Frontal Border Research Articles

Anatomical study and measurements on the tongue of mature local breed ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) and geese (Anserinae)

By studying both species the results showed that the average weights of adult birds were 1445 gm in ducks. the average rate of tongue’s weight was 8.87 gm, and a relative weight of 0.61 gm, while the average weights in geese were 2374 gm, 11.28 gm, and 0.47 gm, respectively. The dorsal surface of the apex of the tongue of ducks was spoon-shaped, while the apex of the tongue of geese was round. but the ventral surface was triangular with a white plate termed the nail of the tongue in both species. The caudal part of the duck tongue makes the tongue comb which is placed in front of the lingual elevation, whereas the caudal part of the goose tongue forms the median furrow which is located at the front border of the lingual elevation. The margins of the tongue of both animals include large and small conical mechanical papillae, in addition to filiform papillae. A significant difference has been noted in the thickness of the apex and the root of the tongue between the two birds. Also, there was a significant difference in the width of the lingual elevation and root between the two birds.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE POSITION OF THE TENDON GRAFT HAMSTRING MUSCLE ON THE STABILITY OF THE KNEE JOINT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF PLASTICITY OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE POSTEROLATERAL ANGLE

Damage to the posterolateral angle of the knee joint is an injury that occurs occasionally and can be isolated or combined with tears of the posterior or anterior cruciate ligaments. The key link of damage to the posterior lateral corner is the rupture of the tendon of the hamstring muscle, mained stabilizer of excess external rotation lower legs. Objective. Determine the optimal fixation position tendon graft on the posterior surface of the tibia subject to recovery of the hamstring muscle which ensuring the greatest stability of the lower leg during external rotation. Methods. Models of the knee joint were built with different attachment points of the popliteal graft muscle in the ANSYS software environment. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of selecting the fixation point of the transplant were chosen as the degree of movement of the finite parts elements of the model. Results. The smallest movements in all directions received in the case when the transplant fixed as far as possible outwards and upwards, near the joint surface. Maximum — in the direction of the coordinate axes, as well as full movement were recorded for the control model, in the absence of the hamstring tendon The nature of the distribution of displacement fields in all models p graft and control were identical. Biggest there were additional displacements in the direction of the x axis (outward). on the front border of the platform, and the largest negative (so far redins) on the back. The largest additional shifts to the sides the y (front) axes are fixed at the leftmost limit and the largest negative (back) — to the rightю Conclusions. In view of the stability of the lower leg during rotational loading, the most effective is fixation of the hamstring graft on the back surface of the fibula is as late as possible and closer to its cardiac surface, finished in this case, the dimensions are found to be the smallest in all directions. The greatest displacement in all directions obtained in the control model for less tendon hamstring muscle.

The method of experimental determination of tangential stresses on the surface of flow around with a gaseous medium

Experimental research of the force load on the flow around surface is important for the design of aircraft and gas transport systems. The main parameter is the tangential stress, which is maximum in the boundary layer on the flow around surface. The velocity in the boundary layer and its thickness affect the tangential stresses that arise during the flow of the medium. They also have an influence on the friction coefficient, which characterizes the pressure losses. In the work, the method of experimental measurement of velocity on the flow around surface is considered, and an information and measurement system is proposed for determining the tangential stresses on the flow around surface based on the flow velocity measurement in the boundary layer. The algorithm of the measurement technique is presented in the form of a functional structural scheme of the laminar boundary layer on the surface of the flow around. The sensor for measuring the velocity in the boundary layer is installed at characteristic points namely at x distance from the front border of the flow around surface, and also at y height from the surface of the boundary layer. The results of the planned factorial experiment of air flow around the surface are given. The factors were the v 0 velocity of the air flow entering the flow around surface, the x distance from the edge of the surface, the y distance from the surface along the thickness of the layer. The response criterion was the calculated value of the tangential stress based on the vx measured flow velocity at a given point of the boundary layer. The developed method of studying the velocity distribution and determining the tangential stresses on the surface of the flow around under a dynamic boundary layer makes it possible to determine with high discreteness the parameters of the process of the surface around flow of a Newtonian gaseous medium.

Two new temporary ectoparasitic isopods (Cymothoida: Cymothooidea) from Korean waters with a note on geographical distributions of Rocinela Leach, 1818 and Gnathia Leach, 1814.

Two new species of temporary ectoparasitic isopods, Rocinela excavata sp. nov. and Gnathia obtusispina sp. nov., are reported from the southern Islands of the Korean Peninsula. Rocinela excavata sp. nov. is distinguishable from its related species by the following characteristics: (1) laterally stepped rostrum; (2) separated eyes; (3) propodal blade having eight robust setae; and (4) merus having four or five blunt robust setae in pereopods 1-3. Gnathia obtusispina sp. nov. differs from its congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) body covered with numerous tubercles and setae, (2) cephalon having tooth-like paraocular ornamentations; and (3) frontal border having two inferior frontolateral processes. These two new species are the 13th Rocinela species and 19th Gnathia species in the temperate Northern Pacific region, respectively. Discovery of these new species represents high species diversity of the genera Rocinela Leach, 1818 and Gnathia Leach, 1814 worldwide as well as in the Northern Pacific region. In addition, faunal diversity analysis on the members of both genera revealed that Rocinela species show high-latitude diversity whereas Gnathia species have low-latitude diversity.

Is Antarctica under threat of alien species invasion?

The last decade has seen a rapid development of scientific, logistic and tourist activities, especially in the Antarctic region with the mildest climatic conditions: the Antarctic Peninsula. This region is also exhibiting rapid regional warming and all of the already diagnosed alien species in the Antarctic Treaty Area were found within the Antarctic Peninsula. Identifying potential invasive species that can threaten this pristine area of the Earth helps us to take specific preventive actions. This article is a commentary on Hughes et al., 26, 2702-2716.

Evidence of vertical coupling: meteorological storm Fabienne on 23 September 2018 and its related effects observed up to the ionosphere

Abstract. A severe meteorological storm system on the frontal border of cyclone Fabienne passing above central Europe was observed on 23–24 September 2018. Large meteorological systems are considered to be important sources of the wave-like variability visible/detectable through the atmosphere and even up to ionospheric heights. Significant departures from regular courses of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters were detected in all analyzed datasets through atmospheric heights. Above Europe, stratospheric temperature and wind significantly changed in coincidence with fast frontal transition (100–110 km h−1). Zonal wind at 1 and 0.1 hPa changes from the usual westward before the storm to eastward after the storm. With this change are connected changes in temperature where at 1 hPa the analyzed area is colder and at 0.1 hPa warmer. Within ionospheric parameters, we have detected significant wave-like activity occurring shortly after the cold front crossed the observational point. During the storm event, both by Digisonde DPS-4D and continuous Doppler sounding equipment, we have observed strong horizontal plasma flow shears and time-limited increase plasma flow in both the northern and western components of ionospheric drift. The vertical component of plasma flow during the storm event is smaller with respect to the corresponding values on preceding days. The analyzed event of an exceptionally fast cold front of cyclone Fabienne fell into the recovery phase of a minor–moderate geomagnetic storm observed as a negative ionospheric storm at European mid-latitudes. Hence, ionospheric observations consist both of disturbances induced by moderate geomagnetic storms and effects originating in convective activity in the troposphere. Nevertheless, taking into account a significant change in the global circulation pattern in the stratosphere, we conclude that most of the observed wave-like oscillations in the ionosphere during the night of 23–24 September can be directly attributed to the propagation of atmospheric waves launched on the frontal border (cold front) of cyclone Fabienne. The frontal system acted as an effective source of atmospheric waves propagating upward up to the ionosphere.

Local temperature changes in the mesosphere due to a “horizontally propagating” turbulent patch

In this study, we model thermal changes in the background atmosphere due to a horizontally” moving” turbulent patch. We divide the process of mutual adjustment of the turbulent patch and the background atmosphere into the two stages: (i) Fast high-to-low transition of the atmospheric stability within the turbulent patch induced by strong adiabatic mixing within the “moving” turbulent patch. (ii) Slow adjustment of the ambient background atmosphere to a quasi-stabilized, near-adiabatic thermal stratification within the turbulent patch. Within the framework of the first stage, assuming the existence of a background downward heat flux, we developed a boundary value problem for a non-homogeneous heat equation that accounts for turbulent dissipative heating and mixing. This two-point boundary value problem was solved analytically by applying the Fourier method (separation of variables) to the thickness of the turbulent patch. The solution obtained tends towards equilibrium as the distance from the front border of the “moving” turbulent patch increases. Within the scope of the second stage, we solved the problem of thermal coupling of the two heat-transfer domains, one of which is characterized by a high coefficient of heat transfer. Solving this problem is the basis of our proposing that the thermal structure of a turbulent patch does not change under the influence of an ambient atmosphere, while the ambient atmosphere is cooled slowly above the turbulent patch and warmed slowly below it. Consequently, it is shown that the model temperature profiles demonstrate the same features as those observed in mesospheric inversion layers (MILs): temperature inversions and a near-adiabatic lapse rate between them.

Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Transarticular Screw Fixation: A Radiological Evaluation

In situations in which posterior atlanto-occipital fixation might not be possible or might require supplemental fixation, anterior fixation might add stability in obtaining arthrodesis. The present study aimed to provide a radiographic evaluation of the safety and feasibility in the anterior approach. The bilateral craniocervical computed tomography slices of 60 patients were examined. The anterior screw entry point was the lowest point at the middle anterior aspect of C1 (atlas) lateral mass. To avoid hypoglossal canal and craniocerebral injury, the height of the hypoglossal canal and occipital condyle and occipital condyle width were obtained. The mandible occlusion angle (MOA), anterior screw trajectory above, under, and distal to the hypoglossal canal (AHA, UHA, and DHA) relative to the tangent line of C1 front border were measured, together with the maximum screw length under each angle (AHL, UHL and DHL). An independent samples ttest was used for statistical analysis. The height of the hypoglossal canal and occipital condyle and occipital condyle width were all larger in the men than in the women. The MOA, AHA, UHA, and DHA were 55.0°, 18.7°, 41.0°, and 55.0°, respectively, and were similar between genders. The AHL, UHL, and DHL were 34.5, 30.9, and 31.3 mm, with the measurements for the men generally longer than those for the women by 3-4 mm. A total of 10 of 120 bilateral measurements showed the possibility of mandible occlusion, and the potential success rate of the anterior approach could reach 91.7%. The ideal entry angle for anterior atlanto-occipital fixation ranges from 41.0° to 55.0°, with a safe screw length from 30.9 to 31.3 mm. The potential success rate could reach >90%.

Ekstrakranijalna karotidna ateroskleroza u genezi infarkta mozga u graničnoj oblasti supratentorijalne lokalizacije

Introduction: The emergence of brain infarction depends to a great extent on the status of collateral blood circulation and is associated with hemodynamic instability. This kind of brain infarction is usually found in border vascular zones. Infarction of borderline fields arises between vascular territories ACA and ACM or between ACM and ACP, deep paraventricular infarcts in internal border zones, wound or triangular cortical infarcts, as well as major infarctions involving the entire irrigated territory of ACM. Aim:To define the atherosclerotic stenosis of the inner carotid artery and its significance in brain infarction genes in the borderline of supratentorial localization. Material and methods: Inclusion criteria for inclusion in the study are the existence of an infarct lesion in a predetermined border cortical and subcortical area of supratentorial localization. Data on extracranial atherosclerotic carotid disease were obtained by ultrasonographic inspection of a commercially available apparatus, 7-9 and 9-14 MHz probes/catheter. As a criterion for assessing the degree of carotid stenosis, the formula of the apparatus software was used: 100 x (A - B) / wherein Ais the area of the cross-section of the artery at the site of the largest stenosis, and the B surface of the free lumen artery cross section on the largest stenosis site. Results: The study included 30 selected patients, 12 (40%) females, aged 47-79, (± 62.3 years) and 18 (60%) male, aged 43-79 (± 58.7 years). Cortical infarction of the frontal border region (ACA - ACM) was seen in 11 (36.6%), 15 (50%) ACM - ACP infarct, while subcortical infarction between the surface and deep branches a. Cerebri media ACM - ACM), seen in 4 (13.4%) patients. Carotid atherosclerosis in the form of occlusion or significant stenosis with unilateral localization was observed in 6 (26%) patients, while bilateral changes were present in 17 (74%) patients. In the ACA + ACM group (ACM + ACM), a statistically significant increase in bilateral carotid artery involvement was observed in the group of patients with cerebral infarction of the last ACM-ACP border region (p = 0.018). Conclusion: The two-sided significant steno-occlusive atherosclerotic disease of the inner carotid artery is a very common and statistically significant finding in patients with endocardial infarction of supratentorial localization. This finding corroborates the pathophysiological explanation of this entity and opens up adequate therapeutic perspectives in the prevention and treatment of this kind of stroke.

The concept of the controlled movement of the tracked vehicle

This article is devoted to solving the actual problem - to define the concept of controlled movement of tracked vehicles. Uncertainty in the concept of controlled movement does not allow to solve practical problems related to the controllability of tracked vehicles. In the publication, controlled motion is considered as a transition from one steady state to another. Just a study of the steady-state motion regime will make it possible to determine the patterns between the force and kinematic parameters of controlled curvilinear motion and controlled parameters of a tracked vehicle. It is determined that controlled movement is such a movement in which the driver, acting on the controls, can change the mode of movement of the tracked vehicle in the right direction at the given time. If the movement of the tracked vehicle is carried out independently of the control actions of the driver or the reaction of the machine to the control action is uncertain, then such movement is uncontrollable. The analysis of transients from the rectilinear movement of the tracked vehicle to the curvilinear one is presented. It is shown that with curvilinear motion, the centrifugal force is balanced by the transverse reaction of the soil due to the displacement of the projection of the instantaneous center of rotation onto the longitudinal axis of the machine. The physical meaning of this bias is determined. During controlled curvilinear movement the center of mass of the tracked vehicle moves tangentially to the trajectory of movement, and the longitudinal axis will rotate around the center of mass by an additional angle relative to the tangent to the trajectory of movement in the direction of the instantaneous center of rotation. The indicator identifies a controlled, limitedly controlled and uncontrolled movement - the displacement of the instantaneous center of rotation on the longitudinal axis of the tracked vehicle to the level and beyond the front border of the supporting surfaces of the tracks. Thus, the conducted studies of the controlled curvilinear movement of tracked vehicles allow us to define the controllability and to identify the following types of movement: guaranteed controlled, limited controlled and uncontrolled movement.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HEATED GAS DISSOCIATION PROCESS INTO THE RESERVOIR SATURATED WITH METHANE AND ITS HYDRATE

The article presents the mathematical modeling of heated gas dissociation process into the reservoir saturated with methane and its hydrate. We studied how different factors has affected the dissociation process. The article shows that the gas hydrate dissociation in porous medium originates on a frontal border during the injection of heated gas.

Порівняння бокового та медіанного доступу за оваріогістеректомії у кішок

In the article results of examinations got in case of surgical accesses through the flank and ventral wall of the stomach’s implementation on purpose to the cats’ ovariohysterectomy are given. The research work was carried out on healthy sexually-mature cats. Surgeries were done in the upper third of the right flank abdominal wall and in the behind the umbilical zone. The cross-cut on the boundary of groin and illium area in the direction from the hook-bone’s front border to the fourth nipple of the mammary gland of the appropriate side was applied on the side abdominal wall. It is established that in case of the accomplishment of cat’s ovariohysterectomy with the use of suggested surgical access through the side abdominal wall a duration of an operation and a period of healing are in line with those which are in case of application of median laparotomy. It is proved that the surgical access with the cross-cut done in the upper third of the right flank abdominal wall and on the boundary of groin and illium area in case of cat’s ovariohysterectomy secure better opportunities for the fulfillment of the surgical method than the median one. It is also noted that in case of cat’s ovariohysterectomy the surgical access through the upper third of the right flank abdominal wall with the cut in the direction from the hook-bone’s front border to the fourth nipple of the mammary gland of the appropriate side could be recommended as an alternative of an access through the middle line of the stomach.

An anatomy study of temporal layers : the safe space for hyaluronic acid injection

To determine the safe space for hyaluronic acid(HA) injection through anatomy study of temporal layers. 6 fresh and 8 formaldehyde-fixed cadaver heads were dissected. The skin soft-tissue layers of temporal region were incised through the cranial coronal plane and elevated layer by layer. The morphological features of layers were observed and documented, as well as the relationship of the superficial temporal artery (STA),the temporal branch of facial nerve (TFN) and the middle temporal vein(MTV) with corresponding layers. Relevant neasurements of the superficial temporal fat pad (sTFD) were recorded. With reference of cardever dissection, temporal region injection with HA was carried out clinically to confirm the safety and effect. In the temporal region, from surface to the temporal fossa, the layers are skin, subcutaneous tissue, superfiacial temporal fascia (STF),loose areolar tissue, superficial layer of deep temporal fascia(sDTF), sTFD, deep layer of deep temporal fascia (dDTF),deep temporal fat pad (dTFD) and temporalis. The temporal skin is tightly attached with the subcutaneous tissue. The STA runs within the subcutaneous tissue on the STF, whereas the TFN within the areolar tissue was just beneath the STF. The loose areolar tissue is a potential layer space. The DTF splits into two sheets of fascia at the line 1 cm above the upper orbital rim to envelope the sTFD, within which the MTV runs backward. The dTFD is the temporal extension of buccal fat pad. With reference of cadever dissection, the target space of temporal HA injection was beneath the temporalis for the area superior to the MTV, whereas within the sTFD for the area inferior to the MTV.67 cases were completed with good result and no complication. In the upper area of temporal region adjacent to the frontal border, the sub-temporalis space is the safety space for HA injection, while inferior to the middle temporal vein and near the zygoma, the superficial temporal fat pad is the target space for safe HA injection.

1162 – Vascular factor in the etiology and pathogenesis of alzheimer’s disease

Introduction Vascular factor is very important in the development of AD. The research investigates the changes in the cerebral angioarchitectonics at various AD stages. Methods The research included 92 patients of which: Test Group: 47 aged 34–79 suffering from AD different stages including: • 4 with preclinical stages or high risk of disease development (TDR-0); • 15 with mild dementia (TDR-1); • 20 with moderate dementia (TDR-2); • 8 with severe dementia (TDR-3). Control Group: 45 aged 28–78 with various types of brain lesions accompanied by dementia but without Alzheimer’s disease including: • 15 with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency of atherosclerotic genesis and moderate dementia; • 12 with severe vascular dementia; • 14 with atherosclerotic parkinsonism; • 4 with Parkinson’s disease. Each patient underwent MRI, CT, SG, REG, MUGA. Results At AD different stages, changes in angioarchitectonics and microcirculation show themselves in: • lack of expressed atherosclerotic lesions of intracranial vessels - 47 (100%) patients, • reduction of capillary bed in the temporal and frontoparietal regions - 47 (100%), • development of multiple arteriovenous shunts in the same areas - 47 (100%), • corresponding early venous shunts - 47 (100%), • abnormal development of venous trunks receiving blood from arteriovenous shunts - 42 (89.4%), • venous congestion at frontal and parietal region border - 43 (91.5%), • increased loop fromation of intracranial arteries - 37 (78.7%). Control group patients had no combination of such changes. Conclusions We named the vascular factor in AD “the discirculatory angiopathy of Alzheimer’s type” (DAAT).

In uence of boundary conditions on 2D wave propagation in a rectangle

Work is devoted to generalization of a differential method of spatial characteristics to case of the flat task about distribution of waves in rectangular area of the final sizes with gaps in boundary conditions. On the basis of the developed numerical technique are received the settlement certainly differential ratios of dynamic tasks in special points of front border of rectangular area, where boundary conditions on coordinate aren’t continuous. They suffer a rupture of the first sort in points in which action P figurative dynamic loading begins. Results of research are brought to the numerical decision. AMS Subject Classification: isotropic environment, dynamic load, plane deformation, special point, tension, speed, wave progress, numerical solution, algorithm

Gnathia marleyi sp. nov. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from the Eastern Caribbean

A new species of gnathiid was collected in June-August 2008 and 2009 from various sites in the Eastern Caribbean. Third stagepranizae taken from fish hosts were maintained in fresh sea water until their moult into males or females. Distinctive features ofthe adult male cephalosome include a produced frontal border with conical superior fronto-lateral processes and a slightly sunkeninferior conical medio-frontal process. The male mandible is 0.8 times the length of cephalosome with 10 to 11 processes ondentate blade. The adult female has a rectangular cephalosome with convex lateral margins, 1.2 times as wide as long with noparaocular ornamentation. The female frontal border is broadly rounded, produced and slightly concave anteriorly. The third stage praniza is characterised by a mandible with 8 large, triangular teeth, directed backwardly and 2 small teeth at the tip.

Gnathia masca sp. nov. (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Gnathia masca sp. nov. is described from material collected off Coconut Beach, Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Aus-tralia. Males are characterised by a cephalosome with a shallow dorsal sulcus that stretches half its length, a slightly pro-duced frontal border with two conical superior fronto-lateral processes and a conical inferior medio-frontal process. Malemandibles have 6 processes on the dentate blade and a distinct internal lobe with 6 or 7 crenulations and a single largedistal process. Live males, females and larvae are characterized by brown pigmentation especially in the male where it forms a dark band that stretches between the eyes, giving it the appearance of a mask.

Revival Deformation Mechanism of Hefeng Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir based on FLAC3D Software

Based on groundwater flow equation and static equilibrium equations, coupling model of seepage and stress field of Hefeng landslide was built by FLAC3D software, and then revival deformation mechanism was analyzed. Results show that, landslide displacement constraint at the toe of landslide occurred for osmotic pressure while the reservoir water rises to 173 meters, and reservoir water don’t lower the stability of accumulative landslide. But displacement constraint at the toe of landslide gradually reduced while reservoir water drops from 173 meters to 169 meters, and deformation at front border is bigger than rear border, and displacement vectors toward outside slope, so reservoir water dropdown would lower the stability of such accumulation landslide, and then the left part of landslide revived.

Gnathia nubila n. sp. and a new record of Gnathia grandilaris (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) that parasitizes elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters, Japan

Gnathiid larvae were collected as ectoparasites on elasmobranchs caught in fisheries off Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, southwestern Japan. The larvae were reared in a laboratory aquarium; some metamorphosed into male and female adults of Gnathia nubila n. sp. and Gnathia grandilaris Coetzee, Smit, Grutter & Davies, 2008. Males of G. nubila n. sp. were easily distinguished from all other species by the bifit and dentate mediofrontal process of the frontal border and by a narrow pleotelson. Gnathia grandilaris was originally recorded from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, and here we report a second find of this species from the Ryukyus. Since the first description did not include female adult of G. grandilaris, we provide the morphology of female.

Gnathia trimaculata n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), an ectoparasite found parasitising requiem sharks from off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Gnathia trimaculata n. sp. is described from one black tip reef shark Carcharinus melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard and four grey reef sharks C. amblyrhynchos Bleeker collected off Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Third-stage juveniles (praniza 3) were maintained in fresh seawater until they moulted into adults. Male adults emerged seven days post-removal (d.p.r) of pranizae from host fishes, whereas the female pranizae completed their moult into adult females 24 d.p.r. Distinctive features include the relatively large size of all stages and the unique mediofrontal process of the male, which is divided into two lobes forming a key-hole shape between them. The female frontal border is characterised by paired simple, pappose setae on the sides of the mid-dorsal area, as well as four long, pappose setae on the mid-dorsal region. The pranizae have eight teeth on each mandible. Live pranizae have stripes and three pairs of distinctive black spots within yellow circles on the sides of the pereonites and this pigmentation pattern persists in the adults. This represents the second description of a gnathiid parasitising elasmobranchs off Australia.