Front-end Design Research Articles

Analysis of Front-End Design in New Energy Vehicles Based on Theory of Visual Perception Dynamics

This study aims to explore how the distribution of visual forces in the front-end design of new energy vehicles influences the overall image of the vehicle and market preferences, providing theoretical references for designers. The study is grounded in the theory of visual perception dynamics, combined with the semantic differential method, and involves a detailed analysis of the front-end designs of four popular new energy SUVs. It begins by selecting new energy vehicle samples based on user surveys, then establishes a semantic vocabulary, and gathers public impressions of the front-end designs of the four models. These designs are then subjected to an in-depth analysis using the theory of visual perception dynamics to examine the distribution of visual forces. The results indicate that different distributions of visual forces and design strategies can effectively convey various visual impressions of the vehicle, thereby meeting the aesthetic needs of different consumer groups. Dynamic visual effects can be created by combining opposing and ascending forces; power and dominance are conveyed through repeated opposition and the convergence of visual elements; elegance and dignity emerge from a balanced distribution of forces; and stability is reinforced by emphasizing horizontal divergence and shifting the visual center downward. This study provides new perspectives and methods for front-end design in new energy vehicles, with the hope of positively influencing future design practices.

DESIGN OF A 24.5 GHZ CMOS LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER USING 0.13-µM TECHNOLOGY FOR 6G WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

The need for high-performance circuit designs is growing as wireless communication technologies continue to advance and support newer generations of wireless applications. Much emphasis has been focused on the possibility of the 24 GHz frequency band in next-generation wireless networks, including 5G and beyond. Designing a low noise amplifier (LNA) operating at 24 GHz presents several challenges. The primary concerns include achieving high gain, low power consumption, low noise figure, and while maintaining good linearity and stability. This paper presents the design, simulation, and layout of a CMOS LNA optimized for operation at 24.5 GHz frequency, targeting 6G and beyond wireless communication applications. The proposed LNA employs three stages with a cascode topology at the first stage and follow by a common source stage at second and third stage. The three stages help to achieve high gain, and the source degeneration inductor at the first stage helps to improve linearity. Extensive simulations were conducted using a 0.13-µm CMOS technology, demonstrating a peak gain of 21 dB and a noise figure of 5.6 dB at 24.5 GHz. The LNA also exhibits good linearity and stability over a wide bandwidth. The performance metrics were validated through simulation and comparison, showcasing the feasibility of the designed LNA for 6G applications. This work contributes to the advancement of CMOS-based radio frequency (RF) front-end designs for next-generation wireless communication systems.

A study of advances in machine learning-based electronic design automation

Abstract. The electronic design automation (EDA) is a convenient tool for designing integrated circuits (IC), which is employed extensively both in academic and engineering. The design of integrated circuits is conducted in accordance with a defined design flow, commonly referred to as the chip design flow, which can be divided into two distinct parts, the front-end design and the back-end design. Following a long period of evolution, the chip design flow of EDA has been gradually improved. Besides, it achieved some accomplishments during this period. However, with the growing demand of ICs, especially Very Large-Scale Integration Circuit (VLSI), the existing EDA is not adequate for the requirement. In addition, the EDA technology has been so developed that it is relatively less flexible. In this context, concerns about the future of EDA have recently emerged. In response to this challenge, research has mentioned that machine learning methods (ML methods) can improve the functionality of EDA. The ML method covers most of steps of EDAs design flow, especially back-end design. The machine learning-based electronic design automation is still in its infancy, which is presented with a multitude of challenges. Therefore, the paper explores the development of EDA by reviewing and organizing the related literature, and summarizes the application of ML methods in EDA, thereby providing the future development trend of ML-based EDA.

Project-Based Indonesian Language Course Innovation to Improve Student's Critical Thinking

This research aims to develop and assess the feasibility of project-based Indonesian language textbooks in enhancing critical thinking among Medan State University students. Following the 4-D model of Research & Development, the process involves analysis, textbook design, material development, and dissemination. Needs analysis includes front-end and material design analyses to formulate learning objectives. The design stage entails compiling project-based learning materials, selecting media, and designing the book's specifications. In the development stage, textbooks are produced and validated by experts, with validation results exceeding 87% for both material and media. Dissemination involves distributing the textbooks to students to test practicality, resulting in a practicality test score of 87.74%. Validation and implementation scores indicate "very feasible" status without the need for revision. Consequently, the project-based Indonesian language course innovation is deemed "valid" and eligible for use as the primary teaching material at Medan State University, promising to enhance students' critical thinking skills.

AI Fusion Hub: Advances in AI-Powered Communication Platforms

The "AI Fusion Hub" introduces a new network based on MERN that integrates advanced AI projects. The platform leverages natural language processing and machine learning models to revolutionize user communication, productivity and creativity. The front-end design using React.js provides excellent power and functionality, making the user experience seamless. On the backend, Node.js and Express.js support powerful external processing, while MongoDB handles data storage and retrieval efficiently. The platform is deployed on the Vercel cloud, ensuring capacity and reliability. Key features include scripting, sentence generation, AI-powered chatbot interactions, text-to-JavaScript code conversion, and a sci-fi generator. These features provide users with many tools for effective communication and content creation. The project not only demonstrates the alignment between the evolution of web technology and intelligence-driven capabilities, but also demonstrates future developments including multimedia support, mobile optimization, integration and security measures. Bridging the gap between artificial intelligence and real network structure, the "AI Fusion Hub" represents a major advance in intelligent communications

Different Types of Architectures in Frontend Design and Development

Frontend architecture defines how frontend code is organized and structured for scalability, maintainability, and performance. Over time, different architectural patterns have emerged to address the challenges of modern web applications. This paper examines prominent frontend architectures, including Monolithic, Component-based, Micro Frontend, MVP (Model-View-Presenter), MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel), Server-Side Rendering (SSR), and Jamstack. By understanding the advantages, limitations, and ideal use cases of each, developers can make informed choices in their projects.

A Low-Power, High-Resolution Analog Front-End Circuit for Carbon-Based SWIR Photodetector

Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) have shown great promise in infrared image detection due to their high mobility, low cost, and compatibility with silicon-based technologies. This paper presents the design and simulation of a column-level analog front-end (AFE) circuit tailored for carbon-based short-wave infrared (SWIR) photodetectors. The AFE integrates a Capacitor Trans-impedance Amplifier (CTIA) for current-to-voltage conversion, coupled with Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) for noise reduction and operational amplifier offset suppression. A 10-bit/125 kHz Successive Approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) completes the signal processing chain, achieving rail-to-rail input/output with minimized component count. Fabricated using 0.18 μm CMOS technology, the AFE demonstrates a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 59.27 dB and an Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) of 9.35, with a detectable current range from 500 pA to 100.5 nA and a total power consumption of 7.5 mW. These results confirm the suitability of the proposed AFE for high-precision, low-power SWIR detection systems, with potential applications in medical imaging, night vision, and autonomous driving systems.

Building a Graphical Modelling Language for Efficient Homomorphic Encryption Schema Configuration: HomoLang

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is an emerging technology that enables computing on data while the data is encrypted. It has advantages, but it also has a significant difficulty. Programmers that use General-Purpose Programming Languages (GPPLs) may find it difficult to handwrite the script code for the HE correctly. This paper presents the front-end compiler design for the first graphical modelling language (DSML) to implement HE schemas, called HomoLang. It is providing a graphical environment with graphical building nodes that represent the HE concepts to enable the building of HE schemas. A high degree of abstraction and a decrease in grammatical and runtime errors improved the expressiveness and efficiency of implementation. Six security tests for security analysis were provided. The efficiency of the submitted language was evaluated using four subjective metrics. This paper provides a detailed explanation of the attributes, evaluation details, and design of the submitted HomoLang.

Instrument Design and In-Flight Performance of an Airborne Terahertz Ice Cloud Imager

The Airborne Terahertz Ice Cloud Imager (ATICI) is an airborne demonstration prototype of an ice cloud imager (ICI), which will be launched on the next generation of Fengyun satellites and plays an important role in heavy precipitation detection, typhoon, and medium-to-short-term meteorological/ocean forecasting. At present, it has 13 frequency channels covering 183–664 GHz, which are sensitive to scattering by cloud ice. This paper provides an overview of ATICI and proposes a receiving front-end design scheme using a planar mirror and a quasi-optical feed network which improves the main beam efficiency of each frequency band, with measured values better than 95.5%. It can detect factors such as ice particle size, ice water path, and ice water content in clouds by rotating the circular scanning of the antenna feed system. A high-sensitivity receiver system has been developed and tested for verification. The flight verification results show that the quasi-optical feed network subsystem works well and performs stably under vibration and temperature changes. The system sensitivity is better than 1.5 K, and the domestically produced high-frequency receiver has stable performance, which can meet the conditions of satellite applications. The ATICI performs well and meets expectations, verifying the feasibility of the Fengyun-5 ICI payload.

Improved genetic algorithm based on reinforcement learning for electric vehicle front-end structure optimization design

Improved genetic algorithm based on reinforcement learning for electric vehicle front-end structure optimization design

A 0.064 mm2 16-Channel In-Pixel Neural Front End with Improved System Common-Mode Rejection Exploiting a Current-Mode Summing Approach

In this work, we introduce the design of a 16-channel in-pixel neural analog front end that employs a current-based summing approach to establish a common-mode feedback loop. The primary aim of this novel structure is to enhance both the system common-mode rejection ratio (SCMRR) and the common-mode interference (CMI) range. Compared to more conventional designs, the proposed front end utilizes DC-coupled inverter-based main amplifiers, which significantly reduce the occupied on-chip area. Additionally, the current-based implementation of the CMFB loop obviates the need for voltage buffers, replacing them with simple common-gate transistors, which, in turn, decreases both area occupancy and power consumption. The proposed architecture is further examined from an analytical standpoint, providing a comprehensive evaluation through design equations of its performance in terms of gain, common-mode rejection, and noise power. A 50 μm × 65 μm compact layout of the pixel amplifiers that make up the recording channels of the front end was designed using a 180 nm CMOS process. Simulations conducted in Cadence Virtuoso reveal an SCMRR of 80.5 dB and a PSRR of 72.58 dB, with a differential gain of 44 dB and a bandwidth that fully encompasses the frequency range of the bio-signals that can be theoretically captured by the neural probe. The noise integrated in the range between 1 Hz and 7.5 kHz results in an input-referred noise (IRN) of 4.04 μVrms. Power consumption is also tested, with a measured value of 3.77 μW per channel, corresponding to an overall consumption of about 60 μW. To test its robustness with respect to PVT and mismatch variations, the front end is evaluated through extensive parametric simulations and Monte Carlo simulations, revealing favorable results.

Simulation of Barcode Based Students’ Examination Attendance System

Every educational institution has specific standards when it comes to student attendance in classes and exams. The significance of students' presence during exams cannot be overstated, leading administrators and professors in various academic settings to be vigilant about attendance issues. In many Nigerian institutions, the requirement is that students must achieve a 70% attendance rate, which is also factored into their final grades. Consequently, there is a substantial demand for a system to track and document student attendance, highlighting the necessity for a tool to manage students' presence effectively. This research students’ examination attendance using barcode focuses on developing a web-based application that would capture students’ attendance details using barcode technology. In eliciting data to develop a new system, the primary and secondary methods were used and evolutionary model was adapted for the software development. For the system design, various tools were used to captured basic system functionalities and attributes and to model the design including flowcharts, UML use case, class diagrams, entity relationship (ER) in a bid to develop the new system. For the front-end design, PHP, CSS5, JavaScript and HTML5 were used. While for the back-end, PHP, Apache and MySQL were used. The entire system was tested using XAMPP server to provide an enabling environment. After which it was concluded the system works according to specification, in conformity with the original aim.

On the design of vehicle front-ends for pedestrian safety with the advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (aPLI)

The latest Euro NCAP Vulnerable Road Users Assessment Protocol (v11.3) introduces the advanced Pedestrian Legform Impactor (aPLI) to reduce the risk of lower extremity injury to pedestrians in a vehicle collision. The addition of femur injury criteria and the added simplified upper body mass, compared to its predecessor –the FlexPLI–, allows a more comprehensive assessment of passive pedestrian safety. However, this presents new challenges for vehicle manufacturers as these additions must be accounted for. We perform four sensitivity analyses at two test positions (centre and at the headlight) on two vehicles (compact car and SUV). Thereby, we investigate five design parameters that represent the main front-end components and identify that the vehicle type determines the sensitive design parameters significantly. Furthermore, we show that the influence of the lower stiffener and energy-absorbing foam diminishes compared to older legform impactors, while that of the bonnet increases.

Front-end electronics development of large-area SiPM arrays for high-precision single-photon time measurement

TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT) plans to incorporate silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with superior time resolution in addition to photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) into its detection units, namely hybrid Digital Optical Modules (hDOMs), to improve its angular resolution. However, the time resolution significantly degrades for large-area SiPMs due to the large detector capacitance, posing significant challenges for the readout electronics of SiPMs in hDOM. We analyzed the influences of series and parallel connections when constructing a large-area SiPM array and designed a series-parallel connection SiPM array with differential output. We also designed a high-speed pre-amplifier based on transformers (MABA-007159) and radio frequency amplifiers (BGA2803), and an analog multi-channel summing circuit based on operational amplifiers (LMH6629). We measured the single photon time resolution (SPTR) of a 4 × 4 SiPM (Hamamatsu S13360-3050PE) array (12 × 12 mm2) of approximately 300 ps FWHM. This front-end readout design enables the large-area SiPM array to achieve high-precision single photon time measurement in one readout channel.

Assessment of 180 nm double SOI technology for analog front-end design with back-gate voltage

This paper provides an assessment of the electrical and noise performance in the 180 nm double silicon-on-insulator (DSOI) technology, which shows advantages for analog front-end radiation detectors. For the first time, the impact of the back-gate voltage on the electrical and noise performance of DSOI MOSFETs is investigated. The transconductance-to-current (gm /ID ) ratio and low-frequency (1/f) noise were measured as a function of the MOS device types (NMOS/PMOS), gate length, and bias condition of front- and back-gates. Experimental results show that positive back-gate voltage deteriorates the gm /ID ratio of the MOSFETs in weak inversion region. The DSOI NMOS devices overwhelm the PMOS with better gm /ID and 1/f performance. The DSOI devices have a comparable 1/f noise with the 180 nm SOI counterparts. With negative back-gate voltage applied, the low frequency noise performance of NMOS is improved. This assessment of DSOI technology gives a guideline for the readout circuit design in detector front-end systems.

Flow assurance analysis in Front End Engineering Design (FEED) of Subsea Flowline and Riser

Innovative subsea production systems (SPS) are required for deep-water oil and gas exploration in order to transport multiphase fluids—a complex mixture of water, gas, and oil—across long distances under challenging conditions. Significant technological challenges confront these systems, such as flow assurance, which ensures continuous fluid flow through pipelines, flowlines, and wells. Flow assurance issues can significantly impact production and incur costly downtime. This paper emphasizes the critical role of flow assurance analysis during the crucial Front-End Engineering Design (FEED) stage of SPS development. By utilizing industry-standard simulation tools like PIPESIM™, engineers can proactively identify and mitigate potential flow assurance problems that could hinder productivity. These analyses are crucial as FEED decisions significantly impact project cost-effectiveness. To illustrate the practical application of flow assurance principles, the paper presents a case study of a subsea architecture design for a specific manifold system. Considering operator requirements, flow assurance simulations were employed to guide critical decisions regarding material selection and optimal sizing of risers and flowlines. This demonstrates how flow assurance considerations during FEED directly influence cost-effective and optimized SPS design.

FAIR-USE4OS: Guidelines for creating impactful open-source software.

This paper extends the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) guidelines to provide criteria for assessing if software conforms to best practices in open source. By adding "USE" (User-Centered, Sustainable, Equitable), software development can adhere to open source best practice by incorporating user-input early on, ensuring front-end designs are accessible to all possible stakeholders, and planning long-term sustainability alongside software design. The FAIR-USE4OS guidelines will allow funders and researchers to more effectively evaluate and plan open-source software projects. There is good evidence of funders increasingly mandating that all funded research software is open source; however, even under the FAIR guidelines, this could simply mean software released on public repositories with a Zenodo DOI. By creating FAIR-USE software, best practice can be demonstrated from the very beginning of the design process and the software has the greatest chance of success by being impactful.

Social App for Connecting Similar Interests People

In today's era, characterized by a profound desire for personal human connection, individuals seek to engage with like-minded people who share their interests, hobbies, passions, and ideological perspectives. Addressing this need, our social media app provides a platform for users to connect with others who resonate with their unique identities and aspirations. Built upon Flutter for frontend design and powered by Python algorithms for profile matching and recommendation systems, the app facilitates meaningful connections in both digital and physical realms. Alongside profile matching and recommendation features, the app offers a recommended system for real-world meetups, suggesting ideal venues such as restaurants, cafes, and hotels. Moreover, the app fosters the formation of communities around specific interests, ranging from classical singing to machine learning enthusiasts. Looking ahead, our vision extends into Web 3.0, where users can forge immersive virtual connections, enhancing the depth and authenticity of their interactions. Through these innovative features and future-oriented perspectives, our app endeavors to redefine social networking by enabling individuals to forge deeper, more meaningful connections aligned with their passions and aspirations.

Influence of car front-end designs on motorcyclists’ trajectory in head-on and side-on-head crashes

Motorcyclists are highly vulnerable road users, and cars are one of their primary crash opponents. This study investigates the influence of car front-end designs on motorcyclist trajectory in head-on and side-on-head crashes. The analysis is based on a dataset of 120 multi-body crash simulations conducted using MADYMO and post-processed with MATLAB. An analysis of 1412 real-world Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) to car accidents was conducted to determine the most common crash configurations and the associated ranges of the variables, such as vehicle speeds and contact points. Three PTW styles (sport-touring, scooter, and sport) and four car front-end designs (Sport utility vehicle (SUV), Family Car/Sedan (FCR), Roadster (RDS), and Multi-purpose vehicle (MPV)) were considered.The study examined the riders’ thrown distance in both collision types. It was observed that, regardless of the collision type, the head was identified overall as the primary body region coming into contact with the opposing vehicle, followed by the chest and neck. In frontal collisions, an augmented bonnet height corresponded to an increased incidence of head contact, whereas a lower bonnet height resulted in a higher frequency of chest contact. Moreover, the thrown distance depended also on PTW speed, particularly for sport and sport-touring motorcycles. Notably, contact with the car windscreen was only observed at velocities exceeding 60 km/h, whereas impact with the bonnet leading edge occurred exclusively below this threshold. Due to the shielding effect of their PTW’s fairing, scooter riders predominantly experienced no contact with the opposing vehicle. Sport-touring motorcycles exhibited a more vertical trajectory upon ejection, leading to a greater likelihood of overturning and subsequent rearward head impact with the vehicle. In contrast, sport motorcycles tended to forward projections with a high likelihood of chest contact. In the case of lateral impacts, it was observed that vehicles with a more prominent profile, such as SUVs and MPVs, equipped with protruding bumpers, effectively restrained riders. In this case, vehicle speed did not exert a significant influence on the thrown distance. Additionally, the presence of a conspicuous fuel tank and the initial posture of the rider on the PTW played a crucial role in determining the final thrown distance. Due to their upright postures and the absence of a pronounced fuel tank, scooter dummies were thrown further than others, thus causing head contact with the windscreen.These findings highlight the importance of car front-end design and PTW fairings in mitigating riders’ injuries and provide valuable insights to vehicle manufacturers for developing tailored safety measures for riders.

Design and Test of Offset Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying Modulator with GF180MCU Open Source Process Design Kit

This article explores the evolution of integrated circuits (ICs), highlighting the fundamental role of open source Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools in their development. It describes the IC’s design flow, differentiating between Front-end and Back-end design stages, and details the process of implementing the digital stage in offset quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) modulation in an IC, including its hardware description language (HDL), the implementation test in the field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and the physical layout using the first manufactured open source process design kits (PDKs) in Global Foundries’ 180 nm, as well as the use of OpenLane and Caravel. To conclude, the results of the physical tests obtained from the digital modulation are presented, as well as the performance of the raised cosine shaping filter.