Friendship Factors Research Articles

Affective components of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry: development and validation of a questionnaire.

The aim of the present study was to identify the main dimensions of the human-animal relationship in animal husbandry and to test the hypothesis of a coherent system linking attitudes and feelings. A second objective was to assess interindividual differences which could be linked to socioenvironmental or personal factors. The 26-item questionnaire was administered to 197 animal farmers (143 men, 54 women, 3.8% under 25 years old, 45.2% under 40 years, 44.2% under 60 years and 7.1% over 60 years). To include even farmers not in the official agricultural registries, we used a random selection procedure. A principal component analysis of responses followed by varimax rotation yielded two factors accounting for 30.7% of the total variance, a Friendship factor and a Power relationship factor. Significant differences on the Friendship factor were observed between groups by sex of farmers, education, size of the production system, and region of production. There were also differences on the Power relationship factor between groups by age and education. These results validate a questionnaire with 21 items, allowing measurement of positive and negative affects of farmers towards their animals.

It's a Boy Thing: The Role of the Internet in Young People's Psychological Wellbeing

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between psychological wellbeing and Internet use among adolescents, focussing not only on time spent on the Internet, but also on the relative strength/importance of both face-to-face and Internet friendship networks. A sample of 336 young people aged between 15 and 21 years from a secondary school and a university population were surveyed. Results indicated that females with more online friends were higher on selfesteem and lower on loneliness than females with fewer online friends, but the opposite was true for males. A higher number of online regular friendships seemed to militate against self-esteem and was related to greater loneliness for males. For face-to-face friendships, the effects on wellbeing were in the same direction for males and females, but stronger for males. Those with more face-to-face friendships were higher on self-esteem and less lonely. In addition, young men who rated their online friendship networks as very important were more likely to have lower self-esteem and to be lonely. Actual time spent on the Internet was not a predictor of wellbeing for either sex when online and offline friendship factors were included in the regression equation.

Temperamento y crianza en la construcción de la personalidad. conducta agresiva, inestabilidad y prosociabilidad [Effect of temperament and upbringing in personality, aggressive behaviour, instability and prosocial behaviour

The objective of this investigation is twofold. First, to study the relationship established between the structure of the teenager's personality andthe manifestation of adapted conducts, socially and emotionally (aggression, emotional instability and prosocial behaviour). Second, to analyze the importance of the environmental implicit factors in the upbringing, which are in direct opposition to the above mentioned structural factors of personality in the emission of aggressive, unstable and prosocial behaviour. The sample was constituted by 531 teenagers, boys and girls, between 12 and 16 years old, who were studying their Secondary Obligatory Education. The sample was gathered from al! the three provinces in the Valencian County. Besides, al! the school centres and students that participated in this research were picked randomly. The statistical analyses state that there is a close relationship between the structure of the personality -based upon the theory of Big Five- and aggressiqn, emotional instability and prosocial behavior. This highlights the presence of the structural dimension of personality and, especially, the factors of Friendship, Canscience and Instability in the case of aggressive, unstable and prosocial behaviours. As far as the atmosphere and environment that surrounds the pupils are concerned, the factors with higher ancestry were Satisfactian far upbringing and Discipline.

Holism, contextual variability, and the study of friendships in adolescent development.

This study treated a key relationship in the developmental ecology of adolescence, friendships, as multidimensional and context specific. First, it examined 4 characteristics of friends (academic achievement, alcohol use, emotional distress, and extracurricular participation) as independent factors and as components in holistic friendship group profiles. Longitudinal analyses of 9,224 adolescents (ages 12-20) revealed that multiple characteristics of friends predicted adolescent behavioral problems, as did membership in the best adjusted group profile. Second, the study examined whether the associations between friendship factors and adolescent behavior varied as a function of the larger peer network and school context, finding that network centrality, school academic press, and intergenerational bonding in schools conditioned the role of friends' characteristics and group profiles in positive and negative ways.

Annotation: Recent Research Examining the Role of Peer Relationships in the Development of Psychopathology

This Annotation highlights recent research on the role of peer group and friendship factors in the development of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Several processes are considered. including peer rejection (e.g., exclusion and victimization), social withdrawal and avoidance of peer interaction, and the socialization of deviant behavior and internalizing problems. The mediating influences of several proximal components are examined, including cognitive-perceptual factors and emotion regulation. In addition, the moderating influences of close friendship, age, gender, ethnicity, and group norms are considered. Several promising avenues for future directions in research are highlighted, including the examination of heterogeneity in developmental processes, further investigation of gender-based norms, and the application of multi-level modeling techniques and gene-environment process models.

Specifying the relations between affect and heavy alcohol use among young adults.

Current reformulations of the tension reduction hypothesis posit that only a subset of vulnerable individuals are at risk for drinking in response to negative affect. To further specify this model, this study examined the types of mood and social contexts under which affect and alcohol use are associated. Participants were 74 college students who completed repeated assessments of mood, alcohol use, friendship quality, and social support. A complex pattern of findings supported the moderating influences of gender, friendship factors, and the timing of behavior (i.e., weekends vs. weekdays) on the relation between affect and alcohol use. Young adults with less intimate and supportive friendships, as compared with their peers, showed risk for greater drinking following relative elevations in sadness and hostility. Such drinking episodes, in turn, predicted subsequent elevations in these same negative moods the following week. Gender differences in such a cyclical pattern of affect and alcohol use were found to vary across differing emotional experiences. Recommendations for a more refined theory of affect and alcohol use are discussed.

Economic status: middle class and poor children's views

This qualitative study explored low and middle‐income children's character associations regarding economic class and their corresponding friendship choices. Projective techniques employing photographs of houses representing different income level families were used to interview 48 United States children between the ages of five and 14 years, divided equally between low and middle income. It is clear that even at early ages, both realistic assessments and popular prejudices about wealth and poverty were firmly fixed in their minds. Their prejudgments likely prevent them from reaching across economic boundaries on the basis of inherent factors of common interest and friendship. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Economic status: middle class and poor children's views

This qualitative study explored low and middle-income children's character associations regarding economic class and their corresponding friendship choices. Projective techniques employing photographs of houses representing different income level families were used to interview 48 United States children between the ages of five and 14 years, divided equally between low and middle income. It is clear that even at early ages, both realistic assessments and popular prejudices about wealth and poverty were firmly fixed in their minds. Their prejudgments likely prevent them from reaching across economic boundaries on the basis of inherent factors of common interest and friendship. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

JOHN WILSON CROKER: PATRONAGE AND CLIENTAGE AT THE ADMIRALTY, 1809–1857

J. W. Croker's papers are a valuable and rare source concerning British government patronage of the first half of the nineteenth century. They show us a system that was burdensome for the participants, made more acceptable since it was an extension of gentlemanly civility. The papers also show that patronage, like government generally, was able somewhat to reform itself. True, in his particular sphere as patron – as first secretary to the Admiralty (1809–30) – Croker favoured his relatives, but appointed only those he thought fit, and supervised and controlled their work in a way not feasible outside a family. Nepotism could mean efficiency. It created a Croker family circle within the Admiralty that lasted until the 1860s. Croker continued to have influence as a patron until he died in 1857. He was aided by his network of friendships, but also there was the obligation felt by those in power – of whatever party – to Croker's long years of Admiralty service. Political links had their importance, but is is argued that the three factors of family, friendship, and service were predominant. His career as patron illustrates a vital stage between ‘old corruption’ and competitive entry to the civil service.

Prevention implications of peer influences on body image dissatisfaction and disturbed eating in adolescent girls

Abstract This paper reviews research reflecting on the relationship between peer and friendship factors, and body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors in adolescent girls, and considers the implications of these findings for prevention of poor body image and eating problems. It is suggested that the friendship and peer environment provides a subculture that may enhance or diminish the importance of thinness and engaging in weight loss strategies through talk, modeling of behavior, and teasing. Research regarding the impact of frequent negative social comparison in the body shape domain, quality of friendship relations, and heterosexual peer factors are examined. The role friends may play in discouraging unhealthy weight loss behaviors and supporting positive body image attitudes is also raised. In relation to primary prevention programs, the research suggests that activities conducted at the friendship group level may be powerful. The content of primary prevention programs could include identification of peer pressures to diet and skills to counteract them, management of body comparison tendencies and emotional eating, and the positive potential of friendship networks in supporting healthy body image and eating. The importance of raising awareness of female body image issues in boys is discussed. The value of fiends as a resource in secondary and tertiary prevention is also considered.

Groupwork with Computers in British Primary Schools

This article summarizes work from nineteen case studies of sixteen classes in ten schools, in which children aged between eight and twelve were observed working in small groups (2 to 5 members) at a computer. The observations were made by a school colleague of the class teacher in naturalistic settings over several months. Few classes had more than one computer. The analysis of group processes covers pupil roles, decision making, turn taking, participation, argument and conflict. Collaboration is defined in terms of group ownership of the work, mutual help and synergy. Factors affecting both processes and outcomes are discussed in terms of the optimal size and composition of a group (ability factors and the distribution of expertise, personality and friendship factors), the nature of the software and the task, and teacher intervention. The evidence demonstrates how the complexity of the interaction of these factors limits generalization, but nevertheless offers strong support for a Vygotskian rather than cognitive conflict explanation of the benefits of groupwork.

Participation Motives in Competitive Sports: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

The motives for participating in competitive sports among male and female elite disabled athletes from different countries have not been studied. Similarities and differences were therefore examined in the rating of importance of the seven motive factors of fitness, team atmosphere, skill development, excitement and challenge, friendship, achievement and status, and energy release. The countries studied included the U.S., Great Britain, and Japan. Data were collected during the Seoul Paralympics from 15 male and 15 female track athletes ages 20–30 from each country. All subjects competed in wheelchairs and met the eligibility criteria of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed by Gould, Feltz, and Weiss (1985) to examine motives for participating in competition. There were significant differences among athletes from the three countries in the motive factors of fitness, team atmosphere, and excitement and challenge. Gender differences were found in the motive factors of friendship as well as achievement and status.

Factors of Friendship: Relevance of Significant Others to Female Business Owners

An exploratory analysis of the identity, characteristics, and business contributions of persons designated significant others by 102 female business owners was conducted. Drawing on social interaction theories, a typology of attributes for such others was developed, and elements of those attributes were assessed. Significant other contribution dimensions were identified, and further elaborated in terms of identity and characteristic variables. The most meaningful contributions were to specific business needs, and were provided by spouses, siblings, and male friends. The results showed a pragmatic approach to accepting aid from significant others, based not on the role of the other but on his or her actual ability to contribute.

Sociological Factors of Friendship: Relevance For The Aged

Sociological Factors of Friendship: Relevance For The Aged

The Friendship Factor in Peer Nominations1

The Friendship Factor in Peer Nominations¹

体育の場における人間關係 : 交友關係とリーダー素質因子との關係について

体育の場における人間關係 : 交友關係とリーダー素質因子との關係について