Fruit Essential Oil Research Articles

Insecticidal Toxicities of Three Main Constituents Derived from Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill Fruits against the Small Hive Beetles, Aethina tumida Murray

Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray), indigenous to Africa, has spread to other parts of the world where has become a threat to the honeybee industry. In the present study, insecticidal properties (contact, fumigant, and repellent toxicities) of three main constituents derived from Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague ex Turrill fruits essential oil were evaluated against adult small hive beetles under laboratory conditions. The Hydrodistillation of T. ammi fruits, grown in Ethiopia, yielded a pale yellow essential oil (3.5% v/w) with a strong aromatic odor. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified twenty-two compounds that accounted for 98.68% of the total essential oil. The essential oil was dominated by monoterpenoids, comprising γ-terpinene (32.72%), p-cymene (27.92%), and thymol (24.36%). The essential oil showed strong contact and fumigation toxicities against the small hive beetle adults, with a LD50 value of 66.64 µg/adult and a LC50 value of 89.03 mg/L air, respectively. Among the main constituents, thymol was the most toxic component found in both contact (LD50 = 41.79 µg/adult) and fumigation (LC50 = 52.66 mg/L air) toxicities. The other two components, γ-terpinene and p-cymene, were less effective in both contact and fumigant toxicities testing. The results showed that T. ammi essential oil and thymol could serve as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of small hive beetle adults.

GC-MS analysis and biological activity of hydroalcholic extracts and essential oils of Rhus typhina L. wood (anacardiaceae) in comparison with leaves and fruits

Hydroalcoholic extracts (HE) and essential oils (EO) of branches, leaves and fruits of Rhus typhina L., were characterized by GC-MS. HE (yealds: branches 68.30 mg/g, leaves 35.82 mg/g and fruits 257.76 mg/g), showed different compositions dominated by gallic acid (33.46%) in branches, its precursor 1-cyclohexane-3,4,5-hydroxy-carboxylic acid (20.55%) in leaves and malic acid (89.15%) in fruits. EO yields were 210 µg/g for branches (main component δ-cadinene, 22.00%), followed by fruits with 132 µg/g (β-pinene 32.2%) and by leaves with 54 µg/g and phenylacetaldehyde as major component (40.13%). Total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in branches HE (5.87 µg GAE/mL) and in EO leaves (17.71 µg GAE/mL). The highest value of radical scavenging activity (DPPH test) was detected in leaves HE and EO. The branches EO antimicrobial activity was strong against C. albicans and negligible against E. coli. Leaves and fruits EO showed strong activity against C. albicans and intermediate activity against Escherichia coli.

New Spray-Dried Microcapsule Based on Brazilian Cashew Polysaccharide (Anacardium othonianum Rizz.) and Maltodextrin as Wall Material

The study describes the microencapsulation of Pterodon emarginatus fruit essential oil (OE) by spray drying using Brazilian Cerrado cashew polysaccharide (PEJU, Anacardium othonianum Rizz.) and maltodextrin (M) as wall materials. The microcapsules presented particles with irregular and rough surfaces confirmed by X-ray diffraction, with 57% in dry diameters ranging from 0 to 1 μm. Thermogravimetry showed a thermostable encapsulating material (peaks at 301 °C and 429 °C), with no loss of the encapsulated core. Zeta potential (ζ = − 0.18 mV) demonstrated the material’s amphiphilic power. The ratio of 1:3:3.6 of OE:cashew PEJU:M (w/w/w) showed the best encapsulation effect (75% yield and 6.25% of the OE retained) in the same proportion of β-caryophyllene retained. The Brazilian Cerrado cashew PEJU is a promising source for use as wall material in microcapsules, especially in protecting the OE of P. emarginatus fruits, as replacement for other gums, such as gum Arabic.

Effect of Pistacia palaestina Boiss. Essential Oil on Colorectal Cancer Cells: Inhibition of Proliferation and Migration

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy diagnosed worldwide and its management is still challenging; necessitating discovery of alternative agents. Natural compounds have historically been used in the treatment of CRC. Pistacia genus has recently received particular interest for its antitumor activity. The present study aimed to analyze the qualitative and quantitative composition of P. palaestina Boiss. fruit oil obtained from trees grown in Jordan, and to investigate its anticancer activity on CRC cells. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). The composition of the essential oils were determined by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID) analyses. The anticancer activity of P. palaestina fruit essential oil was investigated on HCT116 CRC cells. The cytotoxic activity was performed by MTT assay while the wound-healing assay was conducted to examine the potential anti-migratory activity of the fruit oil. The levels of CXCL8 were also measured in the cells’ supernatant through ELISA. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were detected as the main constituents in the hydro-distilled and in the SPME detected oils with 96.1 % and 98.3 %, respectively. The MTT assay showed that P. palaestina fruit oil significantly reduced HCT116 cells viability and potentiated the anti-cancer activity of the traditional chemotherapy, 5-FU. An anti- migratory effect was observed on HCT116 cells after treatment with the fruit oil. P. palaestina significantly reduced CXCL8 levels, a chemokine contributing in CRC cells proliferation, and metastasis. The results of the study demonstrate P. palaestina as a promising alternative or adjuvant therapy for the treatment of CRC.

Chemical and phyto-therapeutically properties of essential oils from three Juniperus species

Juniper species typically grow in rocky, infertile soils, in fields, meadows, pastures, open woods and other settings, almost from sea level to alpine sites. Juniper species are shrubs found in different several forms, up to a height up to 2.0 m. Juniper berries contain essential oil and have been used in several medical ailments. In this study, essential oils from the mature fruit essential oils of three different juniper species: Juniperus communis L. (Common Juniper), Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Prickly Juniper) and Juniperus sabina L. (Savin Juniper) are presented. The GC-MS profiles of qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil showed mostly of monoterpenes including α-pinene, β-myrcene, and sabinene. The pharmaceutical properties of these active constituents are also discussed.

Toxicological Activity of Some Plant Essential Oils Against Tribolium castaneum and Culex pipiens Larvae

In the present work, essential oils (EOs) from Schinus terebinthifolius (ripe and unripe fruits and leaves), Origanum majorana (air-dried aerial parts), and Psidium guajava (leaves) were assayed for their insecticidal activity against red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and Culex mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens). Several components were identified in the EOs using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), of which Δ-3-carene (25.9%), γ-terpinene (19.4), and γ-elemene (7.1%) were the major ones in S. terebinthifolius ripe fruits, α-pinene (48.9%), germacrene D (12.9%), and α-thujene (7.7%) in S. terebinthifolius unripe fruits, γ-elemene (11.7%), spathulenol (10.1%), β-elemene (9.2%), and p-cymene (9.1%) in S. terebinthifolius leaves, α-pinene (25.5%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%), (E)-nerolidol (16.7%), and cedran-8-ol (8.8%) in P. guajava leaves, and terpinen-4-ol (21.7%), γ-terpinene (16.5%), and sabinene (10.1%) in O. majorana air-dried aerial parts. The lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated for tested EOs at different time periods (after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). After 6 h of treatment, the LC50 was 33.3 and 6.8 µg/L air for S. terebinthifolius ripe and unripe fruits, respectively, and >40 µg/L air for EOs of S. terebinthifolius leaves, O. majoranaair-dried aerial parts, and P. guajava leaves. After 24 h of treatment, the LC50 was 4.2, <2, 5, >40, and 6.1 µg/L air for EOs of S. terebinthifolius ripe fruits and leaves, O. majorana leaves, and P. guajava leaves, respectively. On the other hand, the LC50 values decreased when the exposed period was increased to 72 h, and were <2 µg/L air for EOs of S. terebinthifolius ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and leaves along with P. guajava leaves, respectively, and 37.912 for EO of O. majorana leaves. The LC50 value after 24 h of exposure of S. terebinthifolius unripe fruit EO was under 2 µg/L air, which means that the EO of S. terebinthifolius ripe fruit had a strong effect on adult T. castaneum adults compared to other tested EOs using the fumigation method. The present data confirm that the EOs of O. majorana leaves and S. terebinthifolius unripe fruits and leaves were more effective as larvicide than the EOs of S. terebinthifolius ripe fruits and P. guajava leaves on C. pipiens at a higher concentration (100 mg/L) when applied by the dipping method. EOs from S. terebinthifolius unripe or ripe fruits and leaves and P. guajava leaves were more effective as adulticide than EO of O. majorana leaves against T. castaneum when applied by the fumigant method.

Laboratory Bioassay for the Efficacy of Coriander and Rosemary Extracted Essential Oils on the Citrus Brown Mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Actinidida: Tetranychidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and repellency effect of Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (herb) and Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (fruits) essential oils against Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). Essential oils were extracted using aqueous extract. The chemical composition of the extracted essential oils was characterized by GC. The main components were Linalool and camphor, respectively. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4% were tested. Results indicated significant differences in efficiency of the tested essential oils on the developmental stages of E. orientalis. Coriander essential oil was more toxic for controlling different stages of E. orientalis than Rosemary ones. For eggs, LC50 and LC90 were 4.82%, while for Rosemary; it was 1.49 and 7.94%, respectively after 7 days. Relative values after 3 days for larval stage were: 0.160, 1.340, 0.280 and 20.080 respectively. For nymphal stage relative values were: 0.21, 1.52, 0.20 and 4.37. For adult stage relative values were: 0.77, 4.09, 0.37 and 6.10, respectively. It was concluded that Coriander essential oil was more potent to E. orientalis than Rosemary ones. Repellency of different tested concentrations for adult females indicated significant effects of the two oils, concentration and time. Coriander was significantly more repellant than Rosemary. Repellency significantly increased with concentration increased and decreased by time increase. It was concluded that Coriander and Rosemary essential oils could potentially used for the management of E. orientalis. More efforts are suggested to evaluate these oils and their components as natural ones for controlling this pest.

Identification of non-alkaloid natural compounds of Angelica purpurascens (Avé-Lall.) Gilli. (Apiaceae) with cholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibition potential

In current study is done antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II inhibition assays, screening of biological active compounds and electronic microscopy analysis of secretory canals of fruits, flowers, roots, and aerial parts extracts and essential oils of Angelica purpurascens. Phenolic constituents, antioxidant, and anti-lipid peroxidation potentials of variants were estimated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) processes. Cholinesterase inhibition effect was detected through Ellman’s method. The GC/ Mass Spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography (GC)-flame Ionization Detector (FID) was used for essential oils analysis. NMR techniques was used for identification of the isolated compounds. The fruit hexane and dichloromethane fractions exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content. The dichloromethane fraction of fruit demonstrated the most higher acetylcholinesterase inhibition (39.86 ± 2.63%), while the fruit hexane fraction displayed the best inhibition towards butyrylcholinesterase (84.02 ± 1.28%). Cytosolic isoenzymes of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) I, and II isoenzymes were influentially suppressed by flower and fruit dichloromethane fractions with 1.650 and 2.020 µM IC50 values, respectively. The electronic microscopy analysis of secretory canals found that the small number of secretory canals were at leaf while the largest shape of secretory canals was at the fruit. The secretory canals of roots, aerial parts, and fruits include more monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the canals, existing in the flowers are qualified by a higher presence of sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene (12.1%), germacrene D (4.5%) and ether octyl acetate (11.9%). The highest level of monoterpene β-phellandrene (47.6%) and limonene (8.2%) were found in the fruit essential oil. The next isolated compounds from fruits of A. purpurascens like stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, bergapten, and oxypeucedanin have shown high anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities.

Antimicrobial Properties of Encapsulated Antimicrobial Natural Plant Products for Ready-to-Eat Carrots.

The antimicrobial activity of natural antimicrobials (fruit extracts, essential oils and derivates), was assessed against six bacteria species (E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, B. subtilis, E. faecium and S. aureus), two molds (A. flavus and P. chrysogenum) and a yeast (C. albicans) using disk diffusion method. Then, the antimicrobial compounds having high inhibitory capacity were evaluated for the determination of their minimum inhibitory, bactericidal and fungicidal concentration (MIC, MBC and MFC respectively). Total phenols and flavonoids content, radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of selected compounds were also evaluated. Based on in vitro assays, five antimicrobial compounds were selected for their lowest effective concentration. Results showed that, most of these antimicrobial compounds had a high concentration of total phenols and flavonoids and a good anti-oxidant and anti-radical activity. In situ study showed that natural antimicrobials mix, applied on the carrot surface, reduced significantly the count of the initial mesophilic total flora (TMF), molds and yeasts and allowed an extension of the shelf-life of carrots by two days as compared to the control. However, the chemical treatment (mix of peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) showed antifungal activity and a slight reduction of TMF.

Characterization of Endophytic Streptomyces griseorubens MPT42 and Assessment of Antimicrobial Synergistic Interactions of its Extract and Essential Oil from Host Plant Litsea cubeba.

The present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of the crude ethyl acetate extract (CEAE) from endophytic actinomycete MPT42 and essential oil (EO) of the same host plant Litsea cubeba. The isolate MPT42, exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and harboring all three antibiotic-related biosynthetic genes pks-I, pks-II, and nrps, was identified as Streptomycete griseorubens based on an analysis of the morphology, physiology, and 16S rDNA sequence. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the fractional inhibitory concentration index were used to estimate the synergistic effects of various combined ratios between CEAE or antibiotics (erythromycin, vancomycin) and EO toward 13 microbial strains including pathogens. L. cubeba fruit EO, showing the main chemical constituents of 36.0% citral, 29.6% carveol, and 20.5% limonene, revealed an active-low against tested microbes (MICs ≥ 600 μg/mL). The CEAE of S. griseorubens culture exhibited moderate–strong antimicrobial activities against microbes (MICs = 80–600 μg/mL). Analysis of the mechanism of action of EO on Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 found that bacterial cells were dead after 7 h of the EO treatment at 1 MIC (5.5 mg/mL), where 62% cells were permeabilized after 2 h and 3% of them were filament (length ≥ 6 μm). Combinations of CEAE, erythromycin, or vancomycin with EO led to significant synergistic antimicrobial effects against microbes with 4–16 fold reduction in MIC values when compared to their single use. Interestingly, the vancomycin–EO combinations exhibited a strong synergistic effect against five Gram-negative bacterial species. This could assume that the synergy was possibly due to increasing the cell membrane permeability by the EO acting on the bacterial cells, which allows the uptake and diffusion of antimicrobial substances inside the cell easily. These findings in the present study therefore propose a possible alternative to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes in veterinary and clinics.

Brazilian red pepper fruit essential oil (Schinus terebinthifolius) may replace monensin in high concentrate diets for feedlot lambs

Essential oil (EO) from Brazilian red pepper fruit contains compounds with antimicrobial activity, and could be possible substitutes for the antibiotics commonly used in ruminant nutrition. Te objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efects of the Brazilian red pepper fruit EO (Schinus terebinthifolius) as a substitute for monensin on performance, carcass characteristics and meat of lambs fed high concentrate diets. Forty-eight lambs were used, 24 males (20 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês and 4 Santa Inês) and 24 females (24 ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Inês), with 21.54 ± 0.88 kg of initial body weight (BW) and 78 ± 2.4 days of age, in a randomized complete block design. Te experiment lasted 56 days, divided into 2 periods of 28 days each. Te treatments were defned by the inclusion in diets of 8 ppm of monensin (MON), and the doses 0.14% (14EO), 0.28% (28EO) and 0.42% (42EO) of red pepper fruit EO. Te additives were included in a base diet with a 10:90 of forage to concentrate ratio. At the end of 56 days, 32 animals were slaughtered for the measurement of carcass parameters and meat composition. Tere was no interaction among treatments and periods for average daily gain (P = 0.08), DM intake (P = 0.36), feed efciency (P = 0.24) and oocyst of Eimeria ssp. in feces (P = 0.46). Te treatments did not afect (P > 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI) and feed efciency. Lambs fed diets containing monensin had less (P < 0.01) oocyst/g compared with the diet 14EO. Tere was no efect of diets on carcass characteristics. Te treatments with higher doses of the Brazilian red pepper fruit EO had reduced mineral content of meat compared to monensin. Te red pepper fruit EO demonstrated the potential to replace monensin in feedlot lambs fed high concentrate diets, maintaining performance and carcass characteristics. However, the monensin has greater capacity to control coccidiosis in feedlot lambs.

Chemical composition and potentiation of insecticidal and fungicidal activities of Citrus trifoliata L. fruits essential oil against Spodoptera littoralis, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani via nano-cubosomes

Development of natural nano-based plant-protection formulations represents an emerging phenomenon that has been widely improved for crops protection and for enhancing the efficiency and safety of pesticides. In the present study we isolated the essential oil from the fruits of Citrus trifoliata L. and investigated it using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Limonene (78.46%) was the major component followed by β-Myrcene (7.94%) and Caryophyllene (4.20%). Citrus trifoliata essential oil (CTEO) loaded nano-cubosomes were successfully prepared by the emulsification technique. The insecticidal and fungicidal activities of formulated CTEO nano-cubosomes and unformulated CTEO were tested. While both of them exhibited substantial activities, CTEO nano-cubosomes were more effective than unformulated oil. It is the first time to formulate CTEO in nano-cubosomes and examine their insecticidal and fungicidal activities. In light of the current study, CTEO as it is or as nano-cubosomes is recommended as a promising candidate for pest and fungal pathogens control. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1675063.

A new chemotype of Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke essential oil from Côte d’Ivoire: Chemical composition and biological activities

Lantana rhodesiensis Moldenke is a plant native to subtropical and tropical regions, which is widely used in traditional medicine. The composition of essential oils hydrodistillated from leaves, fruits and stems of plants growing in two different localities of Côte d’Ivoire, Kapélé and Nyanbélégé, were analysed over four months. Essential oil composition was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the main constituents of leaf essential oils were β-caryophyllene (20.3–27.1%), α-copaene (9.5–11.9%), δ-cadinene (7.3–9.9%) and α-humulene (7.5–9.6%). Thymol was also found in two samples from Kapélé (7.7 and 13.4%) and in one sample from Nyanbélégé (17.4%). Fruit essential oil was characterised by a predominance of β-caryophyllene (22.8–25.2%), α-copaene (8.7–11.7%), α-humulene (8.0–9.9%) and δ-cadinene (7.3–10.6%). In addition, stem oil was dominated by β-caryophyllene (14.3–22.4%), followed by α-copaene (7.4–14.7%), δ-cadinene (10.6–12.6%), α-humulene (5.0–8.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (5.2–8.0%). Statistical analysis showed that leaf and fruit essential oils exhibited very similar compositions, but differed from those of the stem. Essential oils of the leaves showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Samples with a high thymol concentration exhibited high antioxidant activities, while those containing low quantities of thymol displayed elevated anti-inflammatory properties.

Chemical Composition and Insecticide Efficacy of Essential Oils from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle Against Tribolium castaneum Herbst in Stored Medicinal Materials

To develop botanical pesticides and repellents against stored-product insects, the chemical composition and insecticide properties of the essential oil from Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle were investigated. The essential oils from leaves and fruits of C. medica var. sarcodactylis were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The two essential oil samples as well as their major components were comparatively evaluated for fumigant, contact and repellent activities against adults of Tribolium castaneum Herbst. GC/MS results demonstrated that leaf essential oil of mainly consisted of monoterpenoids (63.6 %) and sesquiterpenoids (32.8 %). Fruit essential oil had large amounts of monoterpenoids (80.5 %) and aromatic compounds (15.2 %). Main components detected in the leaf essential oil were limonene (33.5 %), β-caryophyllene (18.2 %) and 3-carene (10.8 %), and in the fruit essential oil included limonene (38.7 %), γ-terpinene (28.0 %) and o-cymene (15.2 %). Results of bioassays indicated that the leaf essential oil and the fruit essential oil had strong fumigant effect, contact toxicity and repellency against T. castaneum. Notably, the fruit essential oil was highly effective and sustained a long duration in repellent assays at the concentration range of 78.63-3.15 nL/cm2. β-Caryophyllene exhibited good contact toxicity and repellency but failed to cause mortality of the target insects in fumigation. γ-Terpinene and o-cymene was potently toxic to T. castaneum in fumigant and contact assays while showed weak or even no repellency. This work confirmed the potent efficacy of C. medica var. sarcodactylis based on active substances in pest management and provided some evidence for its comprehensive development and utilization in bio- insecticides and repellents.

Feijoa Fruit Peel: Micro-morphological Features, Evaluation of Phytochemical Profile, and Biological Properties of Its Essential Oil.

Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret (Feijoa) is an evergreen shrub, belonging to the Mirtaceae family. The aim of this study was to investigate the micromorphological features of the feijoa fruit peel and to evaluate the phytochemical profile, as well as the antioxidant, cytoprotective, and antimicrobial properties of its essential oil (EO), by several in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays. The micromorphological analysis showed several schizogenic secretory cavities, immediately below the epidermal layer. Forty compounds were identified and quantified by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Sesquiterpenes were the most abundant ones (76.89%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.26%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (0.34%). The main compounds were γ-Selinene (17.39%), α-Cariophyllene (16.74%), β-Cariophyllene (10.37%), and Germacene D (5.32%). The EO showed a strong and dose-dependent antioxidant, and free-radical scavenging activity. Furthermore, it showed cytoprotective activity on the lymphocytes, that have been pre-treated with 100 μM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (t-BOOH), as well as a decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced by t-BOOH on erythrocytes. A preliminary antimicrobial screening against GRAM+ and GRAM− bacteria, as well as on fungi highlighted that EO showed the best activity against S. aureus and C. albicans (MIC 2.7 mg/mL). In light of these results, feijoa fruit EO could find various applications, especially in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields.

New direction in research on extraction of Citrus aurantifolia (Lemon fruit) essential oil grown in Mekong Delta - Vietnam via microwave-assisted hydrodistillation

A new research approach has been applied to the extraction of lemon essential oils to increase the extraction efficiency and improve the quality of isolated essential oils. In this study, the combination of microwave extraction method and response surface method is employed to investigate factors influencing lemon peel essential oil extraction process; including size of the raw material particles, raw material to water ratio, extraction time, and microwave power. The results showed that lemon peel of sizes 1 to 2 mm, material: solvent ratio 1:3 g/mL, extraction time of 60 min and microwave power of 450 W gave the highest yield of essential oil (2.4 %). The GC-MS results showed the domination of D-Limonene, the main ingredient of citrus essential oils, in higher concentrations than those reported by previous studies.

Chemodiversity of Essential Oils in Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J.Koch (Apiaceae) in Central Europe.

Seseli libanotis is an aromatic umbelliferous plant distributed sporadically on dry grassland edges in Europe and Western Asia. The essential oil composition in the different plant parts was studied from plants collected on nine sites in Austria and one site in Alto Adige, Italy. Monoterpenes such as α-pinene, sabinene and β-myrcene and the sesquiterpene germacrene D were present in all essential oils from the aerial parts. Inflorescences and fruits had the highest essential oil contents. These essential oils from four sites were rich in acorenone B, while from other three sites they had carotol as a major component. Osthole as furocoumarin occurred in some oils. The root essential oils were dominated by α-pinene. The essential oil variability has been studied by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) with plant parts or sampling site as a priori groups. PCA could well separate inflorescence and fruit essential oil samples from leaf and stem essential oil samples. DA differentiated well between the plant parts and most of the sampling sites.

Aromatic profiling of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum (makwhaen) essential oils from dried fruits using different initial drying techniques

Initial drying techniques have direct impacts on the aromatic characteristics of Makwhaen (Zanthoxylum myriacanthum) fruit essential oil, the new source of natural scent for the fragrance industries. This research aims at investigating the aromatic profiles of hydro-distillated oils from the dried fruits that underwent following conventional drying techniques: sun drying, full-shade drying; and artificial heat drying techniques: oven drying (60 °C), microwave drying at 300 and 450 W (Mic300 and Mic450). The chemical profile of each essential oil was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and their sensorial attributes were assessed by descriptive analysis. Microwave drying was suitable to dry the fruits based on Fick's model. The essential oils mainly contained chemical compounds representing citrus, woody and fruity characteristics (i.e., limonene, sabinene, α-pinene and β-phellandrene). Dried fruits of different drying techniques gave variations in the chemical profiles. Calculated Odour Activity Value (OAV) advised that the citrus scent was the most powerful when the raw material was dried using microwave at 450 W. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of the volatile compounds grouped shade drying and Mic300 into the same cluster. Terms pine, citrus, herb, spice, sweet and woody were selected for descriptive analysis. Essential oil from the fresh fruits illustrates low intensities of those attribute as compared with that of dried samples. The preference test from 40 random testers chose essential oil from shade drying and microwave drying methods as the most preferred types. Overall, microwave drying seems to be the ideal method for initial processing of raw material for the Makwhean essential oil.

The beneficial use of essential oils from buds and fruit of Syzygium aromaticum to combat pathogenic fungi of Panax notoginseng

To develop natural fungicides against Panax notoginseng disease, the antifungal effects of Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) against the pathogenic fungi causing P. notoginseng disease were investigated. The effects of EOs from S. aromaticum buds and fruits on the growth of pathogenic mycelia were determined with in vitro antifungal experiments using the Oxford cup method. The results suggested that S. aromaticum EOs had a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogenic fungi. At a dose of 50 mg/mL, the inhibitory effects of S. aromaticum buds EOs was greater than those of S. aromaticum fruits. Then the chemical constituents of the S. aromaticum EOs were analyzed by GC–MS. The results indicated that the eugenol content was the highest, accounting for 57.95% of the total constituents in the S. aromaticum buds EOs and 39.26% in the S. aromaticum fruits EOs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EOs, the major constituents, and hymexazol were evaluated. In addition, the antifungal effect of their combination was also determined by the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). When the buds EOs were combined with hymexazol, they had a synergistic effect in inhibiting Pythium aphanidermatum, Botrytis cinerea, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The combination of S. aromaticum fruit EOs with hymexazol showed an additive effect on Fusarium solani, P. aphanidermatum, and B. cinerea. The preventive effect of S. aromaticum bud EOs combined with hymexazol was up to 60.77% in in vivo experiments. Overall, S. aromaticum EOs had a broad spectrum of antifungal activities against pathogenic fungi influencing the growth of P. notoginseng, which would provide a scientific basis for the ecological control of P. notoginseng disease.

Ammodaucus Leucotrichus Cosson & Durieu fruits essential oil as corrosion inhibitor of tinplate in 0.5M oxalic acid medium and its thermodynamic properties

The anticorrosion proprieties of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Cosson & Durieu essential oil (ALEO) against the corrosion of tinplate in 0.5M oxalic acid medium was studied in the interest to improve the corrosion resistance of cans in interaction with food contains. For this, the gravimetric test, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used. The different corrosion test used show that the ALEO has an anticorrosion effect with an inhibition efficiency of 83.83% at 4g.L -1 , this can be pertained to the chemical composition of the studied essential oil. The essential oil behavior at rang temperature (303-373K) show that ALEO exhibits good inhibition even at moderate to high temperatures. The estimation of the corrosion activation parameters reveal that the essential oil shows good inhibitor characteristics with a physisorption mechanism. By using the scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-rays (SEM-EDX), it is clear that the surface is remarkably improved in the presence of ALEO compared with that exposed to the acid medium without essential oil.