Fruit Damage Rate Research Articles

多果夹持切割联动式猕猴桃采摘末端执行器设计与试验

Kiwifruit picking robots can replace manual labor for mechanized kiwifruit harvesting. However, existing picking robots encounter issues such as low separation efficiency of fruit stalks, poor stability of fruit gripping, and inaccurate identification when picking kiwifruit clusters. In response, a multi-fruit picking end-effector was designed to pick clusters of kiwifruit efficiently based on their distribution characteristics. The gripping range of the gripping device was determined based on the parameters of the spatial distribution of the fruit clusters. A multi-fruit gripping mechanics model was constructed, and the gripping force was analyzed to ensure efficient and stable fruit picking. Critical parameters of the fruit stalk separation device were determined through kinematic trajectory analysis to improve the separation efficiency of fruit stalks. Additionally, a dual-sensor fusion recognition method was proposed to identify fruit cluster locations accurately. The results of the picking experiment demonstrate that the end-effector can pick fruits in an average time of 8.28 s per cluster, with a net fruit-picking rate of 87.5% and a fruit damage rate of 7.5%. The end-effector shows a positive picking effect on kiwifruit fruits distributed in clusters. This study can serve as a reference for the development of kiwifruit-picking robots.

Developing an Effective Push–Pull System for Managing Outbreaks of the Invasive Pest Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Nephelium lappaceum Orchards

Outbreaks of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), present significant challenges to global fruit production, necessitating effective control measures that minimize environmental risks and pesticide resistance. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of four distinct push–pull control strategies for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks in a Nephelium lappaceum orchard. These strategies involved the inclusion of low-concentration abamectin, spraying repellent with a drone or manually, using methyl eugenol (ME) or food bait and employing either two types of attractants and repellents or a single type. The findings indicated that incorporating the low-concentration abamectin into the push–pull system, utilizing ME as an attractant instead of food lures and manually applying abamectin and attractants were all effective in reducing the B. dorsalis population size and minimizing fruit damage. While increasing the diversity of repellents and attractants enhanced the long-term effectiveness of the system, it did not result in a significant decrease in B. dorsalis population size or fruit damage rate compared to using a single repellent or attractant. In conclusion, the push–pull strategy emerged as a viable method for managing B. dorsalis outbreaks, offering potential benefits in reducing environmental risks and pesticide resistance. However, the study underscored the importance of the context-specific construction of push–pull strategies to optimize their effectiveness in orchard settings.

Optimization and Experimental Study of Structural Parameters for a Low-Damage Packing Device on an Apple Harvesting Platform

To address the issues of low efficiency and high damage rates during apple harvesting and packing, a parameter optimization experiment was conducted on a low-damage packing device for an apple harvesting platform based on Adams 2019 software. The aim was to reduce the mechanical damage to apples during the packing process. Firstly, kinematics and energetics analyses of the apple packing process were performed, and a mathematical model for damage energy was established to identify the main factors and their ranges that influence the mechanical damage to apples. Secondly, using the fruit damage rate and packing efficiency as the evaluation criteria, a second-order orthogonal rotating regression experiment was conducted with the inclination angle of the fruit conveying tube, the inner wall radius of the fruit conveying tube, and the length of the fruit conveying tube as the experimental factors. Regression mathematical models were established to assess the relationship between the evaluation criteria and the experimental factors. Finally, the impact of each experimental factor on the evaluation criteria was analyzed to determine the optimal structural parameters for the low-damage packing device of the apple harvesting platform, and validation experiments were conducted. The results showed that when the inclination angle of the fruit conveying tube was 47°, the inner wall radius of the fruit conveying tube was 84 mm and the length of the fruit conveying tube was 0.12 m, the average fruit damage rate was minimized at 7.2%, and the average packing efficiency was maximized at 1925 kg/h. These results meet the requirements for apple harvesting operations, and the research findings can serve as a reference for the structural design and packing operation parameter optimization of apple harvesting platforms.

Results of "Shin-Etsu" pheromone application on immune cultivars in the apple protection system to control of codling moth

Codling moth is a very dangerous pest in apple orchards: the pest could damage up to 70-90% of pome fruits in the years of mass reproduction. The climate change increased the harmfulness of the pest during the last years. The aim of our study was the determination of “Shin-Etsu” dispenser application efficiency for codling moth disorientation comparing with conventional apple protection system. The experiment was done in apple orchards of JSC “Dubovoye” (Tambov oblast) in 2020-2021. The objects of the study were the scab immune cultivars Venyaminovskoye and Flagman grafted on B396 rootstock. Codling moth damaged 9.4-12.1% fruits in the control treatment after the first generation and 11.6-15.2% by the second generation. The application of the experimental protection system with dispensers decreased the fruit damage rate after the first generation up to 0.5-0.8% and second generation—0.9-1.1%. The biological efficiency of the experimental system in both cultivars was higher and reached 92.2-96.7% after the first generation and 90.5-94.0% after the second. The average yield in the “Shin-Etsu” protection system was 9.7-12.5 kg tree-1 where 87-90% fruits were premium quality.

Chassis Design of Tomato Picking Robot in the Greenhouse

At present, the artificial fruit picking cost is high, the fruit damage rate is high, and the efficiency is low, so the greenhouse picking robot emerges as the times’ demand. Therefore, this paper designs a kind of a chassis system of greenhouse picking robots. This paper mainly designed and simulates the chassis mechanical system, electrical system, and basic motion control algorithm from three aspects. Finally, the prototype of the chassis system of the picking robot in the greenhouse is completed and the chassis system is debugged, which proves that it has the characteristics of adaptability to the greenhouse environment, strong universality, and strong expansibility.

Design and Test of Auxiliary Harvesting Device of Apple

Background: In the production process of apple orchard, the labor needed for apple harvest accounts about 40% of the whole production process. Objective: The auxiliary device of apple harvest was designed to improve production efficiency and reduce labor cost. Methods: This device was composed of four parts: fruit collecting mechanism, horizontal conveying mechanism, vertical conveying mechanism and rotary packing mechanism, which assists farmers in finishing the process from picking to packaging apples. Simulation and fruit damage analyses were carried out by Solid works, fruit damage included three types: Single collision, Overlapping collision and Multi-zone collision. Results: In the experiment, PID algorithm was employed to control device operate accurately. And when the motor speed were 52 r/min, 56 r/min, 60 r/min, the collection efficiency were 4900 apples/ h, 5300 apples/h, 5700 apples/h and the fruit damage rates were 4%, 5%, 8%. Conclusion: The experimental results indicated that compared with the manual operation and visual recognition-based picking robots this device’s production efficiency was improving without increasing the fruit damage rate.

Kinetics of physical quality of Pineapple fruit (Ananas comosus L.) with crown during storage with temperature variation

Pineapple is the fruit that ranks the fourth largest production in Indonesia. Pineapple fruit is a non-climacteric fruit that is easily damaged, so the effort to extend the shelf life of the fruit can be done by storing it in cold temperatures. This study aims to analyze the pineapple kinetics with crowns during storage with temperature variations. The research sample was in the form of pineapple Smooth Cayenne varieties stored at low temperatures (7 and 15°C), and the control treatment was stored at room temperature (25°C). Changes in the physical quality of pineapple during storage were observed with shell color parameters, weight loss, and texture. Observations were carried out at intervals ranging from 2-3 days to 16-20 days of storage depending on storage temperature. Fruit damage rates based on measured parameters were analyzed using the Arrhenius and kinetic model approaches. The results showed changes in low temperature storage are: shell color 0,00-10,67%, weight loss 0,00-3,70%, hardness 3,955-3,062 kg.cm−2. Control treatment: shell color 0,00-100%, weight loss 0,00-13,89%, hardness 3,898-1,982kg.cm−2. Constant (k) kinetics at low temperature are: shell color 0,4921-5,6901%.day−1, weight loss 0,1939-0,2683%.day−1, hardness (-0,0679)-(-0,1013)kg.cm−2.day-1. Control treatment: shell color 7,7994 %.day−1, weight loss 0,7837 %.day−1, hardness -0,1276 kg.cm−2.day−1. The values of A and Ea (in J.mol−1.K−1) Arrhenius are: shell color 1,997x1019 and -1,0427x105, weight loss 2,554x109 and -5,454x104, hardness 2,213x103 and -2,411x104.

Design and Test of a Pineapple Picking End-effector

Abstract. In eastern China, pineapple harvesting is a complicated and sometimes dangerous task, and an effective method to harvest pineapples instead of picking them manually has not been developed. In this article, a pineapple picking end-effector based on the physical properties of pineapples (static friction characteristics and compressive properties) was designed. The fingers of the end-effector were used to capture a pineapple in the form of step-by-step movement to help reduce fruit damage and plant damage during picking. The indexes of the evaluation of the pineapple picking performance (fruit damage rate, plant damage rate, fruit fall rate and average picking time) were established, and the picking test was conducted at a pineapple plantation. The temperature effect was analyzed in the morning (19°C) and at noon (35°C). The temperature had no significant effect on the picking performance. The picking performance test showed that the size of the fruit might be the main cause of fruit damage. Throughout the picking test, the fruit damage rate was 5%, the plant damage rate was 0%, the fruit fall rate was 1.7%, and the average picking time of each fruit was 14.9 s. Keywords: Pineapple, Physical properties, End-effector, Low damage picking.

Host Susceptibility and Pest Status of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Attacking Cucurbits in Two Agroecological Zones of Cameroon, Central Africa

Cucurbits are among the most valuable food crops in various developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The development of integrated strategies in their pest management is limited by lack of information on fruit losses, especially by tephritids and their pest status on crops. Thus, based on fruit damage rates and infestation rates, cucurbits' susceptibility to tephritids was assessed in Yaounde and Koutaba, two localities situated in different agroecological zones in Southern Cameroon. From systematic samplings in trap plots, 6009 damaged fruits from nine cucurbit species were collected weekly and bimonthly and incubated during 2009–2011. Fruit losses, which were evaluated at 36.73±1.90%atYaounde and 37.08 ± 3.22 % at Koutaba, did not vary in relation to locality. Losses due to tephritids were more important on Sechium edule and Cucurbita moschata at Yaounde and on S. edule, Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucumis melo (sweet melon), Cucumis sativus and Cucurbita moschata at Koutaba. At each site, Cucumis melo var. agrestis was the less susceptible species. With the exception of S. edule, developing fruits were more susceptible to tephritids as 80% of positive fruits weighed less than 100 g. Moreover, four tephritids emerged from fruits; Dacus bivittatus and Dacus ciliatus appeared to be the major pests and Dacus vertebratus a minor pest. Pest status of Dacus punctatifrons depends on border plants. Also, D. ciliatus exhibited preference for Cucurbita moschata and D. bivittatus for S. edule and Cucumeropsis mannii. Our findings provide useful data for the conception of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies against tephritids.

Field evaluation of a mechanical-assist cherry harvesting system

Mechanical harvest is one promising method to mitigate the labor pressure in fresh-market tree fruit industries. Due to the difficulty in adopting fully mechanical harvesting technologies in most of the current existing canopy architectures, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a mechanical-assist shake-and-catch system to harvest sweet cherries in a large range of commercial orchards. Field evaluation was conducted on four cherry varieties from nine orchards with three canopy architectures. Time distribution in each procedure, and the harvest rate defined as the amount of fruit harvested by a shake-and-catch team (two operators) or a skilled picker in a minute, were analyzed to determine the key factors in efficient harvesting. Time distribution study showed that shaking time accounted for less than 30% of entire operation time, while more than 50% of time was spent on relocation of the shake-and-catch system. Results showed that cherry trees with small pedicel fruit retention force, small canopy size and heavy fruit load had higher harvest rate for mechanical harvesting. The harvest rate could be potentially increased as high as 13.9 times if only the shaking time was considered, which indicated the substantial influence of the processes of catching fruit, relocating fruit catcher and moving ladders. The test results also indicated that the tree architecture had substantial influence on fruit removal efficiency, fruit catching rate, and fruit damage rate.

Air Suspension-based Catching Mechanism for Mechanical Harvesting of Apples

Bruise damage is the most critical barrier for the application of mechanical harvesting systems for fresh market apples. One of the major source of bruising is the fruit-to-catching surface and fruit-to-fruit contact when fruit detached by harvester is collected by a catching system. In this work, a fruit catching mechanism was designed and fabricated using air suspension as a cushion to minimize fruit bruising during mechanical harvesting. Various apple cultivars with different bruising susceptibility (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Jazz’, ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Pacific Rose’, and ‘Pink lady’) were used to evaluate the performance of an air suspension-based catching mechanism. The results showed that fruit catching with air suspension can significantly reduce the percentage of damaged apples for all of six cultivars evaluated in this work compared to fruit catching without air suspension. It was found that the decrease in fruit damage rate with air suspension ranged from 14.5 to 36.9% for different cultivars. The effect of air suspension on the percentage of downgraded apples was not significant (compared to catching apples without air suspension) except for Pink Lady cultivar. The reduction in downgraded fruit ranged from 3% to 9.3% among different cultivars (except for Pink Lady(19%)).

Bed behavioral assessment of tomato varieties in Cote d Ivoire

Thirty accessions of tomato including twenty eight introduced accessions from The World Vegetable Center-AVRDC and as controls, two commercial varieties Mongal and Calinago, were assessed for agronomic performances at the Experimentation and Production Station of Angud dou of the National Agronomic Research Centre (CNRA) located in the South of Cote d Ivoire. The trial was arranged in a randomized block with three replications. The following parameters were determined at vegetative development stage: plant height at flowering stage, susceptibility of accessions to diseases, day to 50% flowering and day of first harvest, production duration, fruit length, fruit diameter, total number of fruits, number of fruits per plant, potential yield, net yield and fruit damage rate. Results showed that the commercial variety Mongal, with a potential yield of 15.9 and a net yield of 13.1 t ha-1, was the most productive. All the introduced accessions from AVRDC recorded the lowest potential yields from 2.2 to 9.7 t ha-1, and net yields from 1.7 to 8.6 t ha-1. In addition, accessions WVCT8, FMTT847 and WVCT13 were severely infested by bacterial wilt. The reduction of the net yield of tomato accessions resulted in the high fruit damage rates. For the future tomato breeding work, it would be appropriate to introduce into the trials bacterial diseases tolerant varieties. Moreover, some studies could be undertaken to determine the nature of the bacteria involved in the plant wilting and to find out the causal agent of the tomato plants burning at the fructification stage reducing the harvest duration.

Evaluation of Multipass Mechanical Harvesting on ‘Skeena’ Sweet Cherries Trained to Y-trellis

A study on multipass harvesting using a mechanical harvesting prototype was proposed for mechanical harvesting of fresh market sweet cherries. Fruit damage rate, fruit removal rate, and fruit maturity level were three of the measures used to compare the performance of the multipass harvesting method against single-pass harvesting. The multipass harvesting was conducted in four consecutive days with short duration of 2.5 seconds at each day, while the single-pass harvesting was one-time harvesting with long duration of 10 seconds at a single day. To generate baseline information for comparison, single-pass harvestings were performed on the first and the last days of the multipass harvesting. Fruit maturity level was determined by comparing the fruit skin color against a standard color chart with seven color levels. Field test results showed that the percentage of under-mature fruit (maturity levels ≤ 5) was substantially lower with multipass harvesting than that with day 1 single-pass harvesting. Similarly, the percentage of over-mature fruit (maturity level 7) was noticeably lower with multipass harvesting than that with day 4 single-pass harvesting. Multipass harvesting achieved a fruit removal rate of 83.4% ± 10.3% and a harvest-induced fruit damage rate of 5.0% ± 4.4%. The corresponding fruit removal rates from single-pass harvesting tests were 48.0% ± 16.1% on day 1 and 66.7% ± 16.2% day 4. Harvest-induced fruit damage rates with single-pass harvesting were 20.1% ± 9.9% on day 1 and 11.8% ± 6.0% on day 4. The results supported the hypothesis that multipass of short-duration shaking offer a potential to achieve a higher overall harvesting efficiency with better fruit quality, and therefore could lead to an optimal solution for mechanical harvesting of fresh market sweet cherries. It is noted that comprehensive economic analysis will be necessary to establish commercial viability of the system in comparison with single-pass solutions.

Effect of excitation position of a handheld shaker on fruit removal efficiency and damage in mechanical harvesting of sweet cherry

As labour cost keeps rising and labour availability remains increasingly uncertain, growers are seeking mechanical harvesting solutions for fresh-market tree fruit production. To fulfil this need, this research aimed at assessing the effect of excitation position on fruit removal efficiency and fruit damage using a hand-held limb shaker for harvesting sweet cherry. In this study, four excitation positions were selected on each randomly selected limb of “Y” trellis cherry trees. The total number of fruit being removed from five fruiting zones of each limb and those remaining on the tree after harvesting was counted, and harvest-induced damage was assessed. Results showed that fruit removal efficiency from each zone was highly affected by the distance of the zone to the excitation position. The overall fruit removal efficiency was 84% when shaken at the lowest excitation position, and 77%, 51% and 72% respectively as the excitation position moved up the limbs. The fruit damage rates from low to high excitation positions were 20%, 28%, 20% and 23%, which was approximately 10% higher than that of handpicked fruit. No significant difference was found in the fruit damage rate when comparing different excitation positions. It was observed that the fruit removal efficiency may reach up to 97% when the limbs were excited at both the lowest and the highest excitation positions, and adopting such an excitation method could lead to a high fruit removal efficiency with not much increase in fruit damage.

무농약·유기재배 사과원에서 교미교란제를 이용한 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제

복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제를 위해 교미교란제 MD-IKR (Isomate-KR)과 MD-CR (Confuser-R)의 효과를 무농약 유기재배 사과원에서 평가하였고 관행방제 사과원과 비교하였다. 2011년 칠곡지역의 복숭아순나방에 대한 두 종의 교미교란제에 대한 교미저해율은 99.8%였고, 상대적으로 청송지역의 교미저해율이 각각 99.8과 92.8%로 칠곡지역과 차이가 있었다. 2012년 칠곡지역의 교미저해율은 각각 92.4와 96.7%였다. 청송지역에서 교미저해율은 99.6%로 가장 높은 교미저해율을 보였다. 2011년 2012년의 복숭아심식나방에 대한 교미저해율은 두 교미교란제 모두 100%로 높게 나타났다. 두 교미교란제는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방이 방제효과에 대하여 무방제구 대비 방제효과가 월등하였고, 관행방제와 비교했을 때 통계적으로 유의성 없이 방제효과가 대등하였다. 두 종의 교미교란제와 관행재배구의 새순과 과실피해율은 무방제구 대비 유의성있는 방제효과를 보였다. 두 종의 교미교란제 간에는 효력의 차이가 없어 MD-IKR이 MD-CR을 충분히 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The efficacy of mating disruptors MD-IKR (Isomate-KR) and MD-CR (Confuser-R) for controlling Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Carposina sasakii (Matsumura) was evaluated in non-chemical or organic apple orchards. For G. molesta, the efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR in Chilgok was 99.8 and 99.8% (2011) and 92.4 and 96.7% (2012), respectively, showing different mating reduction values. The efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR in Cheongsong was 99.1 and 92.8% (2011) and 99.6 and 99.6% (2012), respectively. For C. sasakii, the efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR was 100% at Chilgok and Cheongsong in 2011 and 2012. Evaluation of the shooting and fruit damage rates showed that the efficacy of the mating disruptors in controlling G. molesta and C. sasakii was better than that of the non-control. However, there was no significant control difference between using the mating disruptors and the conventional control. No difference in the efficacy of the two mating disruptors was observed. We believe that MD-IKR could be an alternative to MD-CR.

Successful Application of the Baculovirus Product Madex® for Control of Cydia Pomonella (L.) in Bulgaria

The codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), causes heavy damage in Bulgarian apple orchards. Conventionally treated orchards, were monitored in this study. In spite of numerous chemical treatments, these orchards showed increasing flight densities of CM moths, growing populations of hibernating larvae and rising fruit damage rates. Thus, the control of CM by conventional spray- ing programmes became ineffective, apparently due to the development of resistance to insecticides. Products based on the Cydia pomonella granulosis virus (CpGV), such as Madex®, may provide alternative control tools that can be applied with other approaches, for a sustainable control strategy. The trials were carried out in Central-South and South-East Bulgaria, in 2006 -2010. Four treatments of Madex® against the first generation, and six treatments against the second generation kept the fruit damage and population density of CM at a low level. Based on the obtained results, different control strategies have been suggested, depending on the initial CM pressure in a particular orchard. Madex® may be a promising alternative to traditional programmes of CM control. Its dose, however, should be adjusted to the initial CM population density. Also, at a high or moderate CM population density Madex® applications should be combined with MD to avoid resistance of CM to granulovirus. At the peak of CM hatching, additional chemical treatments may be sometimes necessary. Such treatments include using insecticides which are still effective against CM.

Control of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, (Diptera: Tephritidae) through mass trapping and mass releases of the parasitoid Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared on irradiated Mediterranean fruit fly

Field studies were performed from 2002 to 2004 on Gökçeada Island, Turkey, to determine the effectiveness of releases of the larval–pupal parasitoid Psyttalia concolor Szepligeti against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin), alone and in combination with mass trapping, using EcoTraps®. For this, the parasitoid was reared on a factitious host, irradiated larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Preparatory to making open-field augmentative releases, initial parasitoid releases were conducted throughout the 2001 season using confinement cages over branches bearing naturally infested olives into which parasitoids were introduced, using 1 ♀:♂ pair per 3 fruit oviposition punctures. Percent reduction in fly emergence due to parasitization in these cages was 26.9, 27.6, 18.0, and 24.7% from the first to the fourth olive fruit fly generations during the season, respectively. In 2002, open-field experiments were conducted in an experimental area (EA-1) containing 2500 olive trees. In this area, augmentative parasitoid releases and mass-trapping (MT) were combined, using 2000 EcoTraps. Following the first fruit oviposition punctures, parasitoids were released throughout the season, using ca. 26–40 parasitoids per tree per occasion. Damage of olives was reduced from an average of 87.6% in the control areas to only 18.1% in areas receiving mass trapping plus parasitoids. In 2003, the experiments were conducted in two areas. In EA-1 (=EA-1 in 2002), only parasitoid releases were made throughout the season, using ca. 27–34 parasitoids per tree per occasion. In EA-2, which contained 2000 olive trees, parasitoid releases were combined with 2000 EcoTraps and the parasitoids were released using ca. 20–30 parasitoids per tree per occasion throughout the season after occurrence of the first fruit oviposition punctures. Overall fruit damage rates of 10.6 and 10.1% were recorded in EA-1 (parasitoids only) and EA-2 (parasitoids + MT), respectively. Damage in the control area was 35.5%. In 2004, only parasitoid releases were conducted in EA-1. However, that year releases were begun early (in May) to attack the spring olive fly generation. Early season releases were made at ca. seven parasitoids per tree and late releases involved ca. 35 parasitoids per tree. Overall damage throughout the season was 12.2% in EA-1 vs. 37.9% in the control area. Our studies suggest that parasitoid releases are not enhanced by use of EcoTraps at the times and rates they were deployed. Despite the positive effects of both mass trapping and parasitoid releases, the reduction of damage by these means alone was not adequate to meet the requisite economic threshold of one to six larvae per fruit for table- and oil-varieties, respectively.

사과 주산지 사과원에서 2종 심식나방류의 발생동향

본 조사는 1992년부터 2005년까지 14년간 경남북 및 전북의 <TEX>$4{\sim}8$</TEX>개 시군의 사과주산지에서 <TEX>$16{\sim}30$</TEX>개 사과원을 대상으로 실시되었으며, 과실을 직접 가해하는 2종 해충인 복숭아심식나방(Carposina sasakii)과 복숭아순나빈 Grapholita molesta)의 발생 및 피해정도를 비교, 분석하였다. 수확기 복숭아순나방에 의한 평균 피해과율은 <TEX>$0.02{\sim}1.64%$</TEX>였으며, 1997년을 기점으로 그 이전 연도보다 그 후 연도의 피해가 많은 경향이었다. 반면 복숭아심식나방의 평균 피해과율은 <TEX>$0.02{\sim}1.30%$</TEX>였으며, 1998년을 제외하고 피해과율이 0.3% 이하로 극히 낮았다. 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 발생과원율은 각각 <TEX>$13{\sim}71%,\;12{\sim}57%$</TEX>였으며, 1997년 이후로 복숭아순나방의 발생과원율이 복숭아심식나방 발생과원율에 비하여 지속적으로 높게 나타났다. 각 연도별로 최대 피해를 받은 사과원의 피해과율을 비교해 본 결과 역시 발생과원율의 발생경향과 동일하였으며, 최고 피해 사과원의 복숭아순나방 피해과율은 2005년 20%로 조사연도 중에서 가장 높았다. 복숭아순나방 1세대에 의한 사과나무 신초의 피해율은 <TEX>$0.1{\sim}8.1%$</TEX>였으며, 수확기 피해과율 간에는 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 최근 관행적으로 관리가 이루어지는 사과원에서 복숭아순나방이 복숭아심식나방에 비하여 우점하는 것으로 판단된다. This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including <TEX>$4{\sim}8$</TEX> cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of < 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71 %, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was <TEX>$0.1{\sim}8.1%$</TEX>, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.