Front End Research Articles

A Hybrid Heavy Duty Diesel Power System for Off-Road Applications—Concept Validation

Abstract A multiyear power system R&D program was completed with the objective of developing an off-road hybrid heavy duty diesel engine with front end accessory drive-integrated energy storage. This system was validated to deliver 10.5–25.6% reduction in fuel consumption over current Tier 4 Final-based 18L diesel engines, over various off-road machine application cycles. The power system consisted of a downsized heavy-duty diesel 13L engine containing advanced combustion technologies, capable of elevated peak cylinder pressures and thermal efficiencies, thermal barrier coatings, exhaust waste heat recovery via SuperTurbo™ turbocompounding, and hybrid energy assisting and recovery through both mechanical and electrical systems. Following the concept definition, design, and analysis phases of the program, the final phase focused on building and validating the performance and efficiency in laboratory tests. While aspects of the system such as start/stop and reduced off-road cooling package energy losses were only analytically evaluated, the main 13L concept engine with full hybrid system was successfully built and tested in steady-state and in transient certification and real-world application cycles. Extensive simulations in Caterpillar's DYNASTY™ software environment utilized the validation test data to assess performance more fully and confidently over varied cycles and strategies. An average fuel consumption reduction of 17.9% was realized, and the majority (∼13%) of the benefit stemmed from the core concept 13L engine. To conclude, a total cost of ownership analysis provides context to commercial viability and where adoption focus should be placed.

Grinding surface and subsurface stress load of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD5

Nickel-based single crystal superalloys have broad application prospects in the aerospace field. Their excellent physical properties enable the workpiece to serve in complex environments for a long time, and are often used in the most complex stress and the worst working conditions. However, the damage caused by mechanical material removal deteriorates the wafer surface flatness and die strength, while its surface and subsurface formation principle has yet to be revealed. This study aims to analyze the influence of abrasive particles on the load of the workpiece during machining was scrutinized through the lens of stress tensor, yield performance, and third invariant. The results indicate that, a substantial stress load is exerted on the front end of the abrasive grain, leading to the yield deformation of the workpiece. Conversely, the stress load at the bottom of the abrasive grain is comparatively lower, resulting in tensile deformation and the formation of a discernible plastic damage layer. To delve deeper into the workpiece's damage phenomenon, this study conducts a comparative analysis from the standpoints of chips, surface morphology, and subsurface characteristics of DD5. Experimental results indicate that the chips on the contact surface exhibits a relatively smooth texture, while the grinding surface manifests grooves of varying depths. Concurrently, subsurface analysis reveals the presence of slip deformation and elemental flow. This investigation elucidates the intricate interplay between the grinding process and subsurface loading, offering valuable insights to enhance the quality and precision of nickel-based single-crystal superalloy workpiece manufacturing.

Validitas Modul Pembelajaran Biologi Materi Jaringan Pada Tumbuhan Kelas XI. IPA MAN 1 Solok Selatan

A module is a type of teaching material that is packaged completely and systematically. MAN 1 Solok Selatan already has teaching materials, namely textbooks. In terms of the availability of textbooks at the school, it is not sufficient for the number of students, so not all students can borrow textbooks. There are shortcomings in the package book, namely that the material in the book is still minimal, as well as a lack of pictures of plant tissue. This research aims to produce a module on tissue material in plants for class XI. IPA MAN 1 Solok Selatan which is very valid and very practical. This research was conducted in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 academic year in class XI. IPA at MAN 1 Solok Selatan. This research is development research using a 4-D model which includes 4 stages, namely the define, design, develop and disseminate stages. This research was only carried out at the develop stage, namely validity testing. In the define stage, front end analysis is carried out (using questionnaires and interviews), student analysis, and task analysis starting from content structure analysis, concept analysis and learning objective analysis. The design stage is carried out by designing modules. In the develop stage, a validity test was carried out by filling out a questionnaire by 2 lecturers and 1 Biology teacher. Data were analyzed using percentage techniques and processed using descriptive analysis. The validity results by lecturers and teachers obtained an average of 91.81% with very valid criteria. It can be concluded that the module on plant tissue material for class XI IPA MAN 1 South Solok that was developed is very valid.

Influence of Co-Parenting on Parental Burnout: A Moderated Mediation Model.

Adolescence has always been regarded as a period of rapid psychological and behavioral change. Adolescents are subject to more difficult behaviors, and those difficult behaviors have a great impact on co-parenting and parenting burnout. In order to reveal the relationship between these factors, this study investigated the mediating effect of difficult adolescent behaviors on that relationship by constructing a theoretical model and examined the moderating effect of family functioning. In order to provide a scientific basis for preventing and intervening in adolescents' problematic behaviors and improving parents' parenting burnout, we conducted a study on the parents of 1638 teenagers in a junior high school in Huanggang City, China in May 2023, with a questionnaire filled out by the parents. The research tools included a parenting burnout questionnaire, Parental collaborative parenting Scale (PPCR), Adolescent Strengths and Difficult Behaviors Questionnaire (Parental Version), Family Function Scale, etc. An independent sample t test and ANOVA test were used to analyze whether there are certain demographic variables in parenting burnout, and SPSS27.0 was used for descriptive statistics, reliability and validity tests, correlation analysis and common method deviation tests. The adjusted mediation model was tested by using the SPSS macro program Process4.0. Results: The variance in the explanatory capacity of the largest factor in this study was 21.955%, which did not exceed the critical value of 40%, so there was no obvious common method deviation in the data of this study. The independent sample t test and ANOVA test showed that there are certain differences in parental rearing burnout dependent on parental gender, the main caregivers, family economic income and demographic variables. The results of the adjusted mediation model test by Process4.0 show the following: (1) Adolescent difficult behavior plays an intermediary role between parental collaborative parenting and parenting burnout; (2) the indirect effect of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout through adolescents' problematic behaviors is regulated by family functions; (3) the relationship between adolescent difficult behavior and parenting burnout is regulated by family function; (4) the direct influence of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout is also regulated by family function. Conclusion: Adolescents' difficult behavior partially mediates the influence of parents' collaborative parenting on parenting burnout. In addition, family function not only mediates the front and back ends of mediation, but also mediates the direct influence of collaborative parenting on parenting burnout. These findings are instructive for improving family parenting problems and promoting adolescent development. The results of this study may be helpful in enhancing parents' awareness of parenting of adolescents in China, which will provide reference for some teachers in China to understand adolescent behavior. At the same time, the results may provide new enlightenment for mental health professionals and enable them to fully understand the parenting contradictions between parents and adolescents in China.

Design of a high-precision clock distribution and synchronization system

In large-scale nuclear and particle physics experiments, there is a high demand for high precision clock distribution and synchronization. In this paper, the design and testing of a high precision clock distribution and synchronization system for the CSR External Target Experiment (CEE) is presented. To achieve high synchronization precision, a dedicated high-quality clock distribution network is designed, while the timestamp synchronization is achieved over the existing trigger link in CEE with a customized protocol in order to simplify the system structure. Automatic metastability elimination and real-time monitoring of both the timestamps on the front end nodes and the clock electronics status are also implemented. The test results indicate that the period jitter of the clock network is better than 4 ps rms, and all the expected functionalities have been achieved successfully.

Study of the effect of pipe wall conduit on the characteristics of methane explosion in the bend pipe

ABSTRACT To improve the efficiency and protection level of combustible gas explosion relief in urban underground pipeline corridors, we built a 150 × 150 × 2000 mm3 transparent pipeline experimental platform to simulate underground pipeline corridors and studied the effect of different positions and diameters of explosion relief conduits on the side of the pipeline on the characteristics of the explosion of methane in the pipeline. The results show that the flame is twisted and deformed at the bend, increasing the contact area between the fuel and oxygen, thus causing flame acceleration. Wall conduit relief bend in the flame has a certain hysteresis, in the front end of the bend, and the back end of the pipe wall conduit were installed, the flame propagation time of 254 ms, and 200 ms, respectively, increased by 71 ms, and 17 ms, the delay ratio of 38.80%, 9.29%, respectively. When the front part of the pipe wall conduit pipe diameter of 60 mm, 80 mm, and 100 mm, the flame propagation time was delayed 71 ms, 82 ms, and 105 ms, the delay ratio of 38.80%, 44.81%, 57.38%, and the position of the front of the pipe wall conduit pipe diameter is larger, the lower the peak explosion pressure.

A lifetime prediction model based on two-path convolution with attention mechanism and bidirectional long short-term memory network

With the continuous advancement of technology, modern industrial equipment is becoming increasingly complex, integrated, and automated. The complexity of industrial processes often involves multiple variables, strong coupling, nonlinearity, variable operating conditions, and significant noise, making the establishment of accurate remaining useful life (RUL) prediction models a challenging research direction. This paper proposes a lifetime prediction model based on two-path convolution with attention mechanisms and a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network. The model’s front end employs two-path convolution scales and attention modules to extract key fault information from bearings, enhancing the model’s noise resistance. It utilizes adaptive batch normalization and Meta-Aconc activation functions to adaptively adjust the neurons of the model, thereby enhancing its generalization capabilities. The model’s back end uses a BiLSTM network to remember and process the degradation information of bearings, achieving the prediction of bearing RUL. Furthermore, the model’s accuracy is evaluated using root mean square error and a scoring function assessment system. Comparative experiments demonstrate the model’s higher predictive accuracy. Finally, robustness and generalization experiments have proven the model to adapt well in scenarios with noise interference and working condition transitions. This model provides a reference for the prediction of the life of rotating machinery in practical scenarios with strong noise and variable operating conditions.

Multi-Modal Spectroscopic Assessment of Skin Hydration.

Human skin acts as a protective barrier, preserving bodily functions and regulating water loss. Disruption to the skin barrier can lead to skin conditions and diseases, emphasizing the need for skin hydration monitoring. The gold-standard sensing method for assessing skin hydration is the Corneometer, monitoring the skin's electrical properties. It relies on measuring capacitance and has the advantage of precisely detecting a wide range of hydration levels within the skin's superficial layer. However, measurement errors due to its front end requiring contact with the skin, combined with the bipolar configuration of the electrodes used and discrepancies due to variations in various interfering analytes, often result in significant inaccuracy and a need to perform measurements under controlled conditions. To overcome these issues, we explore the merits of a different approach to sensing electrical properties, namely, a tetrapolar bioimpedance sensing approach, with the merits of a novel optical sensing modality. Tetrapolar bioimpedance allows for the elimination of bipolar measurement errors, and optical spectroscopy allows for the identification of skin water absorption peaks at wavelengths of 970 nm and 1450 nm. Employing both electrical and optical sensing modalities through a multimodal approach enhances skin hydration measurement sensitivity and validity. This layered approach may be particularly beneficial for minimising errors, providing a more robust and comprehensive tool for skin hydration assessment. An ex vivo desorption experiment was carried out on fresh porcine skin, and an in vivo indicative case study was conducted utilising the developed optical and bioimpedance sensing devices. Expected outcomes were expressed from both techniques, with an increase in the output of the optical sensor voltage and a decrease in bioimpedance as skin hydration decreased. MLR models were employed, and the results presented strong correlations (R-squared = 0.996 and p-value = 6.45 × 10-21), with an enhanced outcome for hydration parameters when both modalities were combined as opposed to independently, highlighting the advantage of the multimodal sensing approach for skin hydration assessment.

Quarter-Annulus Si-Photodetector with Equal Inner and Outer Radii of Curvature for Reflective Photoplethysmography Sensors.

Reflection-type photoplethysmography (PPG) pulse sensors used in wearable smart watches, true wireless stereo, etc., have been recently considered a key component for monitoring biological signals such as heart rate, SPO3, and blood pressure. Typically, the optical front end (OFE) of these PPG sensors is heterogeneously configured and packaged with light sources and receiver chips. In this paper, a novel quarter-annulus photodetector (NQAPD) with identical inner and outer radii of curvature has been developed using a plasma dicing process to realize a ring-type OFE receiver, which maximizes manufacturing efficiency and increases the detector collection area by 36.7% compared to the rectangular PD. The fabricated NQAPD exhibits a high quantum efficiency of over 90% in the wavelength of 500 nm to 740 nm and the highest quantum efficiency of 95% with a responsivity of 0.41 A/W at the wavelength of 530 nm. Also, the NQAPD is shown to increase the SNR of the PPG signal by 5 to 7.6 dB compared to the eight rectangular PDs. Thus, reflective PPG sensors constructed with NQAPD can be applied to various wearable devices requiring low power consumption, high performance, and cost-effectiveness.

LRPL-VIO: A Lightweight and Robust Visual-Inertial Odometry with Point and Line Features.

Visual-inertial odometry (VIO) algorithms, fusing various features such as points and lines, are able to improve their performance in challenging scenes while the running time severely increases. In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight point-line visual-inertial odometry algorithm to solve this problem, called LRPL-VIO. Firstly, a fast line matching method is proposed based on the assumption that the photometric values of endpoints and midpoints are invariant between consecutive frames, which greatly reduces the time consumption of the front end. Then, an efficient filter-based state estimation framework is designed to finish information fusion (point, line, and inertial). Fresh measurements of line features with good tracking quality are selected for state estimation using a unique feature selection scheme, which improves the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Finally, validation experiments are conducted on public datasets and in real-world tests to evaluate the performance of LRPL-VIO and the results show that we outperform other state-of-the-art algorithms especially in terms of speed and robustness.

Molecular phylogeny and ethology of the Family Plagiostomidae (Platyhelminthes, Prolecithophora), with integrative description of a new species, Plagiostomum robusta A. Wang, sp. nov.

The taxon Prolecithophora, which is closely related to the well-known clade Tricladida, is rarely studied, particularly in terms of molecular phylogeny and behavioral characteristics. In this study, we employed an integrative analysis of molecular phylogeny, histology, and ethology to describe a new marine species, Plagiostomum robusta A.Wang, sp. nov. of the order Prolecithophora. Additionally, we obtained its nearly complete mitogenome sequence with annotations of 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes. P. robusta is characterized by several features, including a pair of short tentacles, a terminal mouth and a terminal gonopore, a large variable pharynx, two extended front ends of the intestine, paired testes located behind the ovaries and outside the vitellaria, a muscular and movable distal sac, and a long tubular penis surrounded by a sheath. The phylogenetic analysis, based on 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA, revealed that the new species formed a clade with six Plagiostomum flatworms, indicating a close kinship with Plagiostomum. Despite contradictions between the traditional morphological classification system and the results of molecular phylogenetics, we chose to assign the new species to Plagiostomum based on comprehensive considerations. Moreover, our study has provided more insights into the behavioral features of Plagiostomidae species, as we found that P. robusta fed on other flatworms and engaged in cannibalism, and unexpectedly it mated via hypodermic inpregnation. This study represents the first comprehensive description of the reproductive behavior of Plagiostomidae species, contributing to the more in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of this group.

Navigating through learning tensions at the front end: How firms can motivate paradoxical thinking when screening the creativity of ideas

Idea screening is crucial as it must select the most promising ideas that are best suited to increase front‐end success. Although paradox theory indicates that learning tensions characterize the evaluation and screening of idea creativity, we know little about how idea screeners navigate through the associated competing demands. In response, we investigate the effects of idea screeners' paradoxical thinking on the assessment of the creativity of ideas as well as its motivational antecedents of paradoxical thinking. By analyzing a survey (N = 326) and an experiment (N = 292), we show that paradoxical thinking increases front‐end success and both dimensions of idea creativity (encompassing meaningfulness and novelty). In turn, by creating a motivational context (comprising decision autonomy, encouragement to take risks, and tolerance for mistakes), firms can provide the antecedents to adopt paradoxical thinking. Our study contributes to and extends the literature on screening idea creativity and paradox theory.

A green-footprint approach for parallel multiclass analysis of contaminants in roasted coffee via LC-HRMS

The development and validation of a simple, comprehensive, and environment-friendly procedure to determine pesticide residues, naturally occurring and processing contaminants in roasted coffee is presented. A solid-liquid extraction of pesticides and mycotoxins with ethyl acetate and the concurrent partition of acrylamide to an aqueous phase follows a parallel analytical strategy that requires a single analytical portion to determine contaminants that are typically analyzed by dedicated single residue methods. The partition rules the lipids out of the aqueous extract before an “in-tube” dispersive solid phase microextraction (dSPME) for acrylamide retention. This is followed by the elution with buffer prior to injection. This extract is independently introduced into the system front end followed by the injection of the compounds from the organic phase, yet all spotted in the same run. A novel liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method setup enables the quantification of 186 compounds at 10 µg/kg, 226 at 5 µg/kg, and the acrylamide at 200 µg/kg for a total of 414 molecules, with acceptable recoveries (70–120%) and precision (RSD < 20%) making this strategy significantly faster and cost-effective than the dedicated single residue methods. Even though the presence of chlorpyrifos, acrylamide, and ochratoxin A was confirmed on samples of different origins, the findings were below the limit of quantification. During the storage of raw coffee, no proof of masking of OTA was found; however, condensation with glucose was evidenced during thermal processing experiments with sucrose by using stable isotope labeling (SIL). No detected conjugates were found in roasted nor in commercial sugar-added torrefacto samples, an industrial processing usually carried out above the decomposition temperature of the disaccharide.Graphical abstract

Improvement in the photothermal conversion performance of a solar cavity receiver with concave spherical windows

Photothermal conversion parameters are key indicators for measuring the operational performance of solar cavity receivers. By utilizing the redistributive ability of a functional surface in an optical concave lens to transmit solar radiation, previous studies have shown that installing a concave spherical quartz window at the front end of a solar cavity receiver can homogenize the flux distribution on the receiver wall. On this basis, research has been conducted on the impact of solar cavity receivers with concave spherical windows on their photothermal conversion performance. Based on the finite volume method, a coupling model for photothermal conversion in the receiver is established to calculate the heat transfer efficiency and temperature distribution of the receiver for different windows. The results indicate that, compared with a receiver with a flat quartz window, a receiver with a concave spherical quartz window can significantly reduce the peak temperature and peak temperature gradient of the spiral tube in the receiver, effectively improving the temperature distribution of the tube. When DNI = 1000 W/m2, the flow velocity at the inlet is 2.5 m/s, and the temperature at the inlet is 650 K. The receiver with a concave spherical quartz window has a reduced temperature peak from 868.09 K to 834.23 K and a temperature gradient from 2.46 K/mm to 1.27 K/mm relative to the receiver with a flat quartz window. This study provides ideas for the design of cavity receivers and improves their photothermal conversion performance.

Si/SiO2 silicon-on-insulator based scaffold for interfacing with cerebral organoids

Cerebral organoids are hSPC derived tissue complexes that self-organize over an extended period and begin to recapitulate certain features of in vivo neurogenesis, and there is a need to develop tools that allow for the physical and electrical interrogation of these cell complexes as they mature. Presented here is a method of manufacturing thin, porous, scalable silicon scaffolds as a structure to support multi-electrode arrays using industry standard semiconductor fabrication techniques. Mechanical tests by nanoindentation demonstrate the scaffold as linearly elastic with an approximated effective stiffness of 51.6 MPa. Biological cell studies indicate that mature Cerebral Organoids are capable of cellular expansion through, and partially absorbing, the scaffold, with 0.125 mm3 ± 0.027 of new tissue generation over a 5-day culture period. The structure is designed for compatibility with front end of line and back end of line semiconductor processes for future integration with metal electrodes, which enables deep tissue access in multi-cellular structures.

Click Conjugation of Zwitterionic Peptide with DNA Strand: An Efficient Antifouling Strategy for Versatile Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor.

Advanced antifouling biosensors have garnered considerable attention for their potential for precise and sensitive analysis in complex human bodily fluids. Herein, a pioneering approach was utilized to establish a robust and versatile photoelectrochemical aptasensor by conjugating a zwitterionic peptide with a DNA strand. Specifically, the branched zwitterionic peptide (BZP) was efficiently linked to complementary DNA (cDNA) through a click reaction, forming the BZP-cDNA conjugate. This intriguing conjugate exploited the BZP domain to create an antifouling biointerface, while the cDNA component facilitated subsequent hybridization with probe DNA (pDNA). To advance the development of the aptasensor, an upgraded PDA/HOF-101/ZnO ternary photoelectrode was designed as the signal converter for the modification of the BZP-cDNA conjugate, while a bipyridinium (MCEPy) molecule with strong electron-withdrawing properties was labeled at the front end of the pDNA to form the pDNA-MCEPy signal probe. Targeting the model of mucin-1, a remarkable enhancement in the photocurrent signal was achieved through exonuclease-I-aided target recycling. Such an engineered zwitterionic peptide-DNA conjugate surpasses the limitations imposed by conventional peptide-based sensing modes, exhibiting unique advantages such as versatility in design and capability for signal amplification.

Tram-Pedestrian Collision Modeling Using Experimental Data—Its Validation, Repeatability, and Challenges: A Pilot Study

To satisfy the needs of growing urban populations, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and improve the environmental conditions and quality of life in cities, there has been an increasing demand for public transport, especially effective and economically beneficial trams. As a consequence, the issue of pedestrians’ safety has become more important because of a higher risk of tram-pedestrian collisions. The article is focused on the development of a computational model that can accurately simulate such collisions, and its challenges and limitations. Experiments were conducted using various types of trams, different impact speeds, and an anthropomorphic test device (dummy). Computational models of the tram front ends were created based on CAD geometry supplied by VÚKV a.s. The finite-element mesh itself used a combination of 1D, 2D, and 3D elements. Depending on the shape of the individual components, TRIA, QUAD, HEX, PENTA, and TETRA elements were used for modeling. The results showed that the consequences of these collisions are sensitive to small differences in the posture of the dummies. Therefore, it is difficult to identify a generally more pedestrian-friendly shape for trams using the dummy-tram crash test method.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MERN, MEAN AND MEVN STACKS IN WEB DEVELOPMENT

Choosing a technology stack is a critical decision that affects how software projects progress in the ever- changing field of web development. Regarding web development, a technology stack is a set of tools, frameworks, and programming languages that are utilized in the construction of an application's front end and back end. In addition to making the development process easier, these stacks provide the groundwork for the finished product's performance, scalability, and maintainability. JavaScript-based stacks are becoming serious contenders as businesses and developers search for frameworks that provide efficiency, scalability, and flexibility. Starting with a thorough examination and comparison of three popular JavaScript stacks, this research paper examines MEAN (MongoDB, Express, Angular and Node.js), MERN (MongoDB, Express, React and Node.js) and MEVN (MongoDB, Express, Vue.js and Node.js). Keywords: Web Development, MERN Stack, MEAN Stack, MEVN Stack, ReactJS, AngularJS, VueJS

SqueezeNet: An Improved Lightweight Neural Network for Sheep Facial Recognition

To quickly realize facial identity recognition in sheep, this paper proposes a lightweight detection algorithm based on SSD with a self-constructed dataset. Firstly, the algorithm replaces the VGG16 backbone of SSD with the lightweight neural network SqueezeNet, creating a lightweight hybrid network model. Secondly, an ECA mechanism is introduced at the front end of the pooling layer with a parameter volume of 12 × 1000 into the feature extraction network. Lastly, the smoothL1 loss function is replaced with the BalancedL1 loss function. The optimal model size has been reduced from the original SSD’s 132 MB to 35.8 MB. The average precision is 82.39%, and the mean frame rate is 66.11 frames per second. Compared to the baseline SSD model, the average precision has improved by 2.17%, the model volume has decreased by 96.2 MB, and the detection speed has increased by 7.13 frames per second. Using the same dataset on different target detection models for comparison tests, the average accuracy mean values are improved by 2.17%, 3.63%, and 1.30% compared to the SSD model, Faster R-CNN model, and Retinanet model, respectively, which substantiates a better overall performance compared to the pre-improvement model. This paper proposes an improved model that significantly reduces the model size and its computation while keeping the model performance at a high level, providing a methodological reference for the digitization of livestock farming.

A Metamaterial Surface Avoiding Loss from the Radome for a Millimeter-Wave Signal-Sensing Array Antenna

Radar systems are a type of sensor that detects radio signals reflected from objects located a long distance from transmitters. For covering a longer range and a higher resolution in the operation of a radar, a high-frequency band and an array antenna are measures to take. Given a limited size to the antenna aperture in the front end of the radar, the choice of a millimeter-wave band leads to a denser layout for the array antenna and a higher antenna gain. Millimeter-wave signals tend to become attenuated faster by a larger loss of the covering material like the radome, implying this disadvantage offsets the advantage of high antenna directivity, compared to the C-band and X-band ones. As the radome is essential to the radar system to protect the array antenna from rain and dust, a metamaterial surface in the layer is suggested to meet multiple objectives. Firstly, the proposed electromagnetic structure is the protection layer for the source of radiation. Secondly, the metasurface does not disturb the millimeter-wave signal and makes its way through the cover layer to the air. This electromagnetically transparent surface transforms the phase distribution of the incident wave into the equal phase in the transmitted wave, resulting in an increased antenna gain. This is fabricated and assembled with the array antenna held in a 3D-printed jig with harnessing accessories. It is examined in view of S21 as the transfer coefficient between two ports of the VNA, having the antenna alone and with the metasurface. Additionally, the far-field test comes next to check the validity of the suggested structure and design. The bench test shows around a 7 dB increase in the transfer coefficient, and the anechoic chamber field test gives about a 5 dB improvement in antenna gain for a 24-band GHz array antenna.