Frigate Tuna Research Articles

Jenis Ikan Dominan, Kontinyuitas Penjualan dan Penetapan Harga Ikan pada Pasar Pengecer di Kodya Ambon dan Maluku Tengah

Indonesian A research has been done to see the dominant fish sold, the continuity of fish supply, and the influence of the quantity of certain fish sold and prices of the other fish to the fish selling price determinant at retailing markets in Ambon and Central Maluku. Three markets were chosen, they were Pasar Rumah Tiga, Pasar Lama Ambon and Pasar Binaya Masohi, Central Maluku. Survey method was used in the research. Time series data were collected every three weeks from September 1995 to March 1996. The results showed, that the dominant type of fish sold continously in Pasar Rumah Tiga were Scads, Frigate tuna,Skipjack and Trevalies; in Pasar Lama ambon were Mackerel, Frigate tuna, Skipjack and Scads; in Pasar Binaya Masohi were Mackerel, Frigate tuna, Trevalies and Scads. The fish whose selling price was not influenced by the volume supplied and by other fish prices were Skipjack and dried anchovies in Pasar Rumah Tiga, and Frigate tuna, Garfish, Smoke-grilled Skipjack and Tuna in Pasar Binaya (p 10% ). Increase in supply volume caused the decrease in selling price, of Mackerel (Rp 19/kg; p %) and frozen Pomfret ( Rp 32/kg; p 1%) in Pasar Lama Ambon and fresh Coral fish ( Rp 92/kg; p 5%) in Pasar Binaya. The prices of several type of fish were pairly substitute and complement each other.

Identifying pelagic fish eggs in the southeast Yucatan Peninsula using DNA barcodes.

In the waters surrounding Banco Chinchorro in the Mexican Caribbean are spawning and nursery areas for many types of fish. In this natural environment, as opposed to under controlled laboratory conditions, it is almost impossible to link an individual egg to the adult that laid it. This makes identifying the species of the eggs difficult. However, DNA barcodes have made this easier. In the present study, 300 eggs were processed for molecular analysis, from which 139 sequences were obtained. We identified 42 taxa (33 species with their binomial names), 35 genera, and 24 families. The identified eggs included those from Ariomma melanum, which is the first recording of this species in the Mexican Caribbean. Eggs from economically important fish species were also identified, including frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), crevalle jack (Caranx hippos), common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), white marlin (Kajikia albida), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus), and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). We have also described new morphological characteristics and captured photographs for 21 species, as well as obtained new information about spawning locality and time for 16 species. This valuable information will provide the basis to develop more effective conservation measures for sustainable fisheries and protection of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System.

Animal v. plant-based bait: does the bait type affect census of fish assemblages and trophic groups by baited remote underwater video (BRUV) systems?

Coral reef fish communities were sampled at the Nayband Marine Park, Iran, using baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVSs) which incorporated animal (i.e. frigate tuna Auxis thazard and beef liver), or plant-based baits (i.e. raw dough and raw dough-turmeric powder mix). The A. thazard was found to record significantly (P < 0·05) higher species richness and number of carnivorous fishes than plant-based baits, while abundance of herbivores was maximum in raw dough-turmeric powder mix trials. There was also a significant difference in trophic composition of fish assemblages surveyed by animal- and plant-based baits which seemed to be due to variations in attraction patterns of carnivores and herbivores occurring at the earlier phases of each BRUV deployments. Meanwhile, the assemblage structure was comparable among fish assemblages sampled by different bait treatments, indicating that species-level responses to each bait type may be more complicated. In essence, the efficiency of mixed baits should also be examined in future studies.

The Characterization of Myoglobin and Myoglobin-Induced Lipid Oxidation in Frigate Mackerel

Myoglobin (Mb) was isolated and purified from the dark muscle of Frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard). After ion-exchange chromatography, the purity of Mb reached 91.30%. The molecule weight of Mb was 16 kDa. The results of the thermal and acid–base stability suggested that oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin denatured rapidly at 70C and kept stable under 20C. The MetMb% was decreasing and the OxyMb% was increasing in oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin solutions with the rise of pH. Besides, Oxymyoglobin is much more stable at neutral to alkaline pH, while metmyoglobin kept its stability at acidic to neutral pH. Mb is an effective promoter of lipid oxidation, it engaged in the oxidation as participator but not catalyst. The pro-oxidation activity of oxymyoglobin was enhanced with decrease in pH. The pro-oxidation activities were in the order: MetMb > OxyMb > Hemin > Fe2+, which indicated that MetMb was a greater promoter than OxyMb. Practical Applications Frigate mackerel is an important high yield fishes in China, which is rich in myoglobin (Mb) in muscle and contains high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. So, the discoloration and lipid oxidation of Frigate mackerel are accelerated during storage, which lowers the quality of related products. Relevant research show that discoloration correlates closely with lipid oxidation. This article is aimed at studying the stability of Mb and lipid oxidation of muscles of Frigate mackerel during refrigerated storage. In this way, this work will provide reference and status for the processing and preservation of Frigate mackerel.

COEXISTENCIA DE LAS DOS ESPECIES DE CACHORRETA (PISCES: AUXIS) EN LA REGIÓN DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA

The marine environment of the Santa Marta region (Colombian Caribbean) is unique in many ways. The coexistence there of both species of Auxis is herewith reported and discussed. Auxis thazard, the frigate tuna or frigate mackerel, has been reported several times from Santa Marta; however, the occurrence of A. rochei, the bullet tuna or bullet mackerel, is reported for the first time. Some inter and intraspecific differences are discussed; fishery aspects are commented as well.

Low occurrence rates of ubiquitously present leptocephalus larvae in the stomach contents of predatory fish

AbstractLeptocephali, the larvae of eels, grow to large sizes and are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical oceans. Their role in oceanic food webs is poorly known because they are rarely reported as food items in fish stomach content studies. Data from 13 years of research on the trophic dynamics of Pacific Ocean predatory fish indicate that among 8746 fish of 76 species/taxa (33 families) that had been feeding, only 16 fish of 6 species had remains of 34 leptocephali in their stomachs. Only 0.013% of the 256 308 total prey items were leptocephalus larvae, and 0.03% of the total prey items were juvenile or adult eels (mostly snipe eels: Nemichthyidae). There were 10 fish of 2 species of lancetfish (Alepisaurus spp., n = 152), 2 rainbow runners (Elagatis bipinnulata, n = 222), and 2 yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, n = 3103) that had leptocephali in their stomach contents, but all except one T. albacares (contained 15 leptocephali) had each eaten ≤3 leptocephali. A swallower, Pseudoscopelus sp., and a frigate tuna, Auxis thazard, had eaten single leptocephali. Twenty-eight bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, had eaten 76 juvenile/adult nemichthyid or serrivomerid eels. A literature survey found that only 15 out of 75 examined publications listed leptocephali in the stomach contents of a total of 6 species out of ∼ 42 300 predatory fish of 40 species. The transparency of leptocephali and their apparent mimicry of gelatinous zooplankton could contribute to lower rates of predation. Their soft bodies likely digest rapidly, so although this study and existing literature indicate that leptocephali sometimes contribute to predatory fish diets, particularly for fish that do not exclude gelatinous prey types, and fish with low digestion rates in their stomachs such as lancetfish, their levels of contribution to fish diets and the impacts of predators on eel recruitment remain uncertain.

EXPLOITATION AND CATCH FLUCTUATION OF SMALL PELAGIC FISHES IN PRIGI WATERS, SOUTH COAST OF JAVA

Studies on the exploitation and catch fluctuations of pelagic fishes have been undertaken in order to understand the fishery systems, annual and seasonal change of fishing effort and catches, as well as species composition. The study was based on the daily monitoring data of the purse seiners. The results showed that generally the fishing activities is one day fishing, the increase of fishing effort reflected in the number of fishing units and the number of trip, while the trend of production and catch rate were fluctuated by either annual or seasonal; the peak of catch rate was occurred in 2007, 2008 and 2012 periods, during December to June were low catches, and are going in the peak season in September-October. The lowest catch rate is about 100kg/trip and the maximum of 4.3 tons/trip (the average of 1.3 tons/trip), however the fail of fishing was often occurs and reached 30% of the total number of trips; the failed fishing was decline from year to year. The catch rate (kg/trip/day) was showed a pattern fluctuations; the small pelagic fish mainly the scads (Decapterus spp.) and clupeids (Bali sardine, Sardinella lemuru), respectively 33% and17%, whereas the dominan large pelagic fish is ‘tongkol’/frigate tuna (Auxis thazzard). The changes of species domination was occurred either in annually or seasonally.

Phylogeography of commercial tuna and mackerel in the Indonesian Archipelago

While numerous population genetics studies have investigated phylogeographic patterns of coral reef organisms in the Coral Triangle, few have addressed whether fishes in the pelagic environment exhibit concordant patterns of genetic subdivision. We analyzed approximately 400 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region to compare population structure and phylogeography of five pelagic tuna and mackerel within a subset of their geographic ranges (i.e., the Indonesian Archipelago). Focal species include frigate tuna [Auxis thazard (Lacepede, 1800)], kawakawa [Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)], skipjack tuna [Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)], Indian mackerel [Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816)], and narrow-barred Spanish mackerel [Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede, 1800)]. Observed patterns of regional genetic subdivision were consistent with the role of Pleistocene vicariance in structuring populations. Divergence dates of all pelagic fish lineages dated to the Pleistocene epoch. Concordant barriers to larval dispersal found near sumatra, sulawesi, and Papua suggested that the Halmahera and Mindanao eddies and the Indonesian flowthrough may be contemporary forces maintaining genetic divergence between demes of pelagic fishes. Given the economic importance of these species, we suggest that the scale of management for pelagics in Indonesia be re-evaluated to reflect regional differences in the genetic composition of fishes.

CATCH AND SIZE OF BULLET AND FRIGATE TUNA CAUGHT BY USING DRIFTING GILLNET IN INDIAN OCEAN OF INDONESIA BASED AT CILACAP FISHING PORT

Pelagic fishes such as bullet and frigate tuna in the Indian Ocean were caught in Indian Ocean of Indonesian jurisdiction using various fishing gears including, drifting gillnet and landed in various fishing port in along coastal of west Sumatera (Banda Aceh, Pariaman, Bungus/Padang and Painan) as well as south Java, Bali and Nusatenggara (Muarabaru/Jakarta, Pelabuhanratu, Cilacap, Kedonganan, Benoa). In Cilacap, tuna drifting gillnet fishery is fishing bullet and frigate tuna as by product. The current work describes the catch and size distribution of bullet tuna (Auxis rochei Risso, 1810) and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard Lacepède, 1800) caught by drifting gillnet based at Cilacap Fishing Port. Data and information obtained through catch monitoring, port sampling and landing report of Cilacap Fishing Port 2011 as well as from Capture Fisheries Statistics of Indonesia 2010. The catch estimation of bullet and frigate tuna on drifting gillnet fishery is about 3.220 and 47.346 tons respectively. The catch rate of drifting gillnets on the frigate tuna was 0.364 mt/trip in 2006 decreased to 0.054 mt/trip in 2011 (decreased average 17% per year). The catch&lt;br /&gt;rate of drifting gillnets on the bullet tuna was also decreased from 0.178 mt/trip in 2006 to 0.013 mt/ trip in 2011. The FL of bullet and frigate tuna ranged respectively between 16-39cm and 25-46cm. Both species were mostly caught by drifting gillnet in adult size condition.

On the morphology of the vertebral column of the frigate tuna, Auxis thazard (Lacepedea, 1800) (family: Scombridae) collected from the sea of Oman

Based on morphometric studies, the vertebral column of the frigate tuna. Auxis thazard, can be divided into three morphologically distinct regions; postcranial, middle and ural. Biometrical measurement of the length, height and width of the vertebral column of Auxis thazard allows vertebral profiles with characteristic features to be drawn. The differences in length of vertebrae present in different regions of the vertebral column cause regionalization in this structure. These morphologically descriptive parameters express a morphotype which seems to have a functional link with the frigate tuna's thunniform mode of swimming. Morphology, vertebrae, regionalization, frigate tuna, Auxis, The Sea of Oman.

Characterisation of muscles from Frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) and catfish (Clarias macrocephalus)

Frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) and catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) can be used as alternative sources for surimi production. However, the functionality of surimi is species-dependent. This study aimed to characterise certain chemical and physical compositions of dark and ordinary muscles from these species. Catfish, particularly ordinary muscle, was composed of higher contents of lipid and carotenoid than Frigate mackerel muscle (p<0.05) but ordinary muscle from Frigate mackerel had the highest phospholipid content (p<0.05). Both dark and ordinary muscles of Frigate mackerel had greater contents of myofibrillar proteins than had catfish muscle (p<0.05). Myosin heavy chain and actin were predominant proteins found in both muscle types of both species. Dark muscle from Frigate mackerel had the highest sarcoplasmic protein content, especially extractable myoglobin (p<0.05). Muscles from Frigate mackerel had greater content of sodium chloride than had catfish (p<0.05). The highest contents of iron, copper and selenium were found in Frigate mackerel dark muscle (p<0.05). The pH of ordinary muscle from both species was higher than that of dark muscle (p<0.05). Frigate mackerel, especilly dark muscle, exhibited the most dark-red colour, as shown by the lowest L* and b* values with the highest a* value and redness index (a*/b*) (p<0.05).

MODEL BIOEKONOMI EKSPLOITASI MULTISPESIES SUMBER DAYA PERIKANAN PELAGIS DI PERAIRAN SELAT BALI (Bio-economic Model of Multispecies Exploitation of Pelagic Fishery Resources in the Bali Strait)

&lt;p&gt;Bali Strait has potential abundance of pelagic fishery resources such as Indonesian oil sardine (lemuru), frigate mackerel (tongkol), scad mackerel (layang), short-bodied mackerel (kembung) and others which can be caught mostly using purse seine. Fishery resources are combined and also known asmultispecies; therefore this research aimed to analyze the model of bio-economic multispecies exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait. The analytical methods that used in this research were estimated dynamic model of Walters and Hilborn (1976) and analysis of bio-economic model. The results showed that actual production of exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait, was lower than the rate of sustainable production especially Indonesian oil sardine and short-bodied mackerel. Production and fishing effort were below the actual optimal value. The management of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait did not show a good level of economic efficiency. Thus the exploitation of pelagic fishery resources in Bali Strait using purse seine could still be increased.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Key words:&lt;/strong&gt; bio-economic, multispecies, optimal&lt;/p&gt;

Mercury in Canned Tuna in Spain. Is Light Tuna Really Light?

In Spain, certain population-based studies have shown high blood mercury (Hg) levels due to the high consumption of fish. Some studies have stated that one of the most consumed fish in Spain is canned tuna. Different Spanish organisms consider that it is safe to consume canned tuna as it supposedly has a low mercury content, particularly in so-called light tuna. However, in Spain light tuna is mainly yellowfin and bigeye tuna, while in other countries it is mainly skipjack tuna. This study analyzed 36 cans of the most popular brands in Spain and examined the influence of the type of tuna, packaging medium (olive oil, sunflower seed oil, water or marinade), different brands, prices and expiration dates. Mercury concentrations (mg/kg) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry and thermal decomposition amalgamation. The medians observed were (mg/kg): light tuna: 0.314; IQR: 0.205 - 0.594, white tuna: 0.338; IQR: 0.276 - 0.558, skipjack: 0.311; IQR: 0.299 - 0.322, frigate tuna: 0.219; IQR 0.182 - 0.257 and mackerel: 0.042; IQR 0.029 - 0.074. We found statistically significant differences between white tuna, light tuna and mackerel (p = 0.004); light tuna and mackerel (p = 0.002) and white tuna and mackerel (p = 0.006). However, we found no differences between white tuna and light tuna, or among packaging medium, brands, prices or expiration dates. The limit of 0.500 mg/kg of mercury in canned tuna was exceeded by the following percentages of the cans: 33.3% of light tuna, 16.7% of white tuna, and 0% of Skipjack, frigate tuna and mackerel. The mercury content of the cans of Spanish light tuna that were analyzed was variable and high. The results of this study indicate that stricter regulation of Hg in canned tuna is necessary. Until then, it is safer to recommend that vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women consume canned mackerel, which has a markedly lower mercury content.

The FAD fishery in the Gulf of Thailand: time for management measures

Fish aggregating devices (FADs) used in the Gulf of Thailand are made of bamboo poles, twisted wire and coconut leaves, fastened to a concrete block. Purse seines with 2.5 cm mesh size are used to surround the fish, using fishing boats ranging from 18 to 26 m in overall length. Fishing grounds are located in the central Gulf of Thailand at a depth of 25–60 m. Catch per unit effort (CPUE), species composition and size of economically important species were analyzed by collecting data from fishing boats using FADs at nine main fishing ports along the Gulf of Thailand between January and December 2007. The results show that the average CPUE was 3351 kg day-1 , which was composed of 88% pelagic fishes, 5% demersal fishes, 4% trash fishes and 2% squids and cuttlefishes. The major pelagic species were Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta ), Indian scad (Decapterus russelli ) and bigeye scad (Selar crumenophthalmus ), which made up 25%, 24% and 8% of the total catch, respectively, while neritic tunas (kawakawa; Euthynnus affinis , frigate tuna; Auxis thazard thazard and longtail tuna; Thunnus tonggol ) made up 8% of the total catch. The mean length of ten economically important species was smaller than their size at first maturity, while two species were above their size at first maturity. The results indicated that juvenile fish were mostly being caught by FAD fishery, and this may lead to depletion in fisheries resources and economic loss. Although there is a set of measures to control the use of purse seines, effective management of the FAD capacity is also urgently needed.

Three genetic stocks of frigate tuna Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepede, 1800) along the Indian coast revealed from sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

Frigate tuna Auxis thazard thazard is a cosmopolitan species and one of the smallest members of the tribe Thunnini (the true tunas), and currently managed as a single stock. In the present study, genetic variation was surveyed using sequence data of mitochondrial DNA D-loop region to test for the presence of genetic stock structure of frigate tuna along the Indian coast. A total of 364 individuals were sampled from 8 major fishing zones along the Indian coast. Significant genetic heterogeneity was observed for the sequence data (ΦST = 0.0439, P = < 0.001). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed significant genetic variation among the three groups analysed (ΦCT = 0.1223, P = < 0.05), which was also supported by spatial AMOVA results. Therefore, the null hypothesis of single panmictic population of frigate tuna along the Indian coast can be rejected. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences demonstrated that frigate tuna can be grouped into three different mitochondrial clades (Clades I, II and III). However, there were no significant genealogical branches or clusters of samples corresponding to sampling locality. The results of the present study suggest the possibility of three genetically differentiated units of frigate tuna across the coastal waters of India.

Nutritional Evaluation in Five Species of Tuna

Proximate composition was determined in different body parts (skin, white muscle, red muscle, head muscle and belly flap of five species of tuna; Katsuvonus pelamis (skipjack, balaya), Thunnus Albacares (yellow fin tuna, kellawalla), Auxis rochei (Bullet tuna, ragoduwa), Auxis thazard (frigate tuna, alagoduwa) and Euthvnnus affinis (kawakawa, attawalla) obtained from the Negambo fish landing site. Fatty acid profiles were also analyzed in the akin, red and white muscle of the five species. No significant differences between the tuna species were observed with respect to protein, total fat. and moisture contents. The ash content in Frigate tuna and Kawakawa were significantly higher than the other species. The muscle tissue in all the species was rich in protein (20-25%) and low in fat (

Age and growth changes and population dynamics of the black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) and the frigate tuna (Auxis thazard thazard), in the Taiwan Strait

The age and growth and population dynamics of the black pomfret, Parastromateus niger and the frigate tuna, Auxis thazard thazard were studied from specimens collected monthly in the Taiwan Strait from April 2005 to March 2006. With five age groups of each, the dominant black pomfret was one year, while frigate tuna was two years. The total mortality coefficient (Z) and the fishing mortality (F) of the black pomfret were at high levels, the exploitation ratio (E) was over 0.5, and the number of captured juvenile fishes showed that the stock of black pomfret in this area was overexploited and improper fishing gear was utilized. Compared with previous studies, the maximum and mean fork length, body weight and age of the two fishes declined gradually, the populations were younger in age and smaller in size. The growth coefficient k increased and age at the inflexion point of weight tr was younger than before. The smaller change of the fork length at first maturity of the two fishes has indicated a more vulnerable fishery ecosystem in this area. Therefore, in addition to the traditional fishery management approach, such as taking the minimum length into consideration, ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAF) should be taken to improve the practical fishing management, including conserving the small pelagic fishery population in order to achieve the sustainable fishing of the stocks.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMANFAATAN RUMPON PADA OPERASI PENANGKAPAN IKAN DI PERAIRAN KEI KECIL, MALUKU TENGGARA

One of ways to increase the fishing operation effectiveness is done by using fish aggregating device (FAD) called rumpon. The types of FAD used in Kei Kecil waters made from bamboos or plastic drum material. This research objectives are (1) determining catch composition around FAD, (2) comparing the effectiveness of two types of FAD on fishing operation, and (3) comparing the effectiveness of fishing gears, operated around the FAD. The method that used in this research was doing survey through observing fishing activities around the FAD. Fishing gear and FAD samples were determined through purposive sampling method. These data were collected from August to October 2007 in Kei Kecil Waters of South East Maluku. The kind of fish catch around FAD were scad mackerel, frigate mackerel, and barred spanish mackerel. The most dominant of catch was scad mackerel (80%), whereas percentage e of frigate mackerel and barred spanish mackerel were 19% and 1%. The composition of the length size of scad mackerel, frigate mackerel, and barred spanish mackerel were dominated by the large size. Type of bamboo FAD was more efective compared with the plastic drum FAD type. Purse seine fishing was more efective compared with gillnet and troll line fishing that operated around rumpon.

New occurrences of warm-water species: Japanese cutlass fish Trichiurus japonicus and frigate mackerel auxis thazard in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan)

In the summer period of 2009, two species of warm-water fish—Japanese cutlass fish Trichiurus japonicus and frigate mackerel Auxis thazard—were found in Peter the Great Bay. Their description is made, and their main diagnostic characters are provided. It was established that both species of the genus Auxis are found in Russian waters of Far Eastern seas.

Gel properties of croaker–mackerel surimi blend

Gel properties of croaker surimi blended with three types of mackerel surimi at different ratios were evaluated. The gel strength of the croaker–mackerel surimi blend was higher than that of the original mackerel surimi ( p < 0.05). The presence of croaker surimi in the blend resulted in the increase in myosin heavy chain (MHC) band intensity. No differences in deformation of gels were observed in croaker surimi and croaker-short-bodied mackerel blend at all ratios ( p > 0.05). The addition of short-bodied mackerel surimi into croaker surimi up to a ratio of 1:2 had no effect on whiteness and metmyoglobin content of the gel ( p > 0.05). Marked decrease in expressible drip and TCA-soluble peptide of gel was noticeable in croaker–frigate mackerel surimi blend ( p < 0.05). Therefore, the gel properties of croaker–mackerel surimi blend were governed by the type and content of mackerel surimi used.