seedless Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruit exerts a higher kaliuretic effect compared to whole fruit and furosemide.

Antibacterial inhibitory test of tomi-tomi fruit (Flacourtia iinermis Roxb) extracts against pathogenic bacteria in improving food safety

The tomi-tomi fruit (Flacourtia inermis Roxb) is a rare plant. This fruit has benefits as a flavourings spice and also traditional medicine used by the community, besides it also contains tannins and flavonoid compounds that can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in food. To support the use of tomi-tomi fruit (F. inermis Roxb) and increase its application in supporting food safety, the purpose of this study is to test and see the antibacterial inhibitory power of tomi-tomi fruit extract against pathogenic bacteria, namely Gram-Negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) and Gram-Positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). This study is an experimental study using the Disc Diffusion method to determine the inhibitory power of bacterial growth using ethanol solvents with concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 75%. The results showed that of the three concentrations of tomi-tomi fruit extract tested against pathogenic bacteria, it turned out that the ethanol extract concentration of tomi-tomi 75% had a very strong inhibitory power category in S. aureus bacteria of 39 mm, S. typhimurium of 32.7 mm and B. cereus of 34.0 mm. Thus, tomi-tomi fruit ethanol extract has an inhibitory power that can be used for decontamination of 3 types of bacteria, especially in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria which have very strong inhibitory power, to maintain quality and improve food safety, among others rice, milk, cheese, fish, and meat that is often contaminated.

Potential antibacterial and antioxidant inhibitory activities of Silybum marianum mediated biosynthesised He-Ne laser

A potentially beneficial method in laser irradiation is currently gaining popularity. The biosynthesis of low-power lasers has also been applied to the therapy of disease in biological tissues. This study used laser pre-treatments of Silybum marianum (S. marianum) fruit extract as a stabilising agent to bio-fabricate a low-power laser. The silybin A and silybin B of the S. marianum fruit, which are derived from seedlings before S. marianum undergoes therapy with an He-Ne laser at various intervals, were assessed for their expressive properties in this study. The findings revealed that 6-min laser pre-treatments increased silybin A + B and bacterial inhibition and improved the medicinal property of S. marianum. The analysis of the reaction records was performed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) limit for the sphere dispersion approach’s antimicrobial effect on the microorganisms under investigation was 50 to 100 g/mL. With an IC50 of 0.69 mg/mL, the laser-treated S. marianum (6 min) demonstrated radical scavenging activity. At MIC concentration, the laser-treated S. marianum (6 min) did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the MCF-7 cell line. Additionally, Salmonella typhi, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and E. coli were more susceptible to the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic fruit extract with a greater silybin level. It was observed that the laser-treated S. marianum (6 min) showed beneficial antioxidant and antibacterial properties and could be employed without risk in several medical applications.

Chemical Analysis of Ethanolic Extract of Ripe Fruit, N-Hexane Fraction of Half-Ripe Fruit, and Water Fraction of Half-Ripe Fruit of Sesoot (Garcinia Picrorrhiza Miq.) with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Lc-Ms)

Garcinia is a plant belonging to the family of Guttiferae or Cluciaceae and has more than 180 famous species. Most of Garcinia species contains many prenelated xanthones, biflavonoids, and benzophenones. Using Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), the development of electrospray ionization (ESI) could be detected and could be applied to a wide range of molecular biology such as xanthones, biflavonoids, and benzophenones and their derivatives. This method with a high speed of scanning at once could be measured a high degree of multiplexing and many components can be measured with a single analysis. These results were separated and analyzed using literature software of Dictionary of Natural Product 2006. The ethanolic extract of ripe fruit (IC), the n-hexane fraction of half ripe (IIB), and the water fraction of half ripe fruit (IVB) of sesoot (G. picrorrhiza Miq.) showed that the major compounds of them were xanthones, benzophenones with their derivatives, furanone and pyranone which were proven as cytotoxic to the brine shrimp nauplii using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and to the doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cell line of MCF-7, the doxorubicin-sensitive breast cancer cell line of T47D.

Formulation and characterization of functional andaliman lozenges

In a previous study, the ethanolic extract of andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) has been reported to exert potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetes activities by ameliorating gene markers related to inflammation and diabetes in vitro. Here, andaliman ethanolic extract was formulated into a lozenge tablet and further tested for its functional efficacy to prevent metabolic syndrome through antioxidant and inhibitory enzyme activity against alpha-glucosidase and lipase in vitro. The lozenge was made from andaliman ethanolic extract and formulated in 3 variants, i.e. original andaliman lozenge, andaliman lozenge with honey additive, and andaliman lozenge with sorbitol additive. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling showed that all andaliman lozenges contained limonene as a major essential compound found in andaliman extract. All lozenges were able to scavenge >50% of free radicals, indicating their antioxidant potency. This is also linear with their total phenolic contents (~160 GAE/mL). Andaliman lozenges also blocked alpha-glucosidase (50-70%) and lipase activities (~50%). Organoleptic results showed that among all, most panellists prefer andaliman lozenge with sorbitol additive over others. In conclusion, andaliman lozenges may offer an alternative functional supplement for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content, and flavonoids content in ethanolic fruit extract of Raphia hookeri and determination of the correlation between the antioxidant effects and the phytochemical contents

In order to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) in ethanol fruit extract, as well as to ascertain the relationship between the antioxidant effects and phytochemical levels, this study looked at all three variables. 11 groups of 10 rats each were formed out of the experimental animals. All experimental subjects received a single intraperitoneal injection of aluminium chloride, 4.2 mg/kg body weight. Groups 4 and 5 received n-hexane fraction at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w., respectively, whereas the other groups received various fractions and crude extracts of R. hookeri. Ethyl acetate fraction was given to groups 6 and 7 at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. Aqueous fractions at 10 and 20 mg/kg b. w. were given to groups 8 and 9. While groups 10 and 11 got ethanolic crude extract daily for 21 days at doses of 200 mg/kg b. w. and 400 mg/kg b. w., respectively. All groups that were given AlCl3 - induced TBARS showed a significant (P 0.05) increase in vivo antioxidant activity. However, in the liver, kidney, and testes of all treatment groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity considerably increased (P 0.05). This suggests that a significant portion of the antioxidant activity displayed by the ethanolic fruit extract of R. hookeri is due to flavonoids.

Liquid Soap Formulation Of Avocado (Persea americana Mill) Fruit Ethanol Extract

Avocado fruit has activity as an antibacterial and antioxidant and is often used as a cosmetic ingredient. Formulation of avocado fruit extract as a cleaning cosmetic has not been done much. This study aims to formulate the ethanol extract of avocado fruit in the form of liquid soap using palm oil and olive oil. Liquid soap formulation of ethanol extract of avocado fruits uses 55% KOH. Evaluation of the preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, stability, specific gravity, foam height, pH and determination of free alkali. All preparations met the requirements, except for pH and free alkali.The best formula is given by F2 which contains 10% olive oil.

LCMS/MS Phytochemical Profiling, Molecular, Pathological, and Immune-Histochemical Studies on the Anticancer Properties of Annona muricata.

Annona muricate is a tropical plant that is well-known for its edible fruit of therapeutic interest. LCMS/MS analyses were applied to identify phytoconstituents of the ethanolic extract of the whole fruits and the aqueous extract of the edible fruit part, in addition to the investigation of their anticancer properties against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in male albino mice. LCMS/MS analyses resulted in the identification of 388 components, representing a wide array of classes of compounds, including acetogenins as the major constituents, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics. Among them, four compounds were tentatively characterized as new compounds (1-4), including an acid derivative, protocatechuic-coumaroyl-quinic acid (1), and three flavonoid derivatives, dihydromyricetin galloyl hexoside (2), apigenin gallate (3), and dihydromyricetin hexouronic acid hexoside (4). Induction with EAC cells resulted in abnormalities in the gene expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax and caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) in the tumor mass. Moreover, microscopic, histopathological, and immune-histochemical examinations of the tumor mass and liver tissues exhibited extensive growth of malignant Ehrlich carcinoma cells and marked hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes and infiltration by tumor cells to liver tissue with marked inflammatory reaction. These abnormalities were markedly ameliorated aftertreatment of EAC mice with A. muricata extracts.

The Effect of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Rind Ethanol Extract on Collagen Deposition in The Liver of Menopause Model Rats

Background : Estrogen is a steroid hormone that is not only the primary sexual hormone in women, but also functions to protect the body from many damaging conditions, especially in the liver. Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) rind is known to have a higher antioxidant potential than the fruit flesh and has the potential to be an alternative solution for this condition.
 Objective : To determine the effect of giving Hylocerus polyrhizus rind extract on collagen deposition in the livers of menopausal wistar rats.
 Methods : This randomized post-test only control group design study was conducted on in vivo experimental animals in the form of rats that had undergone the ovariectomy procedure and were randomly divided into three groups. Group P0 served as the control without intervention, P1 with the intervention of ethanol extract of red dragon fruit rind at a dose of 60 body weight/200gr/day, while P2 with the intervention at a dose of 90 body weight/200grBB/day.
 Results : Of the 30 mice divided into three groups, the mean area of collagen deposition was obtained in the P0 (24,130 ± 7,205), P1 (18,325 ± 4,221) and P2 groups (12,576 ± 3,739). The test results with One Way ANOVA found a significant difference with a value of p = 0.000189. The results of the LSD Post Hoc test found a significant difference in mean between the P0 and P2 groups (p = 0.00017).
 Conclusion : Administration of Hylocereus polyrhizus ethanol extract inhibited the expansion of collagen deposition in the treatment group's livers when compared to the control group's livers.

Cytotoxic Test of Ethanol Extract of Bintaro Fruit and Peel (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) against Artemia salina Leach Larvae

Bintaro (Cerbera odollam Gaertn). Plants belonging to the Apocynaceae family have properties such as antifungal, insecticide, antioxidant and antitumor. Bintaro fruit contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins and saponins. Bintaro plants are poisonous because they contain alkaloid group compounds which are toxic. This study aims to obtain data and information regarding the toxicity ratio of bintaro rind and bintaro fruit (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) to Artemia salina Leach larvae by determining the value of Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50). This type of research was experimental with quantitative methods, using Artemia salina Leach larvae. Each extract was divided into 4 concentration groups. In the ethanol extract of bintaro fruit peel, namely at concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500 and 2500 ppm. Meanwhile, bintaro fruit extract at concentrations of 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm, each of which was carried out 3 replications with 10 larvae. Data analysis using probit analysis showed that the ethanol extract of bintaro fruit peel (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) had LC50 = 701.455 μg/mL which was categorized as toxic. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of bintaro fruit (Cerbera odollam Gaertn.) has LC50 = 1199.5 μg/mL which is categorized as nontoxic.

Penetapan Kadar Fenolik dan Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etanol Buah Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa Blume) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) has a wide range of pharmacological activities due to its secondary metabolite content, especially flavonoid, and phenolic compounds. Flavonoid and phenolic compounds have a major role in human health with their activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, antimicrobials, etc. This study aimed to determine the total levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds from the ethanol extract of Parijoto fruit. Parijoto fruit is obtained from Bandungan, Semarang Regency, Central Java. Extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent then concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The total phenolic and flavonoid content amount was determined using the colorimetric method with Folin-ciocalteau complex reagent on phenolic with gallic acid as the reference standard and AlCl3 complex reagent on flavonoids with quercetin as the reference standard. Absorbance was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the color of the viscous extract of Parijoto fruit was dark brown with a yield of 6.67% w/w. The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of Parijoto fruit was 21.67 µgGAE/g extract and the total flavonoid content was 9.21 µg QE/g extract.