Fruit Borne Research Articles

Postharvest pruning as a strategy to decrease shoot vigor and drying in a high-density pecan orchard

High-density pecan orchards may improve production and mitigate shading issues with the use of pruning. The period in which it is carried out may influence shoot vigor, branch drying, fructification and fruit quality. This study aimed at evaluating vegetative growth, production and fruit quality by conducting hedge and central pruning in a high-density pecan orchard for two cycles. The cultivar Pitol 1 was subject to the following treatments, which were evaluated in two cycles: no pruning, postharvest hedge pruning, dry hedge pruning, postharvest central pruning and dry central pruning. Variables under analysis were shoot growth, dry branches, production efficiency and fruit quality. Postharvest pruning decreased vigor and, consequently, shoot growth. The number of dry branches decreased after central pruning in both pruning periods whereas hedge pruning did not mitigate the problem. Production and production efficiency just increased after pruning in the second cycle. Fruit borne by trees that were subject to postharvest pruning got heavier but only the ones borne by trees subject to central pruning got larger. Central pruning resulted in lighter and yellowish kernels. Postharvest pruning is an alternative solution to get less vigorous shoot in high-density pecan orchards and its response is similar to the one of the winter pruning regarding reduction in dry branches. Postharvest central pruning is the treatment that increases fruit quality more than the others, in terms of size and weight.

An analysis of hormones and mineral nutrients in fruit from terminal and lateral racemes of two blueberry cultivars

BACKGROUND: In general, fruit that develops from early-opening flowers ripens earlier than fruit from late-opening flowers. However, the opposite has been observed in the rabbiteye blueberry cultivar “Brightwell” (Vaccinium ashei). OBJECTIVE: From the differences of endogenous hormones and mineral nutrition, with attempt to analyze the reasons for fruit from late-opening flowers on lateral racemes of “Brightwell” ripened earlier than fruit from early-opening flowers on terminal racemes. RESULTS: Fruit from late-opening flowers on lateral racemes of “Brightwell” ripened earlier than fruit from early-opening flowers on terminal racemes. This may be associated with the higher levels of giberellin 1, abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, phosphorus, iron and boron in the early developmental stages, and the higher ABA level and lower giberellin 9 level in the fruit ripening stages on lateral racemes, compared with on terminal racemes. However, the fruit borne on the terminal racemes of “O’Neal” grew faster than fruit borne on lateral racemes, this may be correlated with the higher IAA, iron, manganese, zinc and boron levels, and the lower ABA level, in the early fruit developmental stages on terminal racemes, compared with on lateral racemes. CONCLUSIONS: The growth and ripening differences in fruit set at the two positions of the two blueberry cultivars may be associated with hormonal and nutritional control during fruit development.

Canopy Position Affects Pigment Expression and Accumulation of Flavedo Carbohydrates of ‘Nules Clementine’ Mandarin Fruit, Thereby Affecting Rind Condition

Because photosynthesis provides the required carbohydrates for fruit development and respiration releases the stored energy from these carbon compounds, interalia during postharvest storage, it is therefore important that fruit tissues have an adequate carbohydrate concentration at the start of the postharvest period to ensure optimal storage life. In addition to photosynthate supply from leaves, the chlorophyll-containing flavedo of citrus (Citrus sp.) fruit (outer, colored part of the rind) has the ability to fix CO2 through its own photosynthetic system. In this experiment, spanning three seasons, the three main sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) were quantified in the flavedo of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) fruit during Stages II and III of fruit development. Flavedo was sampled from fruit borne on the inside (low light intensity) or outside (high light intensity) of the tree’s canopy. In one season, the photosynthetic and respiration rates of fruit borne in the two canopy positions were measured pre- and post-color break (March and April, respectively). Sucrose concentration increased constantly from initial sampling in February until harvest (May), whereas glucose and fructose concentrations increased significantly only during the last month of fruit development. The flavedo of inside fruit, developing under low-light conditions, was less well colored (higher hue angle) and had a lower sugar concentration compared with outside fruit developing under conditions of high light levels. This response could be attributed to the higher pigment concentration leading to a higher photosynthetic rate as well as greater sink strength of the outside fruit. The inside fruit had an increased susceptibility to the progressive postharvest physiological disorder, rind breakdown. The lower carbohydrate and pigment concentrations of the rind from fruit borne inside the canopy compared with those from the outside of the canopy could be indicative of a weaker rind condition at the time of harvest.

FACTORS AFFECTING RIND OIL CONTENT OF LEMON [CITRUS LIMON (L.) BURM. F.

Among the controllable and non-controllable factors affecting rind oil content of lemons, genetic (scion, rootstock) and environmental (growing conditions, canopy microclimate) factors play the most important role. 'Limoneira 8A', followed by 'Cicily', 'Lisbon' and 'Genoa' had the highest rind oil content, whereas 'Villafranca', 'Messina' and 'Yen Ben Lisbon' had the lowest. Rind oil content of 'Eureka' lemon was disappointingly low. Seedless cultivars, 'Eureka SL' and 'Lisbon SL', had ~18.0% higher rind oil content than the seeded cultivars from which they were derived. Fruit from lemon trees budded on non-invigorating rootstocks, e.g. X639 (a Cleopatra mandarin × Trifoliate orange hybrid), had the highest rind oil content, whereas rind oil content was low on invigorating rootstocks, e.g. rough lemon. South Africa has a diverse climate, and rind oil content from fruit produced in a hot, arid growing region (Upington) had the highest rind oil content, whereas fruit from relatively warm regions (Malelane and Marble Hall) ranked second, and rind oil content of fruit from a cooler region (Karino) was intermediate. Rind oil content from a cold growing region (Vaalharts) was the lowest. Regression analysis between rind oil content and cumulative heat units revealed a positive linear relationship, and in general, rind oil content increased with increasing heat unit accumulation. Following the sampling of fruit from different positions in a tree's canopy, light exposure was found to affect rind oil content of 'Eureka' lemon fruit. Fruit borne on the outside of trees, higher in the tree, north-facing or not within the hedgerow had the highest rind oil content. PAR data supports the hypothesis that rind oil content is correlated with light exposure. Therefore, the choice of scion cultivar and rootstock in a given growing region, together with judicious pruning to optimise light penetration into a tree’s canopy, contribute to enhanced rind oil yields.

Blooming of romanas rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) cultivated on ash dumps reclaimed with various techniques

This article presents the results of a study on the cultivation of romanas rose on ash, carried out between 2004 and 2006. The experiment involved two different substrata and five different fertile covers. The control group comprised of roses growing on native grounds and raw ash rock. The study measured the viability of the plants, number of flowers and fruit borne from these flowers. This study showed that the techniques of reclamation applied in this study significantly influenced the examined characteristics of romanas rose. Fertile covers increased the growth and blooming, however the most desirable results were obtained when the cover consisted mostly of mineral matter.

Rootstocks and Plant Water Relations Affect Sugar Accumulation of Citrus Fruit Via Osmotic Adjustment

Citrus rootstocks have well-known effects on tree size, crop load, fruit size, and various fruit quality factors. Fruit from trees budded on invigorating rootstocks are generally larger with lower soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity compared to fruit from trees budded on less invigorating rootstocks. Although it is unclear how rootstocks exert their influence on juice quality of Citrus L. species, plant water relations are thought to play a central role. In addition, the larger fruit size associated with invigorating rootstocks and the inverse relationship between SSC and fruit size implies that fruit borne on trees on invigorating rootstocks have lower SSC due to dilution effects in larger fruit. To determine how rootstock type affects sugar accumulation in fruit of Citrus species, controlled water-deficit stress was applied to mature `Valencia' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks. Withholding water from the root zone of citrus trees during stage II of fruit development decreased midday stem water potential and increased the concentrations of primary osmotica, fructose and glucose. Sucrose concentration was not affected, suggesting that sucrose hydrolysis took place. Increased concentrations of sugars and SSC in fruit from moderately water-stressed trees occurred independently of fruit size and juice content. Thus, passive dehydration of juice sacs, and concentration of soluble solids, was not the primary cause of differences in sugar accumulation. Controlled water-deficit stress caused active osmotic adjustment in fruit of `Valencia' sweet orange. However, when water-deficit stress was applied later in fruit development (e.g., stage III) there was no increase in sugars or SSC. The evidence presented supports the hypothesis that differential sugar accumulation of citrus fruit from trees on rootstocks of contrasting vigor and, hence, plant water relations, is caused by differences in tree water status and the enhancement of sucrose hydrolysis into component hexose sugars resulting in osmotic adjustment. Therefore, inherent rootstock differences affecting plant water relations are proposed as a primary cause of differences in sugar accumulation and SSC among citrus rootstocks.

Juice Quality of `Valencia' Sweet Oranges Borne on Different Inflorescence Types

The objectives of this study were to determine whether juice quality of `Valencia' sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] is affected by the type of inflorescence on which fruit are borne, and to determine the contribution of inflorescence type to within-tree variation in juice quality. During the 1998-99 and 1999-2000 seasons, fruit size and juice quality [soluble solids concentration (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA)] of fruit from `Valencia' sweet orange trees on Carrizo citrange rootstock [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] planted in 1987 at Howey-in-the-Hills, Fla., were measured. A 2×2 factorial design (inflorescence type × canopy position) with leafy and leafless inflorescence types, and southwest top and northeast bottom canopy positions was used. The type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne had a minor effect on juice quality, and inflorescence type and juice quality were not directly associated. Rather, juice SSC was associated with the effect of inflorescence type on fruit size, as small fruit tended to have higher SSC than large fruit, regardless of the type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne. The relatively small difference in SSC between fruit borne on leafy and leafless inflorescences (≈3% of mean SSC) was an indirect result of fruit size. Therefore, fruit borne on leafy inflorescences, which tend to be of larger size compared with fruit borne on leafless inflorescences, tended to have marginally lower SSC. Acid content and ratio of SSC: TA were not related to inflorescence type. In addition, the type of inflorescence on which fruit were borne made only a nominal contribution to variability in juice SSC, in contrast to the major contribution of canopy position to within-tree variation in juice SSC. Factors other than inflorescence type are important components of within-tree variation in juice SSC.

Flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in apple fruit: characterisation of variation

Variations in flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels within fruit, within tree, between orchards, between cultivars and among mutants were characterised and quantified in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold’ apples by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The sun-exposed skin of individual fruit had much higher cyanidin 3-galactoside (anthocyanin) and quercetin 3-glycoside levels than the shaded skin, while phloridzin, catechins and chlorogenic acid were similar in the skin of both sides. Individual flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels were not equally distributed within the fruit. Quercetin 3-glycosides and anthocyanin were almost exclusively found in the skin. Catechins were mostly found in the skin but some were present in the flesh. Phloridzin was most abundant in the seeds, with intermediate levels in both the core area and the skin, and the lowest level in the flesh. Chlorogenic acid was mainly present in the core area and the seeds with an intermediate level in the flesh and a low level in the skin. The levels of anthocyanin, quercetin 3-glycosides and total flavonoids were highest in fruit borne in the top of the tree followed by fruit from the outer tree parts, whereas the lowest levels were found in fruit from the inner tree. Terminal fruit contained the highest levels of these compounds, including catechins, compared to lateral and spur fruit. Phloridzin and chlorogenic acid were not affected by the position of the fruit in the tree nor by the bearing wood type. There were large differences in flavonoid and chlorogenic acid levels in ‘Elstar’ fruit between two normally productive orchards differing mainly in growth vigour. ‘Jonagold’ and its mutants had considerably higher levels of flavonoid and chlorogenic acid than ‘Elstar’ and its mutants. The most blushed mutants of both cultivars had higher levels of anthocyanin but not of flavonoids or chlorogenic acid compared to the standard cultivar and to the less blushed mutants. The most blushed mutants had a higher number of red cells per cell layer and more cell layers containing red cells than the standard cultivar and the less blushed mutants.

Spur Leaves Increase Calcium in Young Apples by Promoting Xylem Inflow and Outflow

The effects of spur leaf removal on xylem sap flows and calcium accumulation in fruit of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh. `Royal Gala') were determined 56 to 61 days after full bloom. Fruit calcium concentrations were reduced but fruit size was not influenced by partial spur defoliation at bloom. Apples exchanged xylem sap with the tree in daily cycles of flow reversal. The presence of local spur leaves promoted this exchange by accentuating the xylem sap drawn out of the fruit during the day, requiring more to flow back into the fruit at night to replace it. Calcium concentrations were lower in the xylem sap leaving the fruit than in that entering it. The reduced calcium accumulation in the fruit borne on defoliated spurs can therefore be attributed to the reduced volume of xylem sap exchanged between tree and fruit.

Effects of the rootstock Ramsey (Vitis champini) on ion and organic acid composition of grapes and wine, and on wine spectral characteristics

The influence of Ramsey, used as rootstock of the scion cvs Muscat Gordo Blanco (syn. Muscat of Alexandria), Shiraz (syn. Syrah), Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, on the characteristics of the grape berries and of wine made from them was investigated, comparing ‘own‐rooted’ and ‘grafted’, and comparing wine fermented as juice (without skins) and must (juice and skins). The study involved the partitioning of K+ within berries, changes in juice K+, malic and tartaric acid through fermentation, wine inorganic ion and organic acid composition, and wine spectral characteristics. K+ concentration was higher in berries from grafted than from own‐rooted for all varieties except Chardonnay, and highest for grafted Shiraz. It was higher in skin than in pulp and seeds. In the pulp, it was highest for grafted Shiraz. K+ concentrations in all ferments using must (i.e. juice plus skins) increased during the initial two days after crushing, with the increase reflecting extraction from skins, being greatest for Shiraz and Muscat Gordo Blanco. Tartaric acid concentration in must also increased during the initial two days after crushing and then decreased. Malic acid concentration was higher in juice of Ramsey‐grafted than own‐rooted vines, especially for Shiraz; concentrations did not change markedly during the initial 12 days of fermentation, except where malo‐lactic fermentation occurred. Wine made from grapes of grafted contained significantly less tartaric and more malic acid than that made from own‐rooted for all varieties and for both fermentation types, with the exception of tartaric acid in wine of Muscat Gordo Blanco fermented as must. Wine made from juice had significantly higher tartaric acid and lower malic acid than that made from must for all varieties except for tartaric acid in wine from grafted Shiraz and malic acid in own‐rooted Chardonnay. Wine had a smaller tartaric acid/malic acid ratio when made from must. Wine pH was positively correlated with K+ but negatively with tartaric acid and with the tartaric acid to malic acid ratio. Overall, Shiraz wine contained highest Cl˜, Na+ and K+ concentrations. Red wines obtained from grafted had higher colour hue, especially those from Shiraz. Wines made from fruit borne on own‐rooted Cabernet Sauvignon had the highest concentration of total anthocyanins, ionised anthocyanins and total phenolics.

Echolocation, olfaction and fruit display: how bats find fruit of flagellichorous cucurbits

1. The relationship between plant morphology and the senses used by dispersal agents to find fruit was examined. ‘Flagellichory’ (fruit borne on pendulous structures), a costly morphology associated with dispersal by bats, is focused on. 2. Using Gurania spinulosa, a flagellichorous vine, and its major dispersal agent, Phyllostomus hastatus, the hypothesis was tested that flagellichory increases the conspicuousness of fruit to bats that use echolocation to find fruit. 3. The responses of wild‐caught P. hastatus to various fruiting branch morphologies and fruit odour were recorded. Phyllostomus hastatus used echolocation rather than olfaction to detect fruit, and consistently chose fruit displayed on pendulous leafless branches, ignoring fruit held among leaves on horizontal branches. 4. By comparing echolocation signals with the distance between fruiting branches of G. spinulosa and surrounding vegetation, it was shown that pendulous fruiting branches present clear, clutter‐free targets that can be detected by echolocating bats. This is the first demonstration of neotropical frugivorous bats using echolocation to find fruit.

Mixed Model Analysis of Within-plant Variation of Fruit Weight with Implications for Sampling of Kiwifruit Vines

Abstract In relation to horticultural crops, for purposes of predicting mean plant attributes, there has recently been an interest in using model based approaches such as kriging that account for spatial dependencies within a plant. These models assume stationarity, i.e. observed values for two fruit on a plant depend only on their physical separation and not on their location. However, in most situations systematic trends exist within a plant, and these need to be included in formulating the spatial models for studying within-plant variation patterns. We propose the use of mixed models which can simultaneously model fixed and random effects as well as the underlying covariance structure on the residual variation. The method is illustrated by analysis of two data sets of kiwifruit fruit sizes. The results indicate systematic trends in fruit size within a vine, due to the position of cane along the cordon and the shoot position along the cane. There is also evidence of a positive correlated response (ρ=0.49) of fruit within a shoot, and to a lesser extent between fruit borne on different shoots within a cane. Once the within-plant variation patterns are described we propose several sampling strategies aimed at estimating the vine mean fruit weight. We compare, by simulation, the performance of different sampling strategies by estimating the bias and variance of each estimator. Based on simulation results we recommend modifications to the existing systematic sampling plan that should result in an efficient and unbiased estimator of vine mean fruit weight.

New Combinations in the Tribe Poraneae (Convolvulaceae) for the Flora of China

New combinations are made for 10 taxa formerly included in the genus Porana s.l. in the account of the Convolvulaceae for the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, which are now considered to belong in the genera Dinetus, Poranopsis, and Tridynamia, as follows: Dinetus decorus, D. dinetoides, D. duclouxii, D. grandiflorus, D. truncatus, Poranopsis discifera, P. sinensis, Tridynamia megalantha, T. sinensis var. sinensis, and T. sinensis var. delavayi. A key to the genera is provided, and 11 additional taxa formerly accepted in Porana are reduced to synonymy. The genus Porana N. L. Burman comprises 57 nominate taxa, the majority distributed in mainland tropical Asia. Twenty-eight (14 species, 14 varieties) were recognized in the account of the Convolvulaceae for the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae (Fang & Huang, 1979). My revisionary study of the genus Porana and other taxa of the tribe Poraneae H. Hallier (Staples, 1987) indicates that there has been considerable overdescription in the genus Porana, and the number of species is actually much lower than the number of named species. Although a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Porana s.l. has been submitted to Systematic Botany Monographs (Staples, submitted manuscript), several new combinations, and reduction of additional names to synonymy, are needed for the account of the Convolvulaceae for the Flora of China, which is scheduled for publication before the revision will appear. This paper makes 10 new combinations needed for use in the Flora, and reduces to synonymy 11 other taxa of Porana recognized by Fang & Huang (1979). To summarize the major conclusions of the revision, Porana s.l. proved to be a polyphyletic assemblage comprising four distinct groups of species; a preliminary analysis indicated that these four species groups are not a monophyletic lineage inter se (Staples, 1987). I recognize them at generic rank, emending the generic concept of Porana to accommodate one group comprising three species, and take up the previously established generic names Tridynamia Gagnepain (1950), Poranopsis Roberty NOVON 3: 198-201. 1993. (1952), and Dinetus Sweet (1825) for the other three groups of species. Furthermore, the genus Cordisepalum Verdcourt is maintained as a genus distinct from and closely related to Poranopsis. These five genera may be distinguished by the following key. Full descriptions of all taxa, distribution data, ecological and phenological summaries, and detailed nomenclatural discussion are presented in the revision (Staples, submitted manuscript) so they are omitted here. KEY TO GENERA OF ASIATIC PORANEAE la. Leaf venation pinnate, or with a single basal pair of secondary veins; calyx about half as long as the corolla, sepals all + equal in length .. P orana s.s. lb. Leaf venation palmate; calyx minute, usually < 1/o as long as the corolla, if larger then sepals markedly unequal. 2a. Plants entirely herbaceous; flower buds with a minute apical tuft of hairs, otherwise glabrous externally Dinetus 2b. Plants woody (often with herbaceous stem tips); flower buds hairy externally. 3a. Sepals unequal in flower; fruiting sepals with 3-9 parallel longitudinal veins Tridynam ia 3b. Sepals (sub)equal in flower; fruiting sepals with 1 evident midvein. 4a. Corolla funnelform, white; fruit sessile on torus ........ Poranopsis 4b. Corolla rotate, yellowish; fruit borne on a slender stalk ...... Cordisepalum As construed here, Porana s.s. and Cordisepalum do not occur within the geographic range of the Flora of China. Some species of Poranopsis, Dinetus, and Tridynamia occur within the political boundaries of the People's Republic of China, and the following new combinations are proposed for them.

Multivariate analysis of within-tree factors accounting for the variation of peach fruit quality

The colour, firmness and flavour of 101 peach fruit from the south side of the tree were related to the characteristics of fruit-bearing shoots using a multivariate approach. The variability of quality was high between fruit. Fruit from the upper parts of the tree were more purple, less orange-red, less firm, had a higher sucrose content, a lower citric acid content and a higher pH than fruit from the lower parts. Fruit well exposed during the day had a purple skin, whereas less exposed fruit were more orange-red and had higher luminance (L∗) and chrominance (a∗, b∗). Fruit exposed to light essentially in the afternoon were more purple, less yellow and orange and more firm, had a higher citric acid content, lower sucrose and malic acid contents than fruit exposed to light in the morning. Colour variables were weakly correlated to the total leaf area. Fruit borne by thick shoots with high total leaf area, high leaf area per fruit late in season and a high yield were sweet and had high malic acid content. Sour fruit were linked with high total leaf area and high leaf area per fruit early in season. A semantic model for quality elaboration is proposed.

METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DEBATE OVER THE SOCIAL CLASS STATUS OF EARLY CHRISTIANS

That recent interest in the social world of early Christianity has begun to mature is evidenced not only by the fruit borne in opening up new understandings of early Christian literature, but also in the growing recognition that the methodological foundations of our sociological study need clarification if we are to avoid overdrawing conclusions from the often scanty data at our disposal. Using sociological models, typologies, and concepts, often without recognition of the difficulty of cross-social comparison, we risk superficial generalizations about both the social context of early Christianity and the social significance of what we read in the texts. Sociology, perhaps more than most disciplines, has been characterized by endless debates over both methodology and conceptual tools. Arguments over functionalist and conflict approaches to social analysis have consumed much of this energy. Moreover, variations on each theme are sufficiently abundant to suggest caution on the part of biblical scholars who venture onto the ground of social theory. However, the morass of social theory and the likelihood of endless methodological debates notwithstanding, methodological assumptions are implicit in our use of social theory whether we like it or not, and risk creating confusion if left unexamined.1 Nowhere has this conceptual confusion been more readily apparent than in the current debate over the social class of the members of early Christian communities. Though this conceptual problem has been sensed by a number of commentators, it has perhaps been most clearly laid out by Robin Scroggs in a recent review of the current state of research in the sociological interpretation of the New Testament. Scroggs begins by tracing to Adolph Deissmann the notion that Christians were predominantly

Field Evaluation of Eastern Raspberry Fruitworm Damage to Varieties of Red Raspberry1

Thirty-six varieties of red raspberry were evaluated for susceptibility to attack by adult and larval forms of Byturus rubi Barber. While flower buds of certain varieties were significantly more preferred by feeding adults, all varieties were acceptable for oviposition and larval attack of the fruit. The earliest fruits harvested had higher percentages of fruit damage than did the later fruit. Fruit borne on annual canes was free of adult and larval damage.

The Regulatory Role of Inflorescence Leaves in Fruit‐setting by Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

AbstractInflorescence leaves improve fruit set on sweet orange trees. We sought an explanation for this effect in terms of carbon demand by developing fruit versus potential supply from adjacent leaves. Our assessment was based upon measurements of fruit growth, leaf photosynthesis and 14C distribution patterns in plants grown under controlled conditions.Leafy inflorescences had sufficient foliar surface (1.24 dm2) and photosynthetic capacity (CO2 10.1 mg · dm‐2· h‐1) to support early development of fruits on the same shoot, and to make a substantial contribution towards subsequent growth. 14C‐assimilates derived from new leaves were distributed towards adjacent fruit which showed strong competition for labelled substrate.By contrast, fruit borne on leafless inflorescences had to obtain all their assimilates from older leaves whose photosynthetic capacity (CO2 3.5–4.6 mg · dm‐2· h‐1) and individual area (0.2 dm2) were generally insufficient to wholly sustain fruit growth, so that a large number of old‐leaves were needed; these fruit would be more susceptible to competition from other sinks.

RELATIONSHIPS OF SUGAR, ACID AND PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF APPLE LEAVES AND FRUITS

Sugar, acid and phenolic contents were compared in matched fruit–leaf samples from adult apple trees of several cultivars and scab-resistant selections. Significant positive correlations were found between leaf and fruit phenolic contents and between leaf and fruit total sugars. If similar correlations can be shown to exist between leaves of first-year seedlings and the fruit borne on the adult trees at 7–10 years, the method would provide substantial savings by allowing early discards of seedlings likely to bear undesirable fruit.

A Small Contribution to Knowledge of Arsenical Requirements for Control of Codling Moth

On the basis of field studies and experiments, under conditions where codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., normally infests 100% of all the fruit borne by unsprayed trees, it has been found that codling moth infestation, under arsenical treatments, varies, within limits, inversely as the amount of lead arsenate per tree per treatment, inversely as the maintenance of coating during the periods of entry by larvae of the first and of the second broods, inversely as the combined factors of lead arsenate and maintenance, and directly as the concentration of infestation.