Friuli Region Research Articles

Realistic modelling of observed seismic motion in compIex sedimentary basins

Three applications of a numerical technique are illustrated to model realistically the seismic ground motion for complex two-dimensional structures. First we consider a sedimentary basin in the Friuli region, and we model strong motion records from an aftershock of the 1976 earthquake. Then we simulate the ground motion caused in Rome by the 1915, Fucino (Italy) earthquake, and we compare our modelling with the damage distribution observed in the town. Finally we deal with the interpretation of ground motion recorded in Mexico City, as a consequence of earthquakes in the Mexican subduction zone. The synthetic signals explain the major characteristics (relative amplitudes, spectral amplification, frequency content) of the considered seismograms, and the space distribution of the available macroseismic data. For the sedimentary basin in the Friuli area, parametric studies demonstrate the relevant sensitivity of the computed ground motion to small changes in the subsurface topography of the sedimentary basin, and in the velocity and quality factor of the sediments. The relative Arias Intensity, determined from our numerical simulation in Rome, is in very good agreoment with the distribution of damage observed during the Fucino earthquake. For epicentral distances in the range 50 km-100 km, the source location and not only the local soil conditions control the local effects. For Mexico City, the observed ground motion can be explained as resonance effects and as excitation of local surface waves, and the theoretical and the observed maximum spectral amplifications are very similar. In general, our numerical simulations estimate the maximum and average spectral amplification for specific sites, i.e. they are a very powerful tool for accurate micro-zonation

Interpretation of Long-Period Magnetotelluric Soundings In Friuli (North-East Italy) and the Electrical Characteristic of the Lithosphere

SUMMARY One-year-long records of two magnetotelluric (MT) stations, located in the seismic Friuli region (north-east Italy), were analysed in the 60-28 800s period range. the aim was the investigation of the deep lithospheric electric structure. the computation of the impedances was made by an iterative signal-to-noise enhancing method. Impedances were analysed with complex singular value decomposition (SVD). Some tests were made trying to consider the distortion due to the shallow in-homogeneities. 1-D inversion of the apparent resistivity curves was carried out. the models obtained indicate that the lithosphere thickens from 90 to 120 km westward, in agreement with surface-wave inversion. the westernmost sounding, located in an area of thickened crust, indicates the presence of a ∼10 km thick intracrustal conductor, which may be associated with incipient melting of lower crustal rocks.

Interim report on a regional RCM-network in Friuli, Italy

The paper gives a report on geodetic activities in the epicentral region of the North Italian earthquake of May 1976 situated in the town of Gemona. The Gemona network was installed in 1989 as a regional monitoring network with seven points and an extension of 10 × 10 km. It is shown how this regional network is connected with other local networks in the Friuli region and how it is integrated into the GPS-Alps-traverse. The paper outlines the method for combining GPS and terrestrial data types in a 3-D concept, as well as for transforming and mapping GPS-results for a respective combination with terrestrial data in a classical (2-D, 1-D) concept. The accuracies which could be realized by combining GPS and terrestrial data and some respective sensitivity studies are described, also stressing the comparison of GPS against classical terrestrial data types. Finally the paper presents the deformation analysis results, which have been evaluated with the hitherto available data.

Variability of seismic ground motion in complex media: the case of a sedimentary basin in the Friuli (Italy) area

A computational hybrid technique is presented to estimate ground motion in complex two-dimensional, anelastic media. The technique combines modal summation and finite-difference methods, and it can take into account the source, path and local soil effects to calculate the local wavefield due to a seismic event. The hybrid technique is applied to study wave propagation in a sedimentary basin in the Friuli region during the September 11, 1976, Friuli aftershock (16h 35m 04s). Special emphasis is given to the understanding of the different features of ground motion in sedimentary basins. The most important effects that can be observed are the excitation of local surface waves at lateral heterogeneities, and local resonances. Within the sedimentary basin studied, the coda of the transverse component is mainly composed of the local, fundamental-mode Love wave, whereas the P-SV-wavefield shows dominant contributions of the higher modes of Rayleigh waves. These differences in wave composition lead, in general, to different dispersion characteristics and attenuation phenomena for SH- and P-SV-waves. A parametric study demonstrates the sensitivity of the computer ground motion to small changes in the subsurface topography of the sedimentary basin, and the velocity and quality factor of the sediments. The results obtained for one- and two-dimensional structural models show that only two-dimensional structural models are suitable for the prediction of complete seismic ground motions in sedimentary basins, because they can account for the generation of local surface waves. To establish the validity of the numerical results, they are compared with observed ground motion. The relative amplitudes, durations, and frequency content of the different components of the synthetic signals agree well with the observations.

Cultural Disenchantments: Worker Peasantries in Northeast Italy.

Douglas Holmes develops the concept of peasant-worker society to analyze a kind of social formation that has until now gone largely unrecognized and unstudied. His book portrays the dissonant crosscurrents created at the interface of urban industrial and rural peasant spheres. Examining the region of Friuli in northeast Italy, it shows how wage labor was adopted by country folk who maintained ties to small-scale cultivation and indigenous traditions. Holmes draws on the Weberian notion of the disenchantment of the world to examine the cultural issues that animate peasant-worker life. What emerges is a vivid picture of the economic, political, religious, and ethnic struggles that infuse the peasant-worker milieu, as traditional representations of reality are pitted against bureaucratic definitions and formulas emanating from Church, state, and market institutions.In addition to providing a general theoretical framework for the analysis of peasant-worker society and culture, Cultural Disenchantments is the first anthropological study of Friuli to be published in English. As such, it elaborates on the historical insights developed by Carlo Ginzburg in his famous study of sixteenthcentury agrarian cults and folk traditions in Friuli.

Local source tomography: applications to Italian areas

ABSTRACTWe describe three study cases in which we used local earthquake and shot travel‐time residuals to investigate the upper crustal structure of three regions in Italy. We inverted for velocity and hypocentral parameters using a damped least‐squares technique making use of parameter (velocity and hypocentre) separation. The three studied regions are in Italy, namely (a) the Vulsinian Volcanic Complex (Latium), where there is an active geothermal field; (b) the Irpinia (Campania–Lucania) region, in the Southern Appennines, site of the strongest earthquake in Italy for at least 65 years (November 1980, Ms= 6.9); (c) the Friuli region, in Northeastern Italy, where another strong earthquake (Ms= 6.5) occurred in 1976. The computed shallow velocity models generally correspond with surface geological structures. For the three studied areas, the main results are, respectively: (a) A low‐velocity anomaly detected in the centre of the Vulsinian Volcanic Complex at a depth of 5–8 km, probably due to anomalous heat flow caused by a partially molten or cooling intrusive body; (b) the identification of a deep (10 km) discontinuity in the crust beneath the Irpinia fault zone, approximately corresponding with the fault extension at depth; (c) the detection of a wedge of high‐velocity, high density material at seismogenic depth (5–10 km) beneath the Friuli region, interpreted as a buried thrust of the metamorphic basement.

The deep lithosphere in the Alps: a model inferred from P residuals

The tomographic studies of the Alps and their surroundings, based on the relative P residuals, indicated two lithosphere roots attaining depths over 200 km separated by an upwelling of the lithosphere-asthenosphere transition beneath the central part of this mountain range. The directional dependence of relative P velocities indicates an anisotropic wave propagation in the subcrustal lithosphere beneath the Alps and their surroundings. The presented model of the deep lithosphere structure suggests several phases of the tectonic development of this region: collision of a tip of the Adriatic plate with Europe in the eastern Alps and dextral strike-slip movement of the Adriatic ending with underthrusting of Europe beneath the western Alps and counterclockwise rotation. The latter contributes to a steep plunge of both plates beneath the eastern Alps and to stress accumulation in the Friuli region. A model with delamination of the rigid upper crust and its rotation resolves some of the inconsistencies between the near-surface and deep tectonics and also explains the distribution of seismicity.

Molluschi terrestri delle Alpi sudorientali

BIOGEOGRAPHIA — vol. XI/I - 1987 Biogeografia delle Alpi Sud«OrienraIi Molluschi terrestri ‘delle Alpi sudorientali ALBERTA BOATO, MARCO BODON, M. MANUELA GIOVANNELLI, . PAUL MILDNER Dz'p¢zrz‘imem‘o di Biologia, Um'verrz'tz2 dz' Pzzdova Istzmto di Zoologzkz, Um'ver5z'z‘oi di Siemz Mureo Friulzmo dz’ Storm Ncztzzmle, Udirze Lmzdermureum fiir Kt'z’rm‘en, Klagenfim‘ SUMMARY The research, carried out in the years 1978-1987, concerns the terrestrial Prosobranchia and Pulmo- nata from the southeastern Alps, in which the whole Friuli region, the Isonzo Valley and the Carso Triestino are included. Results are presented as a species list (202 species), where for each taxon are provided: quotations from literature, with synonyms; sampling localities; unpublished records from mu- seum collections, if relevant; range; notes on taxonomic problems and distribution. A critical list of taxa of doubtful presence in the area, or uncertain taxonomic position is also provided. For the biogeographical analysis, the southeastern Alps were divided in three subareas: Carnic Low- land, Prealps and Alps (west of the Fella-Tagliamento riverine systems); Julian Lowland, Prealps and Alps (east of the Fella-Tagliamento line, including the Isonzo Valley); Carso Triestino. The binary (pre- sence-absence) Sorensen similarity index has been evaluated for all possible comparisons between the species lists, of following areas: the southeastern Alps (considered as a whole); the three sub—areas (Carnic Alps, Julian Alps, Carso); the central-western Slovenia; the southern Carinthia; the Istrian peninsula; the Venato. The relative percentage of the chorological components of the above cited areas are also com- pare . As far as their terrestrial malacofauna is concerned, the southeastern Alps probably represent the richest italian region as to species number. As species presence-absence, SE Alps as a whole display their highest similarity with the Veneto, and then with Istria, while Carinthia and Slovenia cluster together. In their chorological composition, SE Alps appear to be rather heterogeneous: in fact, in the Julian Alps and in the Carso Triestino the Dinaric and Balcanic components, more xerotetmophilic, are prevailing; species with this type of distribution reach very often the northern and western edges of their range in corre spondence of Isonzo or Tagliamento rivers. Ln contrast, in the Carnic Alps the E-Alpine-Carpathic com- ponent is strongly represented. Species with this type of distribution are linked to cool habitats and were probably arrived in SE Alps from the mountains of southeastern Europe, being favoured by the oceanic climate and continuity of mountain systems. Moreover, in SE Alps, the fauna is enriched by the presence of several endemic species, which presence is probably related to the refuge center role played by this region during the Pleistocene glacial periods, and by the occurrence of several cave habitats. INTRODUZIONE Come «E state piu volte ribadito da molti, ed in particolare da La Greca (1964, 1975), una ricerca biogeografica non puo dare risultati attendibili se non e fondata su taxa ben definiti e dei quali sia anche esaurientemente conosciuta la distribuzione geografica. Queste condizioni, purtroppo, non si possono dire pienarnente soddisfatte per quanto concerne i molluschi terrestri, sui qualj spesso mancano revisioni svolte secondo moderni criteri tassonomici o cornunque secondo metodologie 429

Luve Ni Wai as the British Saw It: Constructions of Custom and Disorder in Colonial Fiji

In 1887 British colonial authorities in Fiji established a regulation prohibiting ni wai and kindred practices. Never clearly comprehended by the British, these varied possession and invulnerability rites evoked characterizations ranging from superstition to rebellion. Taking the colonial British as its object of ethnographic analysis, this essay explores luve ni wai as the British saw it. Analyzing indirect rule based on custom as a British invention of tradition which created a Christian, chiefly hierarchy, the essay finds in the 1887 regulation against luve ni wai a corollary creation of negative tradition in which alternative Fijian expressions of authority and order were constructed as criminal and disorderly. In Night Battles, Carlo Ginzburg (I983) writes of the sixteenthand seventeenth-century benandanti, participants in an agrarian fertility cult in the Friuli region of Italy, who were constructed as witches by the Inquisition, and of the process by which the inquisitorial categories eventually refracted into the beliefs of the benandanti themselves. Keith Thomas (1971: 2I3-67) chronicles a similar historical process in sixteenthand seventeenth-century England in which practitioners of magic, so-called cunning men and wise women, became witches of a different sort in relation to the Christian church's distinction between the godly and the satanic.1 So too in colonial Peru did an indigenous cosmological system (and in particular indigenous women's relationships to founding goddesses) become witchcraft in the Spanish colonial rule and records (Silverblatt 1987). In parallel, in the British colony of Fiji invulnerability rituals called luve ni wai were initially labeled heathen by settlers, missionaries, and colonial officials. In 1887 the British colonial government of Fiji passed a regulation against ni wai, kalou rere and kindred practices which Ethnohistory 36:4 (Fall I989). Copyright ? by the American Society for Ethnohistory. ccc ooI4-I8oI/89/$I.50. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.123 on Tue, 18 Oct 2016 06:30:55 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

An Approach to Modern Labor: Worker Peasantries in Historic Saxony and the Friuli Region over Three Centuries

The spread of manufacture in the European countryside initiated the formation of vital and complex rural laboring groups that defy neat classification. The nature of livelihood in these rural settings furthered an integration of diverse productive involvements rather than the creation of narrow occupational niches. In the course of their labor careers, men and women moved between agrarian and industrial pursuits—weaving linen cloth, spinning silk, raising livestock, digging potatoes, tending vineyards, making bricks, mining coal, casting iron, and forging steel. In this context, livelihood was not merely an individual concern; rather, it was part of a broader household strategy, rooted in a family-based agrarian holding. The maintenance of bonds to peasant agriculture fostered familial solidarity over working-class identity. These laborers saw their destinies in the immediacy of flesh-and-blood relationships among family and kin and not in more abstract social and political identifications.

A peasant‐worker model in a northern Italian context

This paper examines the peasant‐worker phenomenon as an enduring adaptation that has persisted for centuries in the Friuli region of northeastern Italy‐ A preliminary model of peasant‐worker behavior is presented that addresses two basic issues: [1] how peasant‐worker strategies have developed historically; and (2) how peasant‐worker strategies are tied to the social dynamics of rural households. The aim is to create a unified framework for the comparative and historical study of the proletarianization process, [peasant workers, rural labor, family dynamics, economic anthropology, Europe]

Determination of source moment and radiated seismic energy from broadband recordings

A main concern of broadband seismology is an extended standard analysis of seismograms including routine determinations of source moment and radiated seismic energy. For this purpose practical procedures and algorithms must be developed for the following main steps: the recovery of true ground motion, criteria for the estimation of pulse duration, and calculations of pulse displacement area and pulse energy in the time or frequency domain. The most critical point in the determination of seismic moment and energy is the correction for source mechanism and propagation path, especially for the effects of pP and sP modulation. This can be done for single-station data only approximately using averaged station calibration curves for different source regions. The time-domain analysis of broadband recordings for the determination of source moment is demonstrated. The method is applied to aftershocks following the Friuli earthquake on May 6, 1976. Empirical relationships between magnitude and moment are derived from recordings of the Graefenberg array in southern Germany. Although the curves are consistent with theoretical results for a two-dimensional Haskell-type fault model, they are valid only for earthquakes in the Friuli Region as recorded at Graefenberg.

Teleseismic observations of the 1976 Friuli, Italy earthquake sequence

Teleseismic long-period body and surface waves radiated by the May 6, 1976 Friuli, Italy earthquake and its principal aftershock of September 15, 1976 (09h 21 m) are studied to determine source characteristics. Focal mechanisms along with geological evidence suggest that both events represent the underthrusting of the Friuli Plain beneath the southern Alps. The depths of both earthquakes, estimated by matching synthetic body-wave seismograms to observations, are found to lie between 6 and 10 km. It is not possible to discern any evidence of source directivity in the observed main shock body waves. Synthetic seismogram calculations which include rupture effects suggest that the fault length of the main shock could not be much larger than 16 km for a unilaterally propagating fault or about 24 km for a symmetrical rupture assuming a rupture velocity of 3.0 km/sec. Observations of 100-sec Rayleigh waves confirm the focal mechanism deduced from body waves, but suggest that the seismic moment of the main shock is 5 × 10^(25) dyne-cm compared to 2.9 × 10^(25) dyne-cm estimated from body waves. The P-wave moment of the aftershock is 1 × 10^(25) dyne-cm. The aftershock studied in this paper is one of four large events which occurred in the epicentral area of the main shock more than 4 months after the main shock. These aftershocks had a combined seismic moment over twice that of the main shock. It is suggested that these earthquakes represent deformation in a different part of the seismic zone than the main shock. Large earthquakes with series of severe aftershocks are well known in the historical record of the Friuli region. The average displacement and stress drop are estimated to be 33 cm and 12 bars for the main shock and 33 cm 24 bars for the aftershock.

Earthquake hazards

In this century, apart from Alaska, there has been only one great earthquake in the contiguous United States: the April 18, 1906, California earthquake caused 600 deaths and considerable damage in a number of towns and cities from shaking and subsequent conflagration of much of downtown San Francisco. Yet around the world, earthquakes continue as great killers and inflict heavy economic loss; on the average, about $7 billion a year (see Figure 1).In 1976, for example, people grew alarmed at the dreadful toll of life in earthquake catastrophes. As many as 700,000 people may have died. The Guatemala earthquake on February 4 killed 23,000; the Italian earthquake on May 6 in the Friuli region caused about 1000 deaths; near Tangshan, China, an earthquake on July 28 (local time) killed more than 600,000 people; in West Irian, Indonesia, on June 25, a magnitude 7.1 shock resulted in 6000 casualties; in the following August an earthquake and accompanying tsunami in the Philippines caused 2000 fatalities; and over 4000 persons died in Turkey in an earthquake on November 24. Most of the deaths were caused by the collapse of weak houses and buildings.

THE SURVEY AND TREATMENT OF SOME POLYCHROMED WOODEN SCULPTURES DAMAGED BY EARTHQUAKES IN THE FRIULI REGION OF ITALY

(1978). THE SURVEY AND TREATMENT OF SOME POLYCHROMED WOODEN SCULPTURES DAMAGED BY EARTHQUAKES IN THE FRIULI REGION OF ITALY. Studies in Conservation: Vol. 23, Preprints of the Contributions to the Oxford Congress, 17-23 September 1978. Conservation of Wood in Painting and the Decorative Arts, pp. 103-109.

Earthquake Damage to Works of Art in the Friuli Region of Italy

Abstract In 1976, a series of powerful earthquakes devastated the region of Friuli, located in the northeast corner of Italy. The artistic patrimony of this area was seriously damaged, provoking major conservation problems of both emergency and long-term natures. In collaboration with Italian authorities, the Istituto Centrale del Restauro, Rome(ICR), and the International Centre for Conservation, Rome(ICCROM), American conservators have been active in a number of earthquake-related conservation projects. These include: surveys of and emergency first aid to damaged mural paintings; major treatments of damaged mural paintings; a survey of earthquake-displaced objects; and the creation and operation of a laboratory for the treatment of damaged polychromed sculpture. This paper outlines some of the special conservation problems created by earthquakes and describes a number of conservation efforts to date.

Earthquake Damage to Works of Art in the Friuli Region of Italy

Earthquake Damage to Works of Art in the Friuli Region of Italy