Frontal Patterns Research Articles

Frontal facial analysis of female celebrity attractiveness standards through artificial intelligence

The contemporary significance of celebrities’ facial aesthetics underscores their heightened importance in shaping attractiveness standards. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of patterns on aesthetic canons in the profile views of female celebrities, using artificial intelligence. The study sought to compare different races and propose standards for attractive faces.In this retrospective cohort study, a Python-based algorithm was used to analyze frontal patterns and evaluate their influence on aesthetic norms in publicly accessible images of female global celebrities. Ten ideal angular or proportional measures were gathered from the literature, and were trained to serve as a benchmark for the analysis of facial attractiveness. Demographic characteristics were described statistically. A one-way ANOVA test was employed to assess data distribution. Differences in means between groups were evaluated using nonparametric independent-sample tests, with statistical significance set at < 0.05.The study involved facial analyses for 115 female celebrities. It revealed variations in facial features among races. The mean golden ratio differed, with African and Asian individuals showing lower ratios. Symmetry varied, with Latin and Caucasian faces considered the most symmetrical. The zygomatic-to-mandibular width ratio was similar across races, with a ratio close to 80% being associated with more attractive faces. Differences in nose-to-mouth ratio, lips, alar base width, and chin angle were noted among race groups.The study concluded that, regardless of race, an attractive female face is characterized by specific ratios and angles. Facial symmetry, though desirable, is not strictly necessary. Irrespective of race background, an appealing female face is characterized by a zygomatic-to-mandibular width ratio nearing 80%, a mid-facial third that is slightly larger than the lower third, and a distinctive chin angle of approximately 138°, contributing to a trapezoidal facial shape. The findings contribute valuable insights into attractiveness standards and the impact of frontal patterns on aesthetic canons in female celebrities.

Variability and Intensity of the Sea Surface Temperature Front Associated With the Kuroshio Extension

Seventeen years of satellite observational data are used to describe the variability in sea surface temperature (SST) fronts and associated features, e.g., frontal intensity and probability, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Compared with the SST gradient and frontal probability, the frontal intensity is less impacted by background noise in satellite observations and precisely represents the variability in frontal patterns. The seasonal variability in frontal intensity is prominent, and the corresponding seasonality varies spatially. Fronts are more common during winter in the northern region around the Oyashio Current but are most common during spring in the Kuroshio Current and to the south of the Kuroshio Extension. The meridional migration of fronts is associated with the seasonal movement of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Though overall averaged frontal intensity along the Kuroshio Extension is most prominent in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the associated variability in fronts is highly complex. The current study reveals that seasonality itself cannot capture the whole picture of frontal features because eddy-induced intraseasonal variability and basin-scale signal-induced interannual variability can modulate frontal dynamics. In particular, the monthly frontal intensity in regions where the seasonal cycle is not significant depends on the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation. Furthermore, the oscillation of the Kuroshio Extension and associated mesoscale eddies can impact its intraseasonal variability. The comprehensive analysis of frontal intensity in the Kuroshio Extension is helpful for delineating regional dynamics and has the potential to improve our understanding of controls on marine primary production.

Dynamics of Thermal Fronts Distribution in the Flores Sea, Indonesia: An implication for locating potential skipjack tuna fishing ground

Flores Sea is one of the most productive fishing grounds within the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area 713 which has the unique physical structures such as topographic feature, the seasonal wind driven upwelling, and also the dynamics of frontal patterns. The purposes of this study were to map the dynamic spatial of the thermal fronts in the east and the second transition seasons, and to describe their implications to the skipjack fishery. We applied the satellite data of sea surface temperature (SST) for the period of June-October 2018 with spatial and temporal resolutions of 0.04 degree latitude and longitude and monthly, respectively. For fishery data, we used sampling data of skipjack tuna fishing ground distributions during this period. The thermal fronts were estimated using a Single Image Edge Detection (SIED) algorithm and the available fishing ground data were superimposed on the SST frontal maps. The results showed that the spatial distribution patterns of thermal fronts along Flores Sea tended to be different every month. However, the thermal fronts were consistently detected throughout the study period. Skipjack tuna fishing grounds started to develop in the eastern area of Selayar Island in June (before upwelling event) and reached a peak in October (after upwelling). During these months, the skipjack fishing grounds well formed around the thermal fronts with the distance of 0-40 km. It implies that the formation of the thermal fronts especially after upwelling gives a significant contribution on the development of skipjack fishery in the Flores Sea.

Temporal and Spatial Scales of Correlation in Marine Phytoplankton Communities

AbstractOcean circulation shapes marine phytoplankton communities by setting environmental conditions and dispersing organisms. In addition, processes acting on the water column (e.g., heat fluxes and mixing) affect the community structure by modulating environmental variables that determine in situ growth and loss rates. Understanding the scales over which phytoplankton communities vary in time and space is key to elucidate the relative contributions of local processes and ocean circulation on phytoplankton distributions. Using a global ocean ecosystem model, we quantify temporal and spatial correlation scales for phytoplankton phenotypes with diverse functional traits and cell sizes. Through this analysis, we address these questions: (1) Over what timescales do perturbations in phytoplankton populations persist? and (2) over what distances are variations in phytoplankton populations synchronous? We find that correlation timescales are short in regions of strong currents, such as the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Conversely, in the subtropical gyres, phytoplankton population anomalies persist for relatively long periods. Spatial correlation length scales are elongated near ocean fronts and narrow boundary currents, reflecting flow paths and frontal patterns. In contrast, we find nearly isotropic spatial correlation fields where current speeds are small, or where mixing acts roughly equally in all directions. Phytoplankton timescales and length scales also vary coherently with phytoplankton body size. In addition to aiding understanding of phytoplankton population dynamics, our results provide global insights to guide the design of biological ocean observing networks and to better interpret data collected at long‐term monitoring stations.

High tibial osteotomy results in improved frontal plane knee moments, gait patterns and patient-reported outcomes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to quantify changes in knee loading in the three clinical planes, compensatory gait adaptations and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) resulting from opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO).MethodsGait analysis was performed on 18 participants (19 knees) with medial osteoarthritis (OA) and varus alignment pre- and post-HTO, along with 18 controls, to calculate temporal, kinematic and kinetic measures. Oxford Knee Score, Knee Outcome Survey and visual analogue pain scores were collected. Paired and independent sample tests identified changes following surgery and deviations from controls.ResultsHTO restored frontal and transverse plane knee joint loading to that of the control group, while reductions remained in the sagittal plane. Elevated frontal plane trunk sway (p = 0.031) and reduced gait speed (p = 0.042), adopted as compensatory gait changes pre-HTO, were corrected by the surgery. PROMs significantly improved (p ≤ 0.002). Centre of pressure (COP) was lateralised relative to the knee post-HTO (p < 0.001). Energy absorbed in the sagittal plane significantly increased post-HTO (p = 0.007), whilst work done in the transverse plane reduced (p ≤ 0.008). Pre-operative gait deviations from the control group that were retained post-HTO included smaller sagittal (p = 0.003) knee range of motion during gait, greater stance duration (p = 0.008) and altered COP location (anterior to the knee) in early stance (p = 0.025).ConclusionsHTO surgery restored frontal and transverse plane knee loading to normal levels and improved PROMs. Gait adaptations known to reduce knee loading employed pre-HTO were not retained post-HTO. Some gait features were found to differ between post-HTO subjects and controls.Level of evidenceII

Ocean fronts construct spatial zonation in microfossil assemblages

AbstractAimIntegration of macroecology and palaeoecology is an important trend in understanding rapidly changing marine ecosystems. However, the spatial mismatch between these two data types has led to difficulties in interpretation, particularly for short‐lived phytoplankton and their microfossils. Fronts are narrow transition zones between distinct water masses and play an essential role in partitioning phytoplankton assemblages in the ocean. Whether they also delimit microfossil assemblages deposited at the sea floor is unclear. We examined the correlation between quasi‐stationary mesoscale fronts and the spatial distribution of microfossils (diatoms, dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates) in the Bohai, Yellow and East China Seas, to establish a causal link between microfossil assemblages and the factors controlling pelagic species assemblages on continental shelves.LocationChina.Time period2003–2015.Major taxa studiedPhytoplankton.MethodsFront locations were determined using gradient analysis of monthly satellite sea surface temperature (SST) for 2003–2015. Microfossil assemblages were classified using two‐way indicator species analysis of the relative abundance of 345 species collected from surface sediments at 126 sites. The relationships between frontal patterns and microfossil assemblages were evaluated by superimposing maps of front location, microfossil distribution and environmental features in the main water masses and by canonical correspondence analysis.ResultsTen major fronts and four primary microfossil assemblages were identified. Analyses of the spatial patterns of fronts, microfossil assemblages, SST, salinity and nutrients revealed that the fronts partitioned the microfossils into assemblage types corresponding to the physicochemical features of the water masses.Main conclusionsMicrofossil species assemblages and their indicator species are separated by mesoscale fronts and are correlated with water properties. Producing base maps of microfossil assemblages in relationship to SST fronts enables examination of the importance of quasi‐stationary mesoscale fronts in constructing microfossil patterns on continental shelves. The results displayed potential for the interpretation sediment core data and their integration with the macroecological context.

A cognitive electrophysiological signature differentiates amnestic mild cognitive impairment from normal aging

BackgroundNoninvasive and effective biomarkers for early detection of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) before measurable changes in behavioral performance remain scarce. Cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) measure synchronized synaptic neural activity associated with a cognitive event. Loss of synapses is a hallmark of the neuropathology of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that ERP responses during working memory retrieval discriminate aMCI from cognitively normal controls (NC) matched in age and education.MethodsEighteen NC, 17 subjects with aMCI, and 13 subjects with AD performed a delayed match-to-sample task specially designed not only to be easy enough for impaired participants to complete but also to generate comparable performance between subjects with NC and those with aMCI. Scalp electroencephalography, memory accuracy, and reaction times were measured.ResultsWhereas memory performance separated the AD group from the others, the performance of NC and subjects with aMCI was similar. In contrast, left frontal cognitive ERP patterns differentiated subjects with aMCI from NC. Enhanced P3 responses at left frontal sites were associated with nonmatching relative to matching stimuli during working memory tasks in patients with aMCI and AD, but not in NC. The accuracy of discriminating aMCI from NC was 85% by using left frontal match/nonmatch effect combined with nonmatch reaction time.ConclusionsThe left frontal cognitive ERP indicator holds promise as a sensitive, simple, affordable, and noninvasive biomarker for detection of early cognitive impairment.

Sexual dimorphism in frontal sinus of Southeast Nigerians

Background: The functional and adaptive significance of frontal sinus is still very poorly understood and attempt to link frontal sinus patterns with specific influences such as sex or biological affinity have been inconclusive. Purpose: The study aims to demonstrate the influence and this relationship between the variation in frontal sinus dimensions and sex. Materials and Method: In this study, lateral and anteroposterior radiographs of 74 males and 46 females of Southeast Nigerians taken from August 18, 2003 to July 12, 2004 were measured (age 9–75). Data were analyzed using excel package of a desktop computer, employing Chi-square test to determine the association between sinus dimensions and sex. Result: The result showed that variation in frontal sinus breadth and depth may not depend on sex while variation in height slightly depends on sex (P < 0.05). Thus, establishing the fact that some metric and morphologic characteristics of the frontal sinus depend on sex. Conclusion: This finding depicts a sexual dimorphism in frontal sinus dimension. Moreover, it adds an additional factor to the puzzle of the meaning of the supra orbital development and morphologic characteristics.

Climatology of dust distribution over West Asia from homogenized remote sensing data

Abstract In the past decade, West Asia has witnessed more frequent and intensified dust storms affecting Iran and Persian Gulf countries. Employing a varying threshold that takes into account systematic differences between TOMS and OMI data, TOMS-OMI Aerosol Index data are used to identify long-term changes in the horizontal distribution of dust storms in West Asia from 1980 to present. The northwest of Iraq and east of Syria are identified as emerging dusty areas, whereas east of Saudi Arabia and southeast of Iraq are identified as permanent dusty areas, including both dust sources and affected areas. Whereas the frequency of dust events increased slightly in the permanent dusty areas, it increased markedly in the emerging dusty areas. As expected, the frequency of dust events is highest in June and July. The dust source areas are identified as the Iraq-Saudi Arabia boundary region and (recently) the northwest of Iraq, using MODIS deep blue aerosol optical depth data. Subsequently, a lagged correlation was implemented between identified dust sources and whole West Asia to determine the main paths and receptors of intense dust storms. Accordingly, southwest of Iran and Persian Gulf countries were determined as main receptors of summertime dust storms in West Asia. During spring, dust storms mostly hit the northern half of the region and reach to the Caspian Sea. Analyzing atmospheric patterns, Shamal and Frontal patterns were found as dominant atmospheric circulations simultaneous with summertime and springtime dust storms, respectively.

P84. High-frequency anterior thalamus stimulation interrupts cortical midline theta rhythm during drowsiness in an epileptic patient

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of anterior thalamic nuclei (ANT) reduces frequency and intensity of epileptic partial and secondarily-generalized seizures. However, exact mechanisms of action and the effects of ANT-DBS on cortical activity are unknown. Recently, we demonstrated in one of our patients who had non-lesional epilepsy the correlation of ANT-DBS with bilateral frontal epileptic patterns ( Bucurenciu et al., 2014 ). We report the case of a 27-years old male epileptic patient with dyscognitive focal seizures, due to a left-hemispheric inoperable lesion, interpreted as focal cortical dysplasia and polymicrogyria, comprising the upper temporal lobe, the insula and the entire parietal lobe. At the age of 25, quadripolar DBS-electrodes (Model 3389, Medtronic®, Minneapolis, MN, USA), connected to a subclavicular dual-channel programmable stimulation device (Activa PC, Medtronic®), were stereotactically implanted in both ANTs. The stimulation parameters were 5 V and 5.5 V, 180 Hz, 150 μ s pulse width, cycling mode with 1min on/3min off. Stimulation on-phases were identified based on periodical reduction of QRS-complex-amplitudes in electrocardiograms. A 20% reduction of seizure frequencies with no side effects were reported after initiation of ANT-DBS. In several long-term EEGs of the patient, prominent non-specific midline-theta frontal rhythms of uncertain significance were observed during drowsiness. During bilateral stimulation via the most upper (superior-lateral) electrode-contacts (3 and 11) a reliable interruption of midline-theta rhythm was observed in EEGs, density-spectral-arrays and power-spectra, similarly to the effect of activating the patient. When the lowest (inferio-medial) electrode contacts (0 and 8) were used for stimulation the midline-theta rhythm was less affected. Other cortical rhythms, such as occipital-alpha or sleep-spindles, were only unspecifically reduced in amplitude by stimulation of both the most upper and the lowest contact-pairs, respectively. The contact-specificity and the selective inhibition of midline-theta rhythm, associated with changes of the power-spectra shape, prove that the observed EEG-amplitude reduction during stimulation is a real desynchronization of midline-theta rhythm and not an artefact. This is the first direct proof of an acute, electrode-contact specific influence of high-frequency ANT-DBS with standard stimulation-parameters on a cortical rhythm and might be relevant for epilepsies involving frontal cortical regions.

Emplacement of Antarctic ice sheet mass affects circumpolar ocean flow

During the Cenozoic the Antarctic continent experienced large fluctuations in ice-sheet volume. We investigate the effects of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) on Southern Ocean circulation for the first continental scale glaciation of Antarctica (~34Myr) by combining solid Earth and ocean dynamic modeling. A newly compiled global early Oligocene topography is used to run a solid Earth model forced by a growing Antarctic ice sheet. A regional Southern Ocean zonal isopycnal adiabatic ocean model is run under ice-free and fully glaciated (GIA) conditions. We find that GIA-induced deformations of the sea bottom on the order of 50m are large enough to affect the pressure and density variations driving the ocean flow around Antarctica. Throughout the Southern Ocean, frontal patterns are shifted several degrees, velocity changes are regionally more than 100%, and the zonal transport decreases in mean and variability. The model analysis suggests that GIA induced ocean flow variations alone could impact local nutrient variability, erosion and sedimentation rates, or ocean heat transport. These effects may be large enough to require consideration when interpreting the results of Southern Ocean sediment cores.

Spatiotemporal variation of Gaoping River plume observed by Formosat-2 high resolution imagery

River plumes play an important role in river–ocean boundary systems, where suspended and dissolved materials are exchanged between the land and ocean. Optical images acquired from space-borne platforms have been widely employed to study the spatiotemporal variations of major river plumes around the world. Gaoping River (GPR), which flows in a small basin with steep slopes, has a high sediment load with dynamic spatiotemporal variations. This research employed a total of 41 images of the GPR estuary acquired by Formosat-2 from 2005 to 2008 to study the spatiotemporal variations of the related river plume, as well as the influences of tidal, precipitation, river discharge, wind, current, and extreme weather events. All images were processed to be geo-referenced and radiometric-calibrated images using the Formosat-2 Auto Image Processing System. Three different water types, including plume core, plume/shelf water and offshore water, were classified by the supervised maximum likelihood classification method. The results show that the size of the plume core is directly correlated with the amount of river discharge and precipitation, while the direction of the plume on- and off-shore is controlled by the flood and ebb tides, respectively. A notable feature of the frontal patterns in the region of plume/shelf waters in GPR mouth region is that the angle between the sea surface wind direction and sea surface current direction is less than 90°. According to the observations made after four major typhoon and storm events, GPR plume expanded to as large as four times its normal size, and this condition lasted for up to 18days. These results may be applied to the other regions that are similar to GPR.

A wavelet‐based spectral method for extracting self‐similarity measures in time‐varying two‐dimensional rainfall maps

Many environmental time‐evolving spatial phenomena are characterized by a large number of energetic modes, the occurrence of irregularities, and self‐organization over a wide range of space or time scales. Precipitation is a classical example characterized by both strong intermittency and multiscale dynamics, and these features generate persistence, long‐range dependence, and extremes (whether be it droughts or extreme floods). Over the last two decades, time‐frequency or time‐scale transforms have become indispensable tools in the analysis of such phenomena and, as a consequence, a number of wavelet‐based spectral methods are now routinely employed to estimate Hurst exponents and other measures of regularity and scaling. In this article, an ensemble of new wavelet‐based spectral tools for analysis of 2‐D images is proposed. The new scale‐mixing wavelet spectrum is applied to the analysis of time sequences of two‐dimensional spatial rainfall radar images characterized by either convective or frontal systems. Intermittent spatial patterns connected to the precipitation‐formation mechanisms were encoded in low‐dimensional informative descriptors appropriate for classification, discrimination analyses and possible integration with climate models. We found that convective rainfall spatial patterns compared to frontal patterns produce spectral signatures consistent with their generation mechanism.

Fronts in Large Marine Ecosystems

Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization are among the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first global remote sensing survey of fronts in the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME). This survey is based on a unique frontal data archive assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived with the edge detection algorithm of Cayula and Cornillon (1992, 1995, 1996) from 12 years of twice-daily, global, 9-km resolution satellite sea surface temperature (SST) fields to produce synoptic (nearly instantaneous) frontal maps, and to compute the long-term mean frequency of occurrence of SST fronts and their gradients. These synoptic and long-term maps were used to identify major quasi-stationary fronts and to derive provisional frontal distribution maps for all LMEs. Since SST fronts are typically collocated with fronts in other water properties such as salinity, density and chlorophyll, digital frontal paths from SST frontal maps can be used in studies of physical–biological correlations at fronts. Frontal patterns in several exemplary LMEs are described and compared, including those for: the East and West Bering Sea LMEs, Sea of Okhotsk LME, East China Sea LME, Yellow Sea LME, North Sea LME, East and West Greenland Shelf LMEs, Newfoundland–Labrador Shelf LME, Northeast and Southeast US Continental Shelf LMEs, Gulf of Mexico LME, and Patagonian Shelf LME. Seasonal evolution of frontal patterns in major upwelling zones reveals an order-of-magnitude growth of frontal scales from summer to winter. A classification of LMEs with regard to the origin and physics of their respective dominant fronts is presented. The proposed classification lends itself to comparative studies of frontal ecosystems.

Mesoscale and diel to monthly variability of CO2 and carbon fluxes at the ocean surface in the northeastern Atlantic

Four CARIOCA Lagrangian buoys were deployed in the northeast Atlantic Ocean as part of the Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) dedicated to the study of the role of mesoscale eddies in biological production, the carbon budget, and the subduction of mode waters. An extensive set of hourly surface measurements of temperature, salinity, and carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) was collected from February to August 2001. The high‐frequency spatial and temporal variability observed in surface fCO2 and in the derived dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations suggests that abrupt changes of the carbon variables are being generated along frontal patterns and filaments by submesoscale and mesoscale eddy‐eddy interactions, especially in winter. On the basis of a 1‐D model of the diurnal mixed layer along the buoy trajectory, we show that under certain conditions the diel cycle of DIC is driven by the daily cycle of photosynthesis and metabolic CO2 release at the ocean surface. This information is quantitatively used to derive in‐situ primary production, carbon gross, and net community production. The analysis of 107 observed diel cycles of DIC shows that episodic biological production processes are triggered by the mesoscale activity of surface eddies. Over the sampled period, the POMME area is a sink for atmospheric CO2 with an estimated flux of −4 mmol m−2 day−1. The calculated amount of anthropogenic carbon transported into the ocean interior by subduction of subpolar mode water is equal to 2.8 1013 gC yr−1.

Using satellite observations of ocean color to categorize the dispersal patterns of river-borne substances in the Gaoping (Kaoping) River, Shelf and Canyon system

Mapping the water constituents from remotely sensed ocean color data enables a better understanding of the dispersal patterns of river-borne substances in the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) River, Shelf and Canyon (KPRSC) system. Based on twelve MODIS-Aqua images in the KPRSC region taken in 2005, we apply a newly developed GA-SA approach to derive maps of chlorophyll- a concentration ( Chl- a), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and non-algal particle/detritus/mineral (NAP). The results demonstrated that the different characteristics of Chl- a, CDOM and NAP make them ideal tracers for observing large-scale dispersal patterns. With ancillary information of averaged daily precipitation, the daily wind field obtained from QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer), and the 8-day composite of the temperature field obtained from MODIS-Aqua, we categorized the surface dispersal patterns as coastal, northwestward and frontal patterns. Also, for the first time, we observed a sudden increase of biomass on a large scale from a pair of ocean color images taken over only a 2-day interval. Another remarkable feature is the interaction between the southeastward flow and the intrusion of the Kuroshio Branch, resulting in complicated patterns with various scales of vortex structures and current fronts. The observed features could be used for model validation of the flow field of the KPRSC system.

Extratropical Transition of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific: Their Frontal Evolution

Abstract Extratropical transition (ET) in the western North Pacific during 2001–02 is examined in terms of frontal evolution and its environment using a gridded global analysis dataset produced by the Japan Meteorological Agency. According to the best-track data created by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo-Typhoon Center, 23 out of 52 (44%) tropical cyclones (TCs) completed ET during these two years. These ET cases are classified into three categories in terms of the lower-tropospheric equivalent potential temperature distributions, characteristics of the TCs, and their environments. Eight TCs (35% of all ET cases) had temporary warm secluded frontal patterns and then occluded patterns at the completion of ET, which is defined as a seclusion–occlusion (SO) type. This occurs downstream of an intense upper-tropospheric trough interacting with a TC, which is then likely to move northward while keeping its tropical characteristics and have a large impact on relatively high latitudes including all the Japan islands. Three TCs (13%) were apparently absorbed into vigorous preexisting fronts in the southwest of midlatitude cyclones; this situation is defined as a cold advection (CA) type. A TC of the CA type is likely to lose its tropical characteristics rapidly in strong cold advection that is equatorward of a relatively straight upper-tropospheric jet stream. The other 12 TCs (52%) were organized into an open-wave frontal cyclone, which is defined as an open-wave (OW) type. This has characteristics of both SO and CA and is more related to the midlatitude baroclinic zone compared with the SO type.

A clinical analysis on frontal chewing patterns with different crossbite malocclusions

目的 阐明不同类型反(牙合)冠状面咀嚼模式方法 选取12-35岁109名不同类型反(牙合)和16-30岁22名正常(牙合)个体.根据冠状面切牙点的运动轨迹将咀嚼模式分为8种咀嚼型.反(牙合)患者按反(牙合)的前后向位置和横向位置分组,Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同类型反(牙合)组与正常(牙合)及各组之间各种咀嚼型发生频率的差异.结果 所有反(牙合)组,正常咀嚼型发生频率明显小于正常(牙合).后牙反(牙合)组,相对前牙反(牙合)组,反向型发生率高(P=0.002),正常型发生率小(P=0.001).当伴随下颌偏斜和或下颌前突,牙弓段反(牙合)时,后牙反(牙合)的反(牙合)侧或下颌偏斜的偏斜侧,反向及反向交叉型比对侧易发生.结论 在冠状面上,后牙反(牙合)组比前牙反(牙合)组呈现出更多的异常咀嚼型,后牙反(牙合)可能是反向及反向交叉咀嚼型的促成因素,尤伴有下颌偏斜,下颌前突及牙弓段反(牙合)时更明显。

The energetic surface circulation patterns of the Japan/East Sea

Abstract In the period of 1988–2001, 226 ARGOS fixed drifters were deployed in the Japan/East Sea (JES). From these and the historical file of temperature at a depth of 100 m, 15 m depth circulation and its variances in relationship to the seasonal mean warm and cold water regions were constructed on 0.5° resolutions. The strongest seasonal currents were: the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), the Tsushima Current (TC), the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC) and local eastwards intensifications along the sub-polar frontal patterns. The TC and NKCC were observed during summer and drifters passed through the Soya Strait only in summer. The sub-polar front occurred along 40°N in the northeastern JES; a separate front occurred in winter that was associated with the flow of warm water restricted to the southern JES. Small eddy energy was found in the cold water regime and large eddy energy in the warm water regime. Satellite altimeter and drifter tracks were used to mark the Wonsan Eddy found in the East Korean Bay, a yearly late summer occurrence. Mechanical energy flux from the mean circulation to mesoscale eddies occurred in EKWC, TC and the sub-polar front in the eastern JES with eddy kinetic energy doubling time of 15–60 days. The yearly mean circulation east of the Korean coast is organized into a broad, eddy-filled East Sea Current that contains weak anticyclonic gyres in the Ulleung and Yamato Basins. It accelerates toward the Yamato Rise and against the eastern coast of the JES. The published numerical model solutions show several historical circulation features but fail to capture many of the new structures described by the drifter data.

Attention and Brain Activity While Watching Television: Components of Viewer Engagement

Television commercials include elements designed to engage the viewer's attention. Manipulations of the commercial's visual structure that result in rapid pacing or frequent scene changes can be engaging because they require a frequent redirection of visual attention. Manipulations of semantic content through such techniques as the inclusion of humorous or anomalous elements can elicit cognitive engagement. Structural manipulations in videos are known to attenuate the alpha (8 to 13 Hz) rhythm of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded over posterior cortical regions involved with visual processes. To examine whether other engaging elements also affect the alpha rhythm, EEG was recorded from 10 participants who viewed television commercials. Principal components analysis was used to decompose the alpha rhythm into underlying factors that varied in spatial topography over the head and in spectral composition. Across commercials, the power of a posterior-distributed alpha component was inversely correlated with the frequency of scene changes. In contrast, a frontal component in the lower frequency portion of the alpha band was attenuated during commercials that elicited high subjective interest, independent of scene change frequency. And, an upper-frequency frontal alpha component was attenuated during commercials for which the item being advertised had a high probability of being subsequently recalled, independent of other factors. These frontal patterns of alpha reactivity are consistent with other neuroimaging results concerning frontal lobe activation by executive processes and episodic memory encoding. With appropriate neurologically guided analysis, EEG signals can provide a unique means of monitoring both perceptual and higher order neurocognitive processes during television viewing.