Depth Of Frontal Sinus Research Articles

A cross-sectional study: correlation of forehead morphology and dentoskeletal malocclusion in Chinese people

BackgroundThe lateral profile is an important indicator of facial attractiveness. This study explored the general characteristics of the forehead profile and protrusion, and their relationship with related factors in structure and development.MethodsFour hundred fourteen Chinese participants in the Yangtze River Delta region were involved. Including 206 males (17.15 ± 7.68 years old) and 208 females (18.35 ± 8.06 years old); 94 children (8.54 ± 2.21 years old, ranging from 4 to 12 years old), 166 adolescents (14.83 ± 1.50 years old, ranging from 13 to 17 years old), and 154 adults (25.52 ± 4.89, 18 years or older). The frontal section of the forehead was used to explore its shape. The straight distance between the vertical line of the FH plane through the nasal root point and its parallel line, which is tangential to the forehead, indicates the forehead prominence. Frontal sinus width was measured using the method described by Mahmood.ResultsThe general shape of the forehead was straight and slightly bulged near the eyebrow arch in males but rounder in females. The average forehead protrusion in males was higher than that in females in adults. Significant differences in forehead protrusion between the dentoskeletal classifications and growth phases were notable. Frontal protrusion significantly correlated with frontal sinus depth, especially in males, adults, Class I, and those whose convex points were located in the lower section of the forehead.ConclusionsAge, race, and sex affect the forehead protrusion and frontal sinus width. Forehead protrusion may be an indicator of dentoskeletal deformities in the early stage. And dentoskeletal deformities may impair the correlation between the frontal sinuses and forehead protrusion during development.Trial registrationThis retrospective, cross-sectional study was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethical Committee (T2020008), and registered at ClinicalTrial.gov with an identified number (ChiCTR2100041913).

Orthodontic Treatment Does Not Affect Frontal Sinus Development in Female Adults: A Clinical Study.

Frontal sinus growth is gradual and lasts until post-puberty. However, the influence of biomechanical stimuli, such as orthodontic treatment, on frontal sinus development after the growth period has ended remains unclear. This study was designed to elucidate the impact of orthodontic treatment on the frontal sinus morphology of adult females. Sixty women were included and divided into three groups, based on the Frankfort mandibular plane angle. All participants underwent computed tomography and lateral cephalometry before and after treatment. Although two participants exhibited frontal sinus agenesis, most exhibited a bilaterally symmetric frontal sinus without fusion. The frontal sinus width and height were almost similar, irrespective of the vertical skeletal pattern, where the frontal sinus depth was significantly larger in the average mandibular plane angle group than in the low- and high-angle groups. Furthermore, the sinus volume in the low-angle group was likely smaller than that in the average and high-angle groups. On comparing pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements, minimal or no changes to the frontal sinus dimension were detected after treatment. In conclusion, orthodontic treatment did not affect frontal sinus development after the end of growth.

A CBCT based analysis of the correlation between volumetric morphology of the frontal sinuses and the facial growth pattern in caucasian subjects. A cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between frontal sinus shape and facial growth pattern.MethodsThe three-dimensional examination was carried out by means of 80 CBCT scans selected from a sample of 1247 records of patients treated, for different reason, at the Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences at University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan. The sample (age ranges between 12 and 40 years) was divided according to gender and age in four groups (12-17, 18-20, 21-30, 31-40). Left and right frontal sinus volume (VOL), surface (SUP) and linear maximum width (XMAX), depth (ZMAX) and height (YMAX) were calculated using Mimics Research 17.0 (Materialise N.V., Leuven, Belgium). Cephalometric analysis has been performed for all subjects to categorize the patients depending on their facial growth pattern. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis were performed to investigate any association of frontal sinuses measurements (height, width, depth, volume and surface) and cephalometric variables. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 160 frontal sinuses were measures in 80 patients: 40 men and 40 women, average age of 23.5 ±14.6. Globally the frontal sinuses had the following average dimensions: volumes of 9055.8 ± 6505 mm3 and surfaces of 3820.3 ± 2125 mm2. The statistical analysis showed that frontal sinus volume was statistically significant (p=0.003) greater for male (11,425 mm3) than female (6597.5 mm3). Similarly, the surface showed to be greater in men than in women (p=0.005). No correlation between age and frontal sinuses characteristics has been found. A statistically significant (p<0.05) increase of frontal sinus depth, surface and volume was correlated with SNB angle. In addition, frontal sinus volume increased in subjects with greater anterior skeletal dimension values and with a superior length of the cranial base. Furthermore, a decrease of ANB has been found related to an increase in frontal sinus volume (p=0.04).ConclusionsThe present study showed a correlation between frontal sinuses dimensions and craniofacial aspects, despite the inter-individual variability of their morphology. The results suggested that young adults in whom the frontal sinuses have reached their maximum size, while vertical growth continues, a larger frontal sinus may be associated with future vertical growth.

A prospective study to determine and compare the sizes of the frontal sinus by age and gender

Introduction: Determination of gender and estimation of stature from the skeleton is vital to medicolegal inquiries. CT scan measurements of maxillary and frontal sinuses are thought to be useful for gender determination. The aim of this study is to compare the frontal sinus dimensions and to assess their reliability and accuracy for gender determination using a CT scan. Materials and Methods: A comparative study included cranial Computerized tomography (CT) of 40 patients aged between 18 and 65 years who underwent CT examination of the head and neck for other medical problems that are not related to the frontal sinus. The measurements of the frontal sinus were done in axial and scout images. Results: Our study showed that the maximum depth of frontal sinus in males and females was 10.76 ± 2.12 and 9.23 ± 1.85, respectively, which showed a statistically significant P value (<0.05). The thickness of the anterior wall for males and females was 5.27 ± 1.46 and 5.62 ± 1.60, respectively. There was no statistical significance with respect to the thickness of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus. The maximal anteroposterior length of frontal sinus measured from scout image for males and females were 12.35 ± 3.11 and 10.52 ± 2.15, respectively, which showed a statistically significant P < 0.05. The frontal sinus dimensions were correlated with age subgroups, and there is no statistical significance. Conclusion: We concluded that the dimensions of the frontal sinus could be used for gender dimorphism. This study also proposes the reliability and accuracy of frontal sinus; hence the study proves vital in identifying the gender of a person in forensic anthropology.

The application of frontal sinus index and frontal sinus area in sex estimation based on lateral cephalograms among Han nationality adults in Xinjiang

The frontal sinus, due to its unique anatomical features, has become an important element in research for individual identification. Previous studies have demonstrated the use of frontal sinus as an indicator for sex discrimination; however, the sex discrimination rate using frontal sinus was lower compared to that using the traditional morphological methods. In order to improve the sex discrimination percentage, we developed a new method involving the measurement of the frontal sinus index and frontal sinus area from lateral cephalogram radiographs. In this study, 475 digital lateral cephalograms of adult Han citizens from Xinjiang were included. The maximum height, depth, and area of the frontal sinus were calculated using the NemoCeph NX software. The frontal sinus index (ratio of the maximum height to the depth of frontal sinus) was also computed. Statistical analysis results showed significant differences in the frontal sinus index and area between males and females. Discriminant function equation derived from this study differentiated between sexes with 76.6% accuracy. The results demonstrated that the use of frontal sinus index and area for sex discrimination was more accurate than using the frontal sinus index alone.

Frontal sinus depth at four landmarks in breeds of dog typically affected by sinonasal aspergillosis

The objective of this study was to assess whether the frontal sinuses in dogs with aspergillosis and of breeds typically affected by this condition were deeper at a more caudal...

Evaluating the safety of frontal sinus trephination

The depth of the frontal sinus was measured using axial computed tomography (CT) images to examine the safety of frontal sinus trephination at selected distances from the midline. Review of 200 sinus CT scans. Two hundred sinus CT scans (400 frontal sinuses) were reviewed to measure the frontal sinus depth at 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm from midline. Males had a significantly deeper frontal sinus than females at all measurements points (P < .001). The measurements revealed a considerable number of small but nonhypoplastic frontal sinuses, which were shallower than the length of standard frontal trephine instruments (7 mm) and would risk penetration of the posterior table of the sinus. Of all frontal sinuses studied, 9.54% were <7 mm deep at 5 mm from the midline, 10.12% at 10 mm, and 8.96% at 15 mm from the midline. Overall, 15.3% of all frontal sinuses studied had at least one point where the measured depth was <7 mm. Although the majority of patients have frontal sinuses deep enough to accommodate standard trephine instruments, surgeons should recognize that up to 15% of nonhypoplastic frontal sinuses may not be sufficiently deep at a given point to allow safe trephination without risking unintentional transgression of the posterior table. This study suggests that trephination routinely carried out at a given predetermined distance from the midline may be an unsafe practice. Careful evaluation of the imaging is essential in every case to avoid inadvertent injury and to help select the safest distance from the midline for frontal sinus trephination.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEDALAMAN SINUS FRONTALIS DAN MATURASI TULANG TANGAN: CORRELATION BETWEEN FRONTAL SINUS DEPTH AND HAND WRIST MATURITY

The appropriate planning of orthodontic therapy with regard to appliance selection, information on the patient’s stage ofsomatic maturity is needed. Hand wrist maturity has been shown to be closely related with the pubertal growth spurt;therefore hand wrist radiographs have been recommended for indirect assesment of somatic maturity. However, theroutine use of hand wrist radiographs has lately been questioned from the radiation-hygiene, safety point of view. In arecent cephalometric investigation, it was found that the frontal sinus development showed a growth rhythm similar to thebody height development. Furthermore, it has been proposed that frontal sinus enlargement follows general bone growthbut little evidence has been shown. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between frontal sinusdepth and hand wrist maturity in Deuteromalayid group aged 7 to 17 years. A cross sectional study was conducted in 138subjects (69 males, 69 females). The frontal sinus depth and hand wrist maturation was determined using Erturk’s andFishman’s method, respectively. The result of this study showed that there was a moderate correlation between frontalsinus depth and hand wrist maturity in males (r = 0.608) and females (r = 0.647). From this study, it can be concludedthat the usage of frontal sinus depth to substitute hand wrist maturity to assess the skeletal maturity is not appropriateenough.

A Trefinação do Seio Frontal deve ser sempre realizada a 1cm da linha média? Um estudo tomográfico

A complexa anatomia do recesso frontoetmoidal, bem como sua relação anatômica com estruturas vitais, explicam a razão do considerável cuidado que se tem durante a cirurgia para preservar estas estruturas e minimizar complicações relacionadas ao processo de cicatrização. A trefinação é um procedimento amplamente aceito para acesso ao seio frontal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o melhor ponto para se realizar a trefinação do seio frontal. MÉTODOS: Mensuração da profundidade do seio frontal em 3 pontos eqüidistantes da linha média (crista galli) em cortes tomográficos axiais. RESULTADOS: Foram medidos 138 seios frontais (69 pacientes). A profundidade do seio frontal medida a 0,5cm da linha média foi significativamente maior do que a 1,0 e 1,5cm, assim como a medida a 1,0cm foi significativamente maior do que a 1,5cm (12,22±4,25 vs 11,78±4,65 p&lt;0,05; 12,22±4,25 vs 10,78±5,98 p&lt;0,001; 11,78±4,65 vs 10,78±5,98 p&lt;0,05). O trefinador usado (penetração máxima de 0,7cm) é seguro de ser usado em cerca de 80% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A trefinação pode ser realizada em pontos variáveis do seio frontal, mas a distância de 1cm da linha média parece ser mais segura e apresentar resultados estéticos melhores.

Is there a reason for performing frontal sinus trephination at 1 cm from midline? A tomographic study.

SummaryThe complex anatomy of the frontoethmoidal recess, as well as its anatomical relationship with the vital adjacent structures in the region explain the reason for considerable surgical care to protect these structures and minimize complications related to healing. Trephination is an accepted procedure to access the frontal sinus.AimDiscuss the best location for performing frontal sinus trephination.MethodsMeasuring sinus frontal depth at 3 points equidistant to the midline (crista galli) through the axial tomographic sections.ResultsWe measured 138 frontal sinus (69 patients). Frontal sinus depth at 0,5 cm was statistically larger than 1 cm and 1,5 cm, as well as the 1 cm trephine point was significantly larger than 1,5 cm (12,22±4,25 vs 11,78±4,65 p<0,05; 12,22±4,25 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,001; 11,78±4,65 vs 10,78±5,98 p<0,05). The trephine set used (maximum depth of penetration of 0,7 cm) is safe to be applied in approximately 80% of the patients.ConclusionAnalizing the results, the trephination may be performed at variable points of the frontalsinus, but the distance of 1 cm from midline appears to be safer and shows better aestethic results.

Association of frontal sinus development with somatic and skeletal maturation in Aboriginal Australians: a longitudinal study

There have been very few studies of frontal sinus development and its association with other growth parameters in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of frontal sinus development with somatic and skeletal maturation in a sample of Aboriginal Australians. The sample comprised 31 individuals, of whom 17 were males and 14 females. For the selected subjects the following records were available: lateral head radiographs, hand–wrist radiographs and stature recordings, generally covering the age range from 7 to 18 years. Descriptive statistics for frontal sinus size, skeletal ossification and body height were calculated at yearly intervals and comparisons made between the sexes. Growth velocities in frontal sinus height, frontal sinus depth and stature were also calculated for both sexes. The frontal sinus was found to display a well-defined adolescent growth spurt, with its peak velocity occurring after the peak velocity in body height. Females were found to attain peak velocity in sinus height earlier, on average, than males but they attained peak velocity in sinus depth at a similar age to males. The sequence of hand–wrist ossification events followed a similar pattern in both sexes, with events in females occurring approximately one year earlier than those in males. These results indicate that an adolescent spurt is present in frontal sinus growth and that the spurt tends to occur after statural velocity has peaked. Hand–wrist ossification events also tend to have a close relationship to peak statural and frontal sinus velocity and these relationships may be useful in clinical situations for predictive purposes.