Friendly Countries Research Articles

Приоритетные векторы региональной экономической интеграции в современном мироустройстве

. In the changing geopolitical reality, fragmentation of the economic space is taking place, and favorable opportunities are being created for the formation and strengthening of integration associations of states in different regions of the world. The subject of the study is the features of integration processes in transforming foreign economic conditions (using the example of the EAEU). The relevance of the study is due to the new geopolitical situation in the world, which exacerbates the need to find ways to improve international economic relations by intensifying the activities of interstate integration associations (unions) of friendly countries. The basis of the «core» of the new (integral) world economic order are China and India. Based on an analysis of the development of the situation on a global scale, a conclusion has been formulated about the emergence of new trends in international economic relations. The fact of the destruction of Russia’s economic ties with a number of developed Western countries, which were based on the interests of the largest business elites and had been functioning smoothly for several decades, has been established. The timeliness and progressiveness of the creation and active functioning of new integration unions of partner countries in the economic space of the globe has been proven. The basic conditions for the development of interstate cooperation: the scale of the economy, the growth of its complexity and connectivity, as well as its leading incentive – increasing public welfare – have been determined. The positive role of the association of EAEU member states operating in the Eurasian space and its place in strengthening regional international integration is substantiated. The increasing influence of the consensus positions of sovereign countries in pursuing responsible economic and financial policies is shown. The timeliness of making agreed decisions on mutually beneficial terms by friendly countries for the long term is being proven. Examples of accumulated invaluable experience of mutual assistance in the political and economic fields of interstate cooperation are presented. Conclusions about the advisability of intensifying activities to prepare for the transition of economic and financial relations of the EAEU member countries and other international integration associations to a new technological structure have been made. Recommendations on the advisability of forming a common vision among partner countries of objective trends in the dynamically changing reality in international economics and finance have been formulated. It would be advisable to focus further regional economic research on a more detailed study of the process of fragmentation of the world economic space and building prospects for international interaction in the future based on the application of system analysis methodology. This approach opens up opportunities for innovation in the financial and economic sphere and deepening integration processes between states from different regions of the world on the basis of partnerships and versatile mutually beneficial cooperation.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ И ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ САНКЦИОННОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ

The article examines in detail the impact of sanctions pressure from Western countries on the state of the domestic industry as a whole and its separate branch - mechanical engineering. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state of mechanical engineering in Russia in order to identify existing problems, determine optimal directions and formulate proposals for achieving sustainable economic development of the Russian Federation. The objectives of the study were: analysis of the current state of mechanical engineering; identification of problems of the efficiency of mechanical engineering development; determination of directions of development of the mechanical engineering industry in the Russian Federation; development of measures for import substitution in the mechanical engineering complex. The study used the methods of scientific knowledge: analysis and synthesis, monographic, methods of statistical and economic analysis, graphical method, system-structural and formal-logical methods. The information base was the data of Rosstat, the Industrial Development Fund and the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge, presented on the official website and scientific materials of domestic and foreign researchers. We identified the optimal directions for the development of the mechanical engineering industry of the Russian Federation: overcoming the technological gap and increasing demand for machinery and equipment manufactured in the Russian Federation; Innovation-oriented integration into import substitution processes; Creation of modern and progressive technologies in mechanical engineering; Digitalization of business processes and implementation of the Industry 4.0 production management technology; Establishment of cooperation with domestic and friendly foreign enterprises; Increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of mechanical engineering enterprises, etc. The following measures are proposed for import substitution in the mechanical engineering complex: Purchase of components in friendly countries; Cooperation with manufacturing enterprises; Preferential lending by industrial development institutes; Creation by executive authorities of a unified information and industrial system to solve logistics problems; Placement of production segments of the mechanical engineering industry; Stabilization of the domestic product market and Development of cooperative interaction between industries. It is recommended to focus mechanical engineering production on the implementation of priority projects, development projects, projects for the digitalization of industry and SPIC, financed by the FRP, which will allow bringing the enterprise to a modern level and improving the state of the industry as a whole. The directions of future research will be the mechanisms of technological development of the domestic mechanical engineering. The conducted research and its results can be applied by researchers and students in economic fields interested in the state of mechanical engineering in Russia.

Актуальные тренды развития финансовой инфраструктуры и трансформации валютного рынка России

The article analyzes the main changes in the Russian currency market in the context of modern realities — unprecedented geopolitical pressure, changes in the financial, currency and payment landscape under the influence of sanctions. The purpose of the article is to study the directions of ruble settlements, financial integration and trade in currencies of friendly countries in response to structural changes in the Russian currency market. A significant decrease in the share of the dollar in international payments, reserves and transactions in the foreign exchange market is noted. Much attention is paid to the current trends of dedollarization and diversification of financial markets, which the exchange infrastructure has developed under the influence of difficult external conditions. The authors conducted a study to answer the debatable question of whether the rise in popularity of national currencies was natural or accidental. They support their conclusions with historical statistical data on transactions in the foreign exchange market.

Turistskie svyazi Sovetskogo Soyuza s afrikanskimi gosudarstvami: stanovlenie, uspekhi i provaly

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of Soviet-African tourist ties and, above all, the issues of their formation and complex dynamics of development. It is based on materials from five federal and regional archives containing information about geography, volumes, pricing policy, features of tour programs and the perception of African reality by Soviet tourists. A number of factors influenced the dynamics of tourist relations with African countries: the global confrontation between the two systems; the military-political situation in the countries of the region, which determines the safety of tourists; the trade and economic activity of the USSR; military-technical cooperation. However, all these factors were derived from the state’s attraction to one or another “camp”. The documents demonstrate a rather contradictory dynamic and content of international tourist exchange. If inbound tourism differed by separate programs for socialist and capitalist countries and preferences for friendly countries, outbound tourism was less dependent on the “orientation” of the country. It was characterized by: a minimal “commercial” effect, the cognitive nature of the tour with an obligatory ideological component and the absence (with rare exceptions) of specialized groups.

Ключевые интересы Китая и Индии в Арктике и основные направления для сотрудничества с Россией

The article analyzes Russia’s prospects for interaction with China and India in the Arctic. Simultaneously with the process of competition between great powers for the Arctic, the interest of non-Arctic countries in the region grows. In the face of attempts to contain Russia and isolate it in the Arctic Council, Moscow has intensified interaction with non-Arctic friendly countries to promote projects for the development of its Arctic zone. At the same time, the question arises in what format and in what directions to do so. This paper analyzes the positions of Russia, China and India in the Arctic in order to find the most realistic cooperation formats based on the national interests of states, taking into account the specifics and inclusiveness of the Arctic region. The main attention is paid to the policy documents of states on the Arctic and key events in the development of cooperation between countries in the Arctic. The study was conducted through the prism of the neorealism paradigm, since the main emphasis is on the national interests and the influence of the modern international political environment on their behavior. The authors came to the conclusion that scientific research is the most promising and the least problematic area of cooperation in the Arctic for all parties. The Arctic zone of Russia is a huge laboratory for non-Arctic countries where they can study climate processes. Cooperation in energy and logistics is developing unevenly between countries, but its relevance for all parties continues to grow. A format of informal cooperation is of the highest relevance to Russia – it is flexible and makes it possible to diversify foreign economic ties.

Проблемы и перспективы обеспечения российских нефтегазовых компаний технологическим оборудованием в условиях санкционного давления и цифровизации

The study is aimed at examining the problem of high level of depreciation of the material and technical base of the oil and gas complex, the existing restrictions on its renewal as a result of sanctions and the search for pos-sible solutions. The results obtained indicate that the digitalization course adopted several years ago cannot be fully implemented in the current conditions, since its main components, both physical assets and software, were imported primarily from unfriendly states. In this regard, a set of possible solutions to this problem was proposed, divided into two stages, taking into account the priorities set. The first stage involves solving the prob-lem of maintaining the current level of hydrocarbon production by purchasing technological equipment with the help of friendly countries, while simultaneously searching for import substitution solutions in critical areas. At the second stage, taking into account the created reserves, a mass transition to domestic solutions, as well as solutions created on the basis of cooperation with friendly countries, can be carried out. The conducted re-search is consistent with the basic principles of the reproduction approach to economic development, which presuppose the need for continuous development of the oil and gas complex and the balance of all its key el-ements.

“Having leapt never look back”: Who stays with Russia and how are imports redistributed?

We examine the division of countries according to their political attitude towards Russia after the launch of a special military operation in Ukraine and the introduction of large-scale sanctions, and illustrate the importance of sanctions and political attitude to Russia for countries’ exports there with the available statistical data. The countries are clustered by their participation in sanctions pressure on Russia and voting on six UN resolutions condemning Russia’s actions. Except for hostile countries, we distinguish three groups of friendly countries — “cautious” (voting for UN resolutions), “wavering” (non-systematic voting), and “sympathetic” (voting against resolutions or ignoring them). According to mirror data on foreign trade with Russia, most countries which increased their exports to Russia in 2022 belong to the “sympathizers” group. Relying on the evidence from the EU and China, we demonstrate that imports of sanctioned goods are redistributed more actively than other imports. We list major products which imports were redistributed successfully or unsuccessfully.

Трансграничный подход к экономическому сотрудничеству России и Казахстана в сфере оборота драгоценных металлов и камней

In the conditions of expanding interaction between friendly countries, the cross-border approach to economic cooperation in strategically important areas is becoming increasingly important. The methodological basis of this study was the dialectical method of cognition, which allows analyzing and synthesizing economic phenomena, dissecting them into separate elements. The methods of logical, economic and situational analysis were also used. The authors give a bibliographic review of economic cooperation between Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan using a cross-border approach to the analysis of the precious metals and stones market; show the role of the Republic of Kazakhstan at historical stages in the formation of integration processes in the Eurasian space; characterize the structure of the market of precious metals and stones and products made of them. The market of precious metals, gemstones and products made of them is a promising direction of Kazakhstan's economic development. The Republic of Kazakhstan is successfully improving the state regulation of the precious metals and gemstones industry, taking into account global trends and best practices in this area. Cross-border cooperation between Kazakhstan and Russia will contribute to their further economic development.

Поиск технологических возможностей на основе анализа патентного массива

Currently companies still rely heavily on expert knowledge when searching for technological opportunities and choosing partners. Automation of search of patent holders who can be partners of the enterprises of the Volgograd region is considered. Companies not only from Russia, but also from China, India, and other friendly countries are considered as partners. The process of identifying partners is based on the similarity of solved technological problems extracted from patent documents, the patent holders of which are these enterprises. By analyzing the dependency trees extracted from the patent fields “Scope of the invention” and “Name of the invention” the “Problem-Solution” structures are formed. Based on the analysis of patent documents of potential partners “Problems-Solutions” that are not patented in Russia are identified. It causes a “technological vacuum” for enterprises of the Russian Federation. A method for identifying technological capabilities based on the analysis of the world patent array has been developed. The novelty of the method which provides a search for potential innovative technological areas for key enterprises of the Volgograd region lies in the use of deep learning technologies in relation to the analysis of natural language data of the world patent array. A software module has been developed to search for technological opportunities for enterprises of the Volgograd region based on the similarity of technological problems. The module is programmatically implemented in Python, the Yargy library from the Natasha project was used for semantic analysis of text fields of patents, Deep–translator was used for translating patent documents into Russian, Stanza library was used for building dependency trees, and RuWordNet library was used for selecting hyperonyms (to account for synonymous words). In order to identify technological opportunities for enterprises of the Volgograd region, 6 785 patents were analyzed.

Research on the Development Path of International Economy and Trade Driven by "The Belt and Road Initiative"

In recent years, great changes have taken place in the domestic and international environment facing China's opening up to the outside world, making China face new pressures and tests in the future to promote opening up. The development environment faced by China in implementing the "the belt and road initiative" initiative is extremely complicated, and optimizing its development environment is definitely beyond the ability of enterprises and individuals. In the development initiative of "the belt and road initiative", China will establish long-term friendly relations with its neighbors along the Maritime Silk Road and the Land Silk Road, which can promote the stable development of trade in the long run. Rationalize the process of transnational commodity trade and capital flow, and coordinate and analyze possible special negative situations. When implementing investment plans, enterprises should always bear in mind their social responsibilities, pay attention to adapting to local laws, regulations, and customs, and strengthen communication with the local people. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the investment risk awareness of enterprises, guide the establishment of risk monitoring and management departments for enterprises engaged in foreign direct investment, and require industry associations to play their due role in risk control, and ensure information exchange and sharing among enterprises. The new trends in the development of the international economy and trade industry can keep the strategic planning at the national level forward-looking, promote international multilateral cooperation, break the barriers of trade barriers, and promote trade cooperation between friendly countries and international economic development.

ROUSSEAU'S THEORY OF DEMOCRACY AND ITS RELATION TO DEMOCRACY IN VIETNAM

<p>Since ancient times, democracy has played a crucial role in political life. It is associated with essential values such as freedom and equality. The value of democracy is widely recognized, but in terms of form, democracy does not have any general pattern. It is for this reason that democracy in each country is organized differently, leading to the situation where some countries do not fully appreciate the democracy of another country or use their democracy to evaluate and condemn the democracy of another country. This is a considerable barrier to integration and cooperation for mutual development. The people of Vietnam are peace-loving people who wish to cooperate for mutual development with all friendly countries, but Vietnam's foreign relations face many obstacles because of its political characteristics. Democracy in Vietnam was established by President Ho Chi Minh very early, in accordance with the country's own political and historical conditions. Democracy in Vietnam has both a unified and specific connotation compared to the general theory of democracy. The practice of Vietnam's democracy over the years shows that this "specificity" not only does not "distort" democracy but also contributes to enriching and deepening the theory of progressive democracy. The article attempts to analyze Rousseau's theory of democracy in order to clarify common human values about democracy. At the same time, it relates to democracy in Vietnam, thereby aiming to clarify that Vietnamese democracy is a progressive democracy that contributes to the protection and promotion of human rights and civil rights, freedom, and peace in the world. All of this aims to contribute to the improvement of mutual understanding and respect, promoting the spirit of "openness" to international cooperation and dialogue for mutual development in today's era.<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0089/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The official-private game of ginseng trade between China and Korea in modern times

As culturally friendly countries, China and the Korean Peninsula have had active medical exchanges throughout history, which had a significant impact on the traditional medicine industry and daily life of both sides. Ginseng is an important commodity in the drug trade between China and Korea, and its profits are lucrative and an important source of fiscal revenue for the Korean government.In modern times, lured by huge profits, some Korean and Chinese businessmen have engaged in ginseng smuggling, even government officials.In order to safeguard the interests of the official camp, the two governments have always severely punished smuggling, but ginseng smuggling has not disappeared, and the game between official and private ginseng has become a unique phenomenon in the medical exchanges between China and Korea.

Тенденции и перспективы привлечения иностранных инвестиций в арктические мегапроекты в условиях геополитической напряжённости

The article analyzes the participation of foreign investors in the implementation of investment projects in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The features of organizing foreign investments at the regional level are considered. The dynamics of indicators of attracting foreign investment in the Russian Arctic in 20162021 is analyzed. It is noted that in the last few years, the attraction of loans from foreign banks has decreased to a minimum, and the entire volume of investment was carried out at the expense of direct investments by foreign investors in large megaprojects of the Russian Arctic. The situation with the involvement of foreign investors in Arctic projects in the context of geopolitical tensions in 2022 is as-sessed. It is concluded that Western companies are currently withdrawing their assets from joint Arctic projects, while the potential for investment cooperation with Asian, Latin American and Turkish partners in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is increasing. It has been established that the withdrawal of Western investors from joint Arctic projects carries not only financial risks associated with the search for new sources of investment, but also technological risks that necessitate the development of alternative options for obtaining the necessary equipment. As ways to overcome the difficulties associated with the withdrawal of Western investors from Russian Arctic projects, it is proposed to intensify direct state financing of the implementation of infrastructure facilities based on the program method, as well as to direct efforts to create interstate mechanisms for financing large Arctic projects with friendly countries interested in the development of Arctic policy within the framework of existing BRICS and SCO associations.

A model of international economic integration in commercial real estate markets

Subject. This article discusses the changes in the global retail market, economic models of interaction, and integration tools in international retail real estate markets. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the development of the global retail market, trends in real estate investment, identify the main patterns of integration mechanisms of international real estate markets, as well as develop an economic model. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of scientific knowledge, induction, analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Results. The article identifies the main trends in the development of the global retail and real estate investment market, formulates the patterns of functioning of investment models of international cooperation in the construction of commercial retail real estate. The article also presents an author-developed model of integration incentives in the retail real estate and retail markets of friendly countries. Relevance. The proposed model for stimulating the retail real estate and retail markets can be applied by representatives of countries experiencing external sanctions pressure on the economy, as well as partner States to launch new ways of international economic integration, improve the investment attractiveness of retail real estate, enhance the retail development, and attract new foreign players.

ОПЫТ ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ И МОНГОЛИИ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЙ АНАЛИЗ

One of the topical issues arising in the state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in any state is the use of such a method of implementing executive power as licensing of certain types of activities. Mongolia occupies a special place among friendly countries and bordering Russia in the north. In this regard, I would like to conduct a comparative legal study of the licensing institute in both countries. This article examines the fundamental provisions of licenses, their types, licensing as an administrative procedure. Special attention is paid to the conduct of licensing control and within its framework the most effective institution of administrative responsibility applied for the commission of administrative offenses in the field of licensing. The types of administrative penalties 
 are investigated and their effectiveness in both countries is considered. In conclusion, the author notes the prospects for the modernization of legislation in the field of licensing and makes suggestions for its improvement.

A UTILITY METHOD OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES ANALYZING

The scientific research is devoted to the dissemination of the utility method to research on socio-economic processes in the scientific and technical sphere. It demonstrates that not the maximization of R&D costs and even not the resulting scientific and technical information, but a change (improvement) in the structure (quality) of GDP should be considered to be the target (utility) result of its functioning. At the same time, to quantify the structure of GDP, the indicator of the economic system processability level is proposed. As another utility criterion for assessing its scientific and technical validity, an increase in the utility factor of R&D costs is justified, and its calculation procedure is defined. Based on the analysis of statistical information of the development of the scientific and technical sphere of the developed countries, it was revealed, that the utility characteristics of its functioning are much more significant than the conventional cost indicators, such as scientific intensity of GDP etc. Based on the above, the recommendations are given on the management of the scientific and technical sphere with regard to the strategy of the accelerated technological development in Belarus and its friendly countries.

Prospects for the Development of Eurasian Integration in the Field of Expanding Export Cargo Flows of Russian Gas to Friendly Countries amid the Escalation of the Energy Crisis in the World

Aim. In 2022, the shortage of energy carriers on the world market was directly affected by sanctions against the Russian energy sector and terrorist attacks on the Nord Stream and Nord Stream —2 gas pipelines, while scientific publications do not present global calculations of the volumes of Russian gas falling out of world circulation. The aim is to assess the volumes of Russian gas falling out of global turnover.Tasks. Identification of prospects for the development of Eurasian integration in the field of expanding export cargo flows of Russian gas to friendly countries against the background of the escalation of the energy crisis in the world taking into account exogenous and endogenous factors influencing changes in the production and consumption of Russian gas.Methods. Methods of system and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments, forecasting methods.Results. The author presents an analysis of Russia’s role in global gas s upplies, an assessment of falling export volumes, as well as a short-term forecast of changes in pipeline gas cargo flows according to optimistic, basic and pessimistic scenarios.Conclusion. According to the author, in order to exclude significant losses in gas production in Russia and to implement an optimistic scenario, it is important to accelerate the timing of the unification of the western and eastern gas transmission systems, as well as the implementation of investment projects for the construction of gas pipeline capacities “Power of Siberia — 2”, “Soyuz — Vostok”, “Turkish Stream — 2”.

INVESTMENT POLICY IN «GREEN ENERGY» IN UKRAINE DURING THE MARITAL STATE

Unfortunately, our country is at the center of the third crisis, which is related to the energy complex. Due to the constant shelling of energy infrastructure facilities, Russia, the aggressor country, is depriving it of the opportunity to use energy carriers normally and efficiently and to provide light to some territories of our state fully. Even though the countries of the European Union are moving in the direction of a complete refusal to import crude oil from the aggressor country Russia, unfortunately, such steps together with the sanction packages do not stop the latter, and the Russian Federation continues to commit atrocities on the territory of our state. Despite everything, the joint work of energy workers makes it possible to get rid of problems with power outages promptly, and if not entirely, then to significantly solve the issue of electricity supply. The stocks of the countries of Europe today are approximately 92% for the current winter period, but the negative dynamics regarding the deficit for 2023 are still taking place. It is not a secret for anyone that today, our planet’s resources are running out. If not today, then tomorrow, the “raw material” given to us by the earth will run out. However, in the future, it is not only worth it but also necessary to stay on course for the development and effective functioning of alternative energy sources because this may be the only source of light and heat on our planet. Investing in and supporting greening programs, the transition to renewable energy sources in European countries and beyond is developing relatively rapidly today. It is clear that in order to inject relevant financial resources, this or that industry is obliged to provide appropriate security guarantees both at the legal level and at the level of the investment object itself, with the help of relevant legal norms, contracts, documents, etc. However, despite the global transformation, many people willing to invest have suspended the development of solar and wind projects due to the energy crisis. The result of the aforementioned negative dynamics in the direction of investing was COVID-19 and then the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the aggressor country Russia. Thus, activity in the direction of financial investment in alternative energy sources is lower today. However, there are prospects and future in this field in our country. Prospects and development of alternative energy sources will be a massive success in the future. The discovery of new opportunities, plans, and mechanisms for the effective use and implementation of alternative energy sources will make it possible to develop “green” energy and engage in environmental protection simultaneously. The question of investments may disappear when Ukraine wins the victory over the aggressor. New opportunities and active cooperation with European partners will help restore and rebuild our state and create an appropriate investment climate for foreign partners from Europe and other friendly countries.

The Insecurity of the Russian Science Equipment Facility: the Scale of the Crisis and Efforts to Overcome It.

Russian science is highly dependent on foreign research equipment, consumables, and specialized software. According to the survey conducted in 2022, 60% of the researchers indicated the share of foreign equipment at the rate of 80%. At the same time, about half of the researchers noted their dissatisfaction with the current provision of the instrumentation base to varying degrees. The sensitivity of Russian science to foreign sanctions related to the termination of equipment supplies is only slightly amortized cumulatively in the following ways: available analogues of Russian production or production of friendly countries, creation of Russian analogues in a short time. In most cases import substitution of foreign equipment, according to researchers' estimates, is either impossible or will take a long time. The federal project initiated in 2022 “Development of domestic civilian instrumentation for scientific research” needs to be significantly strengthened, since in its current configuration it does not meet the task of accelerated and large-scale import substitution.

A Machine Learning Approach to Finding Factors that Lead to Environmental Friendliness

To maintain a sustainable society, environmental friendliness is necessary, an effort that all countries must take part in. The effort must be pioneered by developed nations with the resources to enact sustainable policies, reduce emissions and conserve energy, from which developing nations will follow the eroded path. Recognizing the factors that promote environmental friendliness is necessary for researchers, policymakers, and activists alike. Several past studies have examined the relationship between environmental performance and various nationwide factors such as economic strength, education, and corruption. In this paper, however, we introduce the machine learning approach Multiple-Linear Regression, allowing several variables to be used in tandem. We constructed a dataset using a variety of variables from a variety of sources, either examined in past literature or justified logically. We measured environmental friendliness through the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), and chose feature variables of Women in Parliament (%), Internet users (%), Freedom Index, Ethnic fractionalization, Technological development, Press Freedom Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, GDP per capita ($), and Education Index, and Population. We found that Multiple-Linear Regression is an effective way of measuring EPI, where several metrics indicate that EPI is almost completely determined by the feature variables. We end the study by presenting the correlations of each of the variables with EPI, and find that almost all exhibit strong linear relationships. These correlations should bring light to the characteristics of environmentally friendly countries, mainly Nordic nations.