Friendly Type Research Articles

Loneliness-associated factors among older adults: Focus on friendship type and number of friends.

Loneliness among older people is prevalent. Few studies have examined the association of loneliness with the type of friendship and number of friends. This study aimed to clarify the loneliness-related factors among older adults by gender focusing on the type of friendship and number of friends. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted on 1610 older adults in Japan. The questionnaire included basic characteristics, health status used by the self-administered dementia checklist, type of friendship and number of friends evaluated by the Lubben Social Network Scale, and loneliness evaluated using the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. Univariate analysis was performed with loneliness as the dependent variable, and multiple logistic regression analysis was also performed. A total of 1082 older adults were included for analysis. The loneliness rate was 16.8%. Regarding the type of friendship and number of friends, having <3 close friends to call on for help (tangible aid) was most associated with loneliness (men odds ratio [OR]: 2.88, women OR: 3.10). Higher awareness of the participants of subjective symptoms of dementia was proportionally related to loneliness (men, OR: 3.06; women, OR: 2.40). Among women, economic insecurity (OR: 1.68), subjective health (OR: 2.12), having <3 friends with whom they feel easy to talk about private matters (emotional support) were related to loneliness (OR: 2.38). The results suggested that the type of friendship and number of friends, economic insecurity, and health status might be associated with loneliness among older adults. Several factors related to loneliness might differ by gender.

Aretaic Friendship: A Multidisciplinary Enquiry

Friendship catalyzes personal growth, nurturing excellence, virtue, and spiritual enlightenment. Various forms of friendships offer distinct benefits in specific contexts. This article explores the often-overlooked aretaic friendship, distinguishing it from other friendship types and elucidating its cultivation process. The word aretaic comes from the Greek arete-virtue. This article uses the term aretaic friendship to characterize virtue- and character-based friendships. It considers the physiological, psychological, and societal benefits of friendships, focusing on the unique qualities of aretaic friendships and how they empower individuals to pursue greatness collectively and contribute to a flourishing society. What sets this article apart is the collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary research team comprising scholars from diverse fields, including education, medical science, psychology, information technology, philosophy, and theology.

جلوه‌های اجتماعی محبت در قرآن و سنت

A person who has a healthy nature is not devoid of love, friendship and beauty, but the important thing is not the love of a person, but the important thing is who is this love towards? And why is it? Because the nature of love and the beloved person in the religious field plays a very important role in the value or worthlessness of this matter. What is given a lot of attention and importance in religious texts is, first of all, love and affection towards God, the Prophet and the religion of God, and friendship and love towards other human beings and divine creatures is rooted in this matter. Therefore, the purpose of love and friendship is that its element is divine and it is aimed at creating affection and affection between humans and is free from sin and sin. This is where friendship finds a human meaning and evokes the concept of beauty for mankind. All religious verses and traditions not only praise such friendship, but also call humanity towards it in the form of commanding orders, towards the love of God, towards the love of the Prophet and his religion, and ultimately towards love and friendship towards all created beings. This type of love and friendship is a major part of the belief of a believer.

Phronesis (Practical Wisdom) and Philia (Friendship)

In Aristotle’s ethics, friendship is a complex and nuanced construct, which he termed philia. Aristotle’s philia is much broader than affinity­‑based peer relationships, as friendship is often conceived currently. He identified three types of friendship (utility, pleasure, and character), and he devoted approximately 20% of the Nicomachean Ethics to friendship. This is because close personal relationships and developing oneself as a character friend are extremely important to living well as a human. This centrality makes character or virtue friendship distinctive and highly valuable. We apply the construct of phronesis to philia to reveal important aspects of both. First, we argue that situations common to character friendships highlight the reasonable limits of the emotion regulation function of phronesis in resolving seemingly intractable ethical conflicts. Second, we suggest that these limits suggest, counterintuitively, that character friendships (even among the most virtuous actors) are still subject, under some conditions, to substantial feelings of conflict and emotional ambivalence.

La resistencia de la amistad: Sigmund Freud, Laurence Rickels y Sean Baker

In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle defines three kinds of friendship: utility, pleasure, and virtue. The characters in the films of Sean Baker fit into none of these categories. Friendship is central to all of Baker’s films, but it takes the non-Aristotelian form of “friends, no matter what,” which I interpret as a description of the aporia of friendship, of an impossible friend, or a friend in the realm of fantasy. In other words, friends are only friends when they resist everything friends are supposed to do. Betrayal, lies, and complications sit at the heart of this new definition. One mechanism for this kind of friendship is mourning. Friends are only friends when friendship is mourned, or when it is part of a crypt, or a vault for losses that are too traumatic to confront fully, as set out in the work of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Derrida, Nicolas Abraham and Mária Török, and developed by Laurence Rickels. This reading of mourning puts a particular spin on fantasy, for if fantasy is generally assumed to be about wish-fulfillment, then when fantasy reaches into the crypt for inspiration, it is retooled into a vehicle for confronting what is too hard to face. This is the function of friendship in Baker’s films: his friends are Judas figures going against their friends in order to keep their friendship alive. In Tangerine (2015), two transgender sex workers in West Hollywood develop their friendship around a fight over a man. In Starlet (2012), a young woman hides a secret from her elderly female friend, and this friendship is only saved when another actress betrays this secret. In these films, friendship is paradoxically formed by attempting to ruin friendship. Thought on fantasy and mourning will help in defining this type of non-Aristotelian friendship, as well as Freud’s work on the “ambivalence of feeling” from his writing on the First World War.

Locating Aristotelian Nicomachean Ethics of Friendship in Panchatantra

This paper will be dealing with the second book of Panchatantra titled “The Gaining of Friends” or “Mitra Laabha”. The chief focus of the paper is to locate the three types of friendship i.e. friendships of utility, of pleasure and of virtue that is illustrated by Aristotle in the Book VIII of Nicomachean Ethics in the stories of the second book of Panchatantra.

Aristotle on Friendship in Association

Abstract This paper argues that Aristotle’s account of friendship can be applied equally to cases of friendship in association and personal friendship. It argues that both types of friendship are similar insofar as both are primarily concerned with the common good that serves as the basis of the friendship. This notion of the common good is what allows Aristotle to draw a connection between personal relationships, the more circumscribed associations, and the political association. This focus on the common good allows one to look to the political association to inform one’s understanding of both friendship and justice in both the smaller associations and in personal relationships.

GUIDELINES FOR COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF FRIENDSHIP

AbstractHumans participate in an immense variety of relationships with other persons and other entities: human and nonhuman, living and nonliving, tangible and intangible, real and imagined. Participation in relationships is considered a key benchmark of personhood. Some of these relationships, particularly friendships, involve close emotional attachments, and some friendships have been described since antiquity as spiritual in nature. Different types of friendship depend upon factors such as proximity, social formality, physical intimacy, information exchanged, and the costs and benefits of maintaining the relationship. There are time‐extended processes and narrative practices involved in forming and dissolving relationships. A question is raised how androids (hypothetical humanoid robots that people would accept as equals in society) can participate in friendships with humans and other entities. This article explores the space of friendships with the aim of formulating guidelines for a computational model that can make explicit the information processing requirements and step‐by‐step processes involved with participating in the many different types of friendships, including those known as spiritual friendships.

Diseño y validación de una Escala de Amistad de Carácter para jóvenes

Friendship is an important bond in the personal and social growth of an individual and plays a prominent role during youth. Most scales to measure it are aimed at children and adolescents but none measure character friendship, a type of selfless friendship with ethical traits an d Aristotelian roots. Therefore, the aim of the research is to design and validate the youth Character Friendship Scale (CFS) in a sample of 1587 young Spanish people. The final version of the CFS is composed of 35 items distributed over three dimensions: "Selfless love and intimacy" (21), "Trust" (7) and "Respect and forgiveness" (7) with ordinal reliability coefficients of 0.94, 0.79 and 0.7 respectively and good model fits (CFI = 0.986; TLI = 0.986; RMSEA = 0.043; SRMR = 0.054; GFI = 0.997). It is concluded that the CFS is a scale with good psychometric properties for measuring character friendship in young adults. The results obtained from its application will lead to a better understanding of the importance of character friendship for the socioemotional development or happiness of young adults and will enable the development of intervention programmes that enhance aspects of friendship such as trust, respect, forgiveness or mutual knowledge, which can facilitate collaborative relationships and contribute to social cohesion.

A philosophical look at running friendships

ABSTRACT Friendship constitutes an integral part of human flourishing. Aristotle (1996) famously wrote, ‘For no one would choose to live without friends, but possessing all other good things’ (p. 205). Members of our respective practice communities (MacIntyre, 1984) understand and appreciate our passion for running or basketball, tennis or cycling. The friends we develop through sport, and herein I focus on running, have the potential to help us cultivate human flourishing in the Aristotelian sense. Highlighting this point, Austin (2007) writes that ‘The friendships of runners often illustrate Aristotle’s understanding of this highest form of friendship, as well as friendship in its lower forms. And as we shall see, running is well suited for fostering the type of friendship that Aristotle thinks is necessary for being happy’ (p. 12). In his book, Philosophy Americana, Anderson (2006) provides an overview of the themes which pervade the academic discipline known as American philosophy. Individuals typically cited within this domain include Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, Josiah Royce, and John Dewey, among others. Examining the nature of running friendships provides a way to explicate American philosophical themes; and the themes provide a means to more fully understand and appreciate the nature of running friendships. My purpose here is to examine running friendships through the lens of the American philosophical tradition. The themes I have in mind here are: patience; commitment and immersion; risk and precipitousnes; and experience. I begin with an overview of friendship, including friendship as a form of human flourishing as well as the formation of friendship. I then transition to an examination of American philosophical themes related to running and friendship.

Zašto biti su-roditelj?

The paper offers an account of co-parenthood according to which co-parents are parent and child to one another. The paper begins by reviewing extant theories of the value of being a parent, to see whether the value of co-parenthood is reducible to this. Finding that it is not, I briefly elaborate a theory of parenthood on which parents are those who create persons. Using Aristotle’s four causes as a helpful prism, I outline how parents are the cause of their child, and how in causing a child together co-parents become parent and child to one another. For instance, since parents create children by offering themselves as models to be copied, co-parents should enjoy the best type of friendship with one another, each treating the other’s flourishing as a human person as their end. I suggest that co-parenthood contains parenthood virtually, that the co-parents’ love of their child is a manifestation of their love for one another, that the teleological fulfilled state of the friendship between parent and child exists in the friendship of co-parents.

Dyadic Friendship Travel: The Role of Personal and Friendship Characteristics on Conflict Management Styles

Friendship travel is gaining traction in tourism studies; however, analyses of dyads’ dynamics outside of romantic partners remain scarce. This study investigates how dyadic friends settle disputes while on vacation, negotiate self- and other-related needs based on personal and friendship characteristics, and ultimately achieve satisfying tourism experiences. Structural equation modeling is used to examine interrelationships between the “Big Five” personality traits, Aristotle’s friendship types, and interpersonal tolerance in conflict resolution during travel between same- and opposite-sex friend dyads. Findings reveal that friends whose relationships are rooted in goodwill (i.e., virtue friendship) are more willing to adopt integrating and compromising conflict management styles. Friends who possess relatively strong agreeableness and openness to experience, and who have high interpersonal tolerance, often use an integrating conflict management style. These results differ from the extant literature in showing that men’s getaways enhance dyadic friendships. Various implications and this study’s relevance in the context of COVID-19 are discussed in closing.

Envy, Social Comparison, and Depression on Social Networking Sites: A Systematic Review.

This study aims to review the evidence for the reciprocal relationship between envy and social comparison (SC) on social networking sites (SNSs) and depression. We searched PsychINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science from January 2012 to November 2022, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A total of 9 articles met our inclusion criteria. In all articles reviewed, a simple correlation was found between SC on SNSs, envy, and depression. Three cross-sectional studies successfully tested a model with envy as a mediator between SNSs and depression. The moderating role of additional variables such as self-efficacy, neuroticism, SC orientation, marital quality, and friendship type was also evident. The only two studies that were suitable to determine direction found that depression acted as a predictor rather than an outcome of SC and envy, and therefore depression might be a relevant risk factor for the negative emotional consequences of SNSs use.

Egoism, Utility, and Friendship in Plato’s Lysis

Many scholars consider that Socrates in the Lysis holds that friendship and love are egoistic and utility-based. In this paper, I will argue against those readings of Plato’s Lysis. I will analyze how Socrates treats utility and egoism in the many different kinds of friendship he discusses in the dialogue, from parental love, like-to-like, and unlike-to-unlike relationships, to the accounts of friendship rooted in the human relation to the good and the ways in which we can belong with some other human beings. The upshot of my paper is twofold. I endeavor to prove that some of these relationships, as Plato’s Socrates discusses them, are not egoistic and that Plato represents and valorizes a particular type of friendship having to do with philosophy and philosophical way of life, which is for the sake of another.

Friendship and Personality Toward the Main Character in Wendy Mass’ The Candymakers

The aims of the research are to find out the friendship and personality through the characters in the novel and to describe the impact of personality that affect their friendship towards the characters. The research applied the library research to get as many data from the novel and some books containing theories which connect to the research. The primary data was taken from The Candymakers by Wendy Mass. The writer used a qualitative descriptive research by using sociological approach and the theory of Aristotle for friendship and Neo-Freud’s theory of personality. The result shows the result of this study the types of friendship dominated by Virtuous/ Admiration because became a guide in made a friend. The types of personality in this study dominated by Aggressive personality but the impact that affect their friendship it would be Detached personality because solve the problem of friendship.

My Precious Friend: Human-Robot Interactions in Home Care for Socially Isolated Older Adults

ABSTRACT Objectives Using a friendship framework, we explored interactions between a multi-functional companion robot and older adults residing in a low-resource community in South Korea. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 12 older adults who kept a doll-shaped companion robot called Hyodol for 18 months on average. We applied the Framework Analysis Method to explore three types of friendship (i.e., friendships of utility, pleasure, and the good) that participants cultivated with the robot. Results The most common aspect of utility companionship reported by all participants was Hyodol’s role as their health coach who reminded them to take medication and to exercise. Participants also found pleasure in playing with Hyodol and reported reduced feelings of loneliness. In the absence of other social supports, all participants also regarded Hyodol as a surrogate family member or human-friend, and interacted with Hyodol as such. Conclusions Findings illustrated high acceptability of Hyodol among these socially isolated older adults especially during the global COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that a humanoid like Hyodol could be complementary to homecare services for solo-living older adults. Clinical Implications Well-designed robot interventions, as complements to existing aging service and clinical interventions, have a potential to improve health behaviors among socially isolated older adults.

Does the Gender of Your Friends Matter for Sexist Attitudes About Women?

Building upon two complimentary theoretical frameworks related to group relations (i.e., Intergroup Contact Theory and Peer Exposure), we examined how emerging adults’ friendships with men and women were related to their hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and sexual objectification attitudes. Participants were 212 college students ( M age = 20.20 years, SD = 2.08; 62% female; 58% White) from a large southwestern university. Results provided support for Intergroup Contact Theory and for a Peer Exposure effect, but only for men. Specifically, for men, having female friends was negatively associated with hostile sexism, and having male friends was positively related to hostile sexism; neither friendship type related to benevolent sexism. For women, no significant relations between friends and attitudes were found; this is likely due to the assessed attitudes being about women (their own group). The findings suggest a promising pathway to mitigate gender-based prejudice for men through cross-gender friendships.

Friends with Benefits (and Sometimes Costs)

In peace and justice movements (and I include all environmental campaigns and movements under the rubric environmental justice) the ideas of friendship are never far from the surface. And just as Dr. King wrote about the various forms of love, we can consider multiple types of friendship as it relates to activism for peace, social change, and a broad array of justice issues. I will suggest that this is not a mere side characteristic, but can often be central to questions of effectiveness. Overcoming paralyzing polarizing divisions, conflicting worldviews, radically different values and norms in order to achieve a particular, carefully outlined and bounded goal is, in our age of greatly divided segments of the polity, perhaps a way forward worth exploring in some situations.

Multiple types of friends and life stage differences in friendship

Much research on the life-course measures friend ties using a single aspect of relationships. This measurement has enabled the delineation of friendship networks and the application of rigorous network analysis tools, but at the expense of neglecting the multidimensionality of friendships. As an alternative, this study suggests identifying and differentiating multiple types of friends based on friendships’ multifaceted nature. Analysis using the University of California, Berkeley, Social Networks Survey demonstrates that both young (20–30-year-old) and older (50–70-year-old) people have four distinct types of friends. The conventional “close and supportive friends” or “new friends” only account for half the friendship types. In addition, younger people, particularly married and low-income ones, have friends with whom they do not actively interact, despite the intimacy, proximity, and long tenure of the relationships. Among older people, many friends are not emotionally close despite knowing each other for a long time and living nearby. This type of friendship constitutes a higher proportion in sparse networks and the networks of married, retired, low-income, and non-white older adults. The age group differences in friend types and their distribution are discussed, focusing on different social foci for friend activities between young and older adults.

The impacts of academic adaptation on psychological and sociocultural adaptation among international students in China: The moderating role of friendship

The population of international students continues to grow in China, making it important to look for ways to make the travel experience of this mostly English-instructed group more rewarding. Cross-cultural adjustment and friendships established in the host country are crucial aspects of international students’ experiences. Psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation have been found to be correlated, and international students’ social ties with families, locals, and nonlocals have proven to be vital to cross-cultural adjustment. The current study seeks to further the research by exploring the potential impacts of academic adaptation on psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation, and examining the role of host national friendship, co-national friendship and other forms of national friendship in cross-cultural adjustment among international students in China. International students (N = 211) from 22 countries in Africa and Asia who were enrolled in English-instructed programs in a Chinese university completed the survey. The results suggested that academic adaptation and host national friendships were significantly positively associated with both psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation. Co-national friendship was significantly negatively associated with psychological adaptation while other types of national friendship were not significantly related to psychological adaptation. Host national friendship significantly moderated the effects of academic adaptation on psychological adaptation and sociocultural adaptation.