Fruit Curvature Research Articles

Phenotypic Variability among Chilli Germplasms Using Shannon-Weiner Index (H')

The investigation was conducted during the rabi season (September 2019 to February 2020) of 2019 to 2020 at the research field of All India Co-ordinated Vegetable Crops, located at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya in Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. The aim of the study was to examine the characteristics of twenty-six chilli genotypes across twelve qualitative traits. The investigation unveiled a broad range of phenotypic variability using Randomized Block Design in three replications. Among the assessed traits, leaf density, leaf shape, fruit shape, plant habit, fruit curvature, and anther colour exhibited the most extensive variations among the genotypes. Conversely, the traits with the least diversity values, all falling below the overall mean, included fruit surface (0.28%), leaf colour (0.42%), stem pubescence (0.42%), stem colour (0.42%), anthocyanin colouration at nodes (0.48%), and leaf pubescence (0.48%). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H') ranged from 0.28 to 1.07. Of the traits evaluated, leaf density displayed the highest diversity index (1.07), followed by leaf shape (1.05), fruit shape (1.01), plant habit (0.86), fruit curvature (0.69), and anther colour (0.58). The obtained Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index, with an average value of 64.66%, confirmed the presence of significant diversity within the examined chilli genotypes. The results suggest that the indirect selection of chilli parent plants based on a range of morphological characteristics can offer advantages in the management of both biotic and abiotic stresses. The information holds significant value for effective pre-breeding, management, and utilization in crop improvement initiatives, in addition to augmenting the genetic potential of the crop.

Assessing Genetic Variability of Snake Gourd (Trichasanthes Cucumerina Var. Anguina L.) Germplasm Through Morphological Characterization and Multivariate Analysis

Genetic divergence analysis is important for selecting genetically varied parents from existing germplasm for a successful breeding program. An investigation with thirty-three snake gourd germplasm was evaluated to assess their diversity using several qualitative and quantitative characters. Of the qualitative characters maximum variations were observed in fruit shape, fruit curvature, fruit skin color, and fruit skin lustre. The highest quantitative variation was observed in yield per plot (CV-49.44%), which was influenced by the higher number of fruit yields per plant (CV-49.22%). The first principal component (PC1) explained 30.6% while the second PC showed 18.3% of the total variability among the evaluated snake gourd germplasm. The clustering study classified them into five groupings based on twelve quantitative charac-ters where the most accessions (11) were under cluster V followed by cluster II (10). The max-imum cluster mean value was observed in cluster IV for the characters of fruit length (36.44 cm), number of fruits per plant (11.60), fruit yield per plant (2.34 kg), and yield per plot (9.37 kg). The snake gourd germplasm such as N-170, LAH-68, AHI-99, R-1, KI-36, AC-423 and AC-187 performed as wide variations according to biplot analysis while AC-118, and AR-39, AHI-104, AHI-99, AC-187, AC-357 superior through cluster analysis. Finally, the identified desirable traits from the prominent germplasm can be used for advancing the high-yielding va-rieties.

Identification of early decayed oranges using structured-illumination reflectance imaging coupled with fast demodulation and improved image processing algorithms

Effective detection of decayed oranges (Citrus genus) at the early stage is challenging because there are no or few visual symptoms on the infected fruit. Structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) has been proven effective for enhanced detection of subsurface defects in fruit. Amplitude component (AC) images retrieved from the original SIRI patterned images are useful for defect detection, but generally require acquiring three phase-shifted pattern images, which limits the imaging and detection speed. Moreover, the AC images may also suffer from noticeable uneven brightness due to fruit curvature, which affects the identification of decayed areas. This study was therefore aimed to explore faster image demodulation, enhancement and processing algorithms, based on a specially developed SIRI technology, for effective identification of early decayed oranges. Pattern images were acquired, using three phase-shifted sinusoidal illumination patterns at the wavelength of 810 nm and a spatial frequency of 0.20 cycles mm−1, from the orange samples infected with Penicillium digitatum fungus, the most serious and devastating pathogen for orange fruit. Two-dimensional spiral phase transform was used to obtain AC images from one or two pattern images. The acquired AC images were then processed by using simple brightness adjustment and integral image-based fast average filtering for brightness correction, and improved watershed algorithm and global threshold for segmentation of decayed areas. Three different combinations of these image processing procedures for single and two pattern images were proposed to distinguish decayed oranges from sound ones. The three methodologies all achieved high overall identification rates of 97.5%, 95.0% and 95.3%, when the stem-end effect was also considered. This study showed that accurate detection of early decayed orange fruit can be achieved by using one or two phase-shifted pattern images, which would be beneficial for real-time implementation of the technique.

Phenotypic Screening of Chilli Genotypes Collected from Different Regions

The experiment was performed at Maharajpur Farm under the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P.) during the Kharif season 2019-2022 and planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The characterization of thirty genotype for thirty-five qualitative traits articulated no variability for trait i.e., the monomorphic trait was non-enveloping fruit calyx cover, two descriptors were found to be moderately diverse, which were with medium fruit intensity of the red colour (at the mature unripe stage) and the narrow triangular shape of fruit with the Shannon-Weaver diversity index H'=0.46 & H'=0.50, both of these are fruit related traits. The descriptor intensity of pubescence (hairiness) of the stem had the highest diversity index of 1.82. The studies highlighted some of the genotypes with the distinctness, MPKC-1(Katni collection) addressed unique features with green with purple tinge leaf colour, purple petal colour, upright fruit orientation, absence of fruit curvature, purple fruit colour at ripening maturity, ovate leaf and erect plant habit, depicting it like a wild relative of capsicum and could be utilized as the morphological descriptor.

The curvature of cucumber fruits is associated with spatial variation in auxin accumulation and expression of a YUCCA biosynthesis gene

Fruit curving lowers the commercial value of cucumber and leads to significant economic losses. The mechanism driving the abnormal curving of cucumber is largely unknown. Through our previous work, we discovered that 2 days post-anthesis (DPA) was the key time point at which various phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of cucumber fruits are determined. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome of the concave (C1) and convex (C2) sides of curved fruits at 2 DPA by Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and functional pathway enrichment analyses and identified auxin as a putative factor influencing fruit curvature. Changes in the curve angle in the fruits and exogenous auxin treatment analyses showed that asymmetric auxin distribution induces fruit curving. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin and qPCR validation showed that CsYUC10b had the most significant differential expression when both sides of the curved fruits were compared. Gene functional analysis showed that the transcript levels of CsYUC10b and the auxin concentration were even on both sides of the fruit in CsYUC10b-overexpressing plants, which in turn contributed to an equal rate of growth of both sides of cucumber fruits and resulted in a straight shape of the fruits. Thus, we conclude that CsYUC10b promotes the formation of straight cucumber fruits, with possible applications in the production and breeding of cucumber.

Comparison Some Fruit Characteristics of Eggplant Population with Their Selfing Lines

The aim of this research was to compare the some fruit characteristics of eggplant population with their selfing lines. The selection programme was conducted to get promising breeding lines from eggplant population of Sanliurfa. The study included 6 population (Surtepe, Altinova, Magarali, Ugurlu, Mezra and Keskince) collected from different villages of Sanliurfa where mostly growing. In the first year, 20 lines were obtained from the populations by selection program using selfing method. The scale taken from UPOV, applied in both population and selfing lines to determine the characteristics of fruit. Fruit characteristics were compared between in each population with its selfing lines, such as ratio of fruit length/diameter, fruit curvature, shape of apex, level of glossiness on fruit skin, length of fruit stalk, size of calyx, spinyness of calyx, intensity of anthocyanin below calyx, length of flower stalk, purple level of flower. All features were evaluated according to statistical values so some of the lines had significant differences from its population. Mezra 1, Mezra 4 and Mezra 5 had significant difference from its population for ratio of fruit length/diameter; Surtepe 1, Altinova 4, Mezra 1, 4, 5 and Mezra 6, lines had significant differences from the population for shape of apex. In level of glossiness on fruit skin Altinova 2, 3 and Altinova 4 lines and Mezra 4, Keskince 3 and 5 lines had significant difference from the population in statistical means. Most of the characterization of lines can be certain parameters to develop new varieties. And also Rankit-Weighted Method was applied to the lines to choose the best line or lines for some important fruit characteristics preferred by local consumer. Surtepe 1, Surtepe 2, Mezra 5 and Keskince 3 breeding lines got 750 and over score, so it will be essential to carry on the research with these lines. Key Words: Eggplant; Population; Breeding; Lines. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-12-27

Variation and Non-formal Classification of Indonesian Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Accessions Based on Macro and Micro-morphological Characters

Indonesia has a variety of eggplant germplasms and is considered as one of the largest producing countries in the world. The study was conducted to assess the variation of 21 accessions and 2 commercial cultivars of eggplant from Indonesia based on 30 macromorphological and 8 leaves micromorphological characters. Cluster analysis was conducted by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Methods with Arithmetic averages) to create a dendrogram and construct eggplants grouping. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was also performed to define the role of each character in the group by using MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Program) v.3.1 software. Results showed that eggplant accessions have macromorphological variation in fruit curvature, fruit shape, fruit apex, and fruit color, as well as leaves micromorphological characters such as the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Dendrogram based on macromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups: curved and non-curved fruit groups. The non-curved fruit group divided into more spiny and less spiny leaves sub groups. Dendrogram based on leaves micromorphological characters divided the accessions into 2 groups based on the epidermal wall, trichome shape, and stomata type. Eggplant grouping doesn’t occur based on the origin of collection areas indicating that its variability isn’t affected by the environment.

Performance of hybrid lines of pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb) for yield and yield attributes

A field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna during the growing season of 2013-14 with eighteen hybrid lines of pointed gourd and BARI Hybrid Patal -1 as check to observe their performances for yield, yield attributes and other morphological characters. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The maximum vine length (242.00 cm) and nodes/plant (18.30) was recorded from PG018xM2. Shoots/plant ranged from 12.50 (PG027xM2) to 4.66 (PG008 M1). The maximum number of fruits/plant (160.00) was obtained from PG009xM2 followed by PG012xM1 (154.66). Individual fruit weight was recorded highest (50.10 g) in PG027xM2, which was very close to PG008xM2 (48.00) and PG018xM2 (47.00 g). Weight of fruits/plant ranged from PG009xM2 (6.86 kg) to PG022xM1 (3.01 kg). The highest pulp weight was recorded in PG027xM2 (44.20 g) which was statistically similar to PG008xM2 (42.20 g). Three different leaf colour (light green, green and deep green), two types of leaf tip (pointed and blunt) and four types of leaf margin (slightly serrated, serrated, entire and undulated) were found among the hybrid lines. Four fruit colour (whitish, light green, green and dark green), four fruit stripes (no stripe, white, green white and light green) and three types of fruit curvature (slightly curved, curved and straight) were observed in different lines. The line PG009xM2 showed better performance in respect of fruits/plant and weight of fruits/plant and thus gave the highest yield (45.74 t/ha). The lines PG008xM2, PG007xM2, PG017xM2, PG027xM2 and PG014xM1 also produced better yield (39.23 - 35.58 t/ha). Therefore, the lines PG014xM1, PG007xM2, PG008xM2, PG009xM2 and PG017xM2 should be subjected for further evaluation to release as variety.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(3): 383-393, September 2018

Bruise susceptibilities of Golden Delicious apples as affected by mechanical impact and fruit properties

SUMMARYIn order to reduce bruising damage to fruits, it is necessary to know the effect of fruit properties on bruise susceptibility. Statistical bruise estimation models were constructed to determine the level of bruising in Golden Delicious apples. The regression models were built based upon peak contact force (PF) and impact energy as the main independent variables, with other parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustic stiffness (a measure of texture/firmness of fruit and vegetables). Significant effects of acoustic stiffness, temperature and curvature radius and some interactions on bruising were obtained with determination coefficients of 0·87 and 0·93 for the force and energy models, respectively. It was demonstrated that increasing the temperature and lowering acoustic stiffness reduced bruise damage to the fruit. Golden delicious apples with a low radius of curvature developed more bruise damage compared to large apples when impacts were low, but the opposite was true for high impacts, with less damage for small fruit. No significant differences were observed between the predicted bruise volumes of models that included PF and impact energy at all impact levels.

Predictions of apple bruise volume using artificial neural network

Bruise damage is a major cause of fruit quality loss. Bruises occur under dynamic and static loading when stress induced in the fruit exceeds the failure stress of the fruit tissue. In this article the potential of an artificial neural network (ANN) technique has evaluated as an alternative method for the prediction of apple bruise volume. Neural bruise estimation models were constructed to calculate Golden Delicious apple bruise volume with respect to fruit properties. The neural models were built based upon impact force and impact energy as the main input parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustical stiffness. Optimal parameters for the network were selected via a trial and error procedure on the available data. In this paper, the performance of Basic Backpropagation (BB) training algorithm was also compared with Backpropagation with Declining Learning Rate Factor algorithm (BDLRF). It was found that BDLRF has a better performance for the prediction of apple bruise volume. It is concluded that ANN represents a promising tool for predicting apple bruise volume in comparison to regression model.

Effect of Impact Level and Fruit Properties on Golden Delicious Apple Bruising

Problem statement: Bruise damage is a major cause of fruit quality lo ss. Bruises occur under dynamic and static loading when stress induce d in the fruit exceeds the failure stress of the fr uit tissue. Statistical bruise estimation models were c onstructed to calculate Golden Delicious apple brui se volume with respect to fruit properties. Approach: The regression models were built based upon impact force and impact energy as main independent variable with other parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustical stiffn ess. An instrumented pendulum was constructed as a tool to perform three levels of controlled impact o n apple fruit. Results: Significant effects of acoustical stiffness, temperature and the curvature radius and some interactions on bruising were obtained at 5% probability level with the coefficie nt of determination of 0.93 and 0.98 for force mode l and energy model respectively. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that increasing the temperatur e and curvature radius and lowering acoustical stiffness will reduce the bruise damage of the golden delicious apple fruit.

과실 비파괴평가용 초음파 변환기 개발

In this study, ultrasonic transducers for non-destructive contact measurement of whole fruits were developed. The design parameters for ultrasonic transducer such as acoustical impedance of fruits, kinds of piezoelectric materials, ultrasonic wave frequency, and transducer diameter were investigated. In order to match the acoustical impedance between piezoelectric material and fruit, various materials were fabricated and evaluated. Also to control the sensitivity and bandwidth of the ultrasonic transducer, various backing materials were fabricated and evaluated. Especially, the wear plate of the ultrasonic transducer was designed and fabricated considering the curvature of fruit. The central frequencies of two developed ultrasonic transducers were about 100 kHz and 200 kHz, respectively. With the developed ultrasonic transducers, non-destructive evaluation of the fruit will be possible.

Impact of western flower thrips on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of greenhouse cucumber

Low, medium and high densities of western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) were established in three greenhouses in 1996 and 1998 to investigate effects of thrips on growth, photosynthesis, yield and quality of greenhouse cucumber. Cucumber fruit were very susceptible to direct cosmetic damage by western flower thrips (WFT). High densities of WFT for short time periods significantly increased the number of fruit downgraded from grade #1 to #2. The most vulnerable stage to cosmetic damage was 4–10 days before fruit harvest, when the fruit were growing rapidly. WFT also increased fruit curvature and reduced plant growth, photosynthesis and marketable fruit yield. However, the impact of WFT on plant growth, photosynthesis and marketable yield was mainly cumulative; the impact was less dependent on the density or exposure duration alone, but more on thrips abundance (integration of thrips density over time). Leaf growth, leaf photosynthetic rate, marketable yield were reduced when plants were exposed to more than 700–2000, 2800, 3000 accumulated thrips-days per sticky card, respectively. It was very difficult for cucumber plants to recover from thrips damage once yield loss had taken place. Therefore, it is recommended to control thrips abundance below 700 accumulated thrips-days per sticky card to prevent a negative thrips impact on plant physiology or yield. The impact of WFT on fruit curvature was smaller than on fruit appearance, but more serious than on plant growth and yield. Five-hundred accumulated thrips-days per sticky card would significantly increase fruit curvature. The implications of experimental results from this study for WFT control are discussed.

キュウリ果実の曲がりの方向と果実内の<sup>14</sup>C-光合成産物転流経路に及ぼす葉の着生位置の影響

キュウリ果実の曲がりの方向と果実内の<sup>14</sup>C-光合成産物転流経路に及ぼす葉の着生位置の影響

キュウリの子房と果実における曲がりの発生と回復

Cucumber ovaries began to show curvature when they reached a length of 4.5 mm, and at about 12 days before flowering. Ovary curvature seemed to occur subsequent to a temporary suppression of ovary growth. Thus, on a node with 2female flowers were developing, removing the tendril, 2nd female flower and lateral shoot of the node and the main stem above the node (hereafter described as neighboring organs), either alone or in combination, promoted ovary growth and consequently decreased ovary curvature of the 1st female flower. The earlier the removal, the greater its effects.Fruit curvature also occurred after the suppression of early fruit growth. Thus, removing the neighboring organs alone or in combination late after flowering had no effect on fruit growth and curvature. As far as fruit curvature is concerned, fruit growth could be divided into 3 stages: (1) increasing, (2) maximizing, and (3) decreasing stage. The decrease in curvature occurred when fruit were left to grow on after the usual harvest time for fresh fruit. Curved fruit almost recovered their normal shape when they reached their final size.The maximum curvature angle of fruit was found to occur just before harvest time, when fruit were 10-15cm in length, and 5-6 days after flowering. There was little correlation between the curvature angle and length of ovary at flowering, but there was a close correlation between the increase in curvature after flowering and the number of days from flowering to harvest.These results suggest that curvature of ovaries and fruit is the result of a temporary suppression of growth during their rapid growth periods.

キュウリの曲がり果発生に及ぼす葉数, 着果数及び遮光の影響

Causal relationships between the occurrence of fruit curvature and the number of leaves per fruit and shading of plants were investigated with individual plants.When 1 fruit with 5 leaves attached was retained per plant, fruit showed normal growth and almost no curvature at harvest. On the other hand, fruit with 3 leaves or less was suppressed in growth and showed marked curvature at harvest. In addition, some of them became malformed or aborted.When 2 or 3 fruit with 6 or 9 leaves (3 per fruit), respectively, were retained per plant, all the fruit showed normal growth and almost no curvature at harvest. When 2 or 3 fruit with 2 or 3 leaves (1 per fruit), respectively, were retained per plant, however, most fruit were suppressed in growth, and showed marked curvature at harvest, while some of them showed relatively normal growth and only slight curvature.When 1 fruit with leaves, 1, 200 cm2 in total leaf area, was retained per plant, fruit showed normal growth and almost no curvature at harvest. On the other hand, fruit with leaves, 800cm2 or less in total leaf area, was suppressed in growth and showed marked curvature at harvest.When 1 fruit was retained per plant, shading with cheesecloth suppressed the fruit growth and increased the fruit curvature angle at harvest. These effects were greater on the fruit with 3 leaves than 5 leaves per fruit.From these results, it was concluded that the occurrence of the curvature in cucumber fruit was due to the insufficient production of photosynthates and, consequently, their poor supply to the fruit as the results of decreased leaf area, shading, etc.

The relationship of number and position of seeds to fruit size and curvature inCapsicum annuumL.

Fruit curvature is a trait which has been little investigated by botanists and horticulturists. The degree to which a fruit is curved can be accounted for intuitively in cases where there are no physical barriers to normal fruit growth, such as obstruction by plant parts or the soil surface. The curvature of pendant, unobstructed fruit, as in the Solanaceae, has received limited discussion in the literature.

キュウリの曲がり果発生に及ぼす栽植密度と遮光の影響

キュウリの曲がり果発生に及ぼす栽植密度と遮光の影響