Friedman Two-way Analysis Research Articles

Effects of Guided Listening on Music Achievement and Preference of Fourth Graders

Previous experimentation with background music has indicated that subjects may focus on a task to the exclusion of the music (Geringer & Nelson, 1979; Madsen & Wolfe, 1979). The present study was designed to investigate whether a music-related task affects achievement on a test related to that music and whether task or no-task listening conditions affect subsequent music preference. Ninety fourth-graders were block-randomized and assigned to three groups. The music-guide (n = 30) and music-only groups (n = 30) heard 5 min. of an orchestral music excerpt. Listening was conducted individually with headphones. The music-guide group completed a forced-choice written task while listening. The task related musical aspects of the excerpts to a choice of responses on the guide. An achievement test, emphasizing the same aspects as the guide, was then given to these two groups. All 90 subjects subsequently participated in operant and verbal measures of musical preference. Each subject was given 200 sec. to indicate which of four comparable orchestral excerpts was preferred. One excerpt was the one heard previously by the music-guide and music-only groups. An Operant Music Listening Recorder allowed each subject to select excerpts, and duration of listening time per excerpt was recorded. Verbal preference was then assessed. Results of the study may be summarized as follows: (1) Guided and music-only listening conditions did not result in significantly different scores on the music achievement test (t = 1.6, df = 58, f~ > .lo). (2) Neither listening condition influenced verbal or operant preference when compared with the control group (x 3.77, df = 6, p > .70; Friedman two-way analysis of variance, xr2 = 5, p = .20). (3) The Spearman rank correlation berween the verbal and operant preference measures was .68 (p < .02). Although the present study required subjects to attend to the music to complete the task, results were not unlike those of studies involving background music and musically unrelated tasks.

A brief memory strategy with distinctive features.

The study undertaken here reflects the perceptual strategies of adult listeners when a psychophysical method is applied in combination with a short memory task. The goal was to identify and describe some of the underlying strategies of distinctive-feature utilization associated with speech stimuli. The specific purpose of the study was to determine whether a hierarchical structure exists within the phonological domain of distinctive features. The secondary purpose was to determine whether the Chomsky and Halle (1968) distinctive feature system was relevant to and descriptive of the perceptual domain of the listener in speech processing mode. The evaluation of the responses was obtained through forced-choice discrimination in similarity of paired-dyadic stimuli with the Friedman (1937) two-way analysis of variance as the criterion measure for the relative amount of similarity of the paired dyads. The results reported as an outcome of the forced-choice, short-memory paradigm support aspects of related research. Results appear to suppoort the existence of a perceptual organization within the "atoms of speech." In addition, one may conclude that the Chomsky and Halle (1068) distinctive feature system appears to have some relevance and descriptivity of at least some phonemes in English.

Reproducibility of liver biopsy diagnosis in relation to the size of the specimen.

For the purpose of evaluating the reproducibility of the chief diagnosis and several individual lesions in liver needle biopsies in relation to the size of the biopsy, we investigated without knowledge of clinical data 100 liver specimens in five sessions with an increasing amount of tissue made visible. The material consisted of routine liver biopsy specimens that were 25 mm or longer, comprising 50 with acute viral hepatitis (AVH), 10 with chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH), 10 with micronodular cirrhosis, 10 with macronodular cirrhosis, 10 with steatosis, and 10 with other diagnoses. For the statistical analysis of the chief diagnoses, Friedman's two-way analysis of variance and Cochran's Q-test have been used. The predictive value of a lesion present and a lesion absent was used in evaluating the efficiency of the diagnoses of the individual lesions. The microscopic diagnosis of AVH was found to be safe even on biopsies only 5 mm long. Furthermore, the predictive value of both presence and absence of various individual lesions (piecemeal necrosis, confluent necrosis, etc.) in AVH was higher in long biopsies than in short. The evaluation of such individual lesions was shown to be safer when the biopsy was 15 mm or longer. Thus a clinically acceptable accuracy in the histological diagnosis requires 15 mm. The diagnostic reproducibility of the chief diagnosis of CAH and cirrhosis increases with increasing amount of available tissue. A considerable number of biopsies less than 25 mm long are not diagnostic.

The Friedman two-Way Analysis of Variance as a Test for Ranking Error

Recent research has indicated that the initial position in which a group of entities is presented can spuriously affect the subsequent rankings of these entities along some prescribed dimension. It has also been demonstrated that the location of this "ranking error" is variable and may occur anywhere across a set of rankings. It was suggested that a methodological variation of the Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance could be used for detecting this type of error.

Pronunciability in verbal learning of the deaf.

Summary The investigation was concerned with the effect of rated pronunciability on learning of trigrams by three categories of deaf subjects differing in histories of hearing loss. Lists of trigrams of three levels of difficulty were presented through a memory drum to the three groups of 18 Ss each. A total of four free recall trials was given for learning of each list. By means of the Friedman two-way analysis of variance and Mann Whitney U test, the following were the results: (a) Pronunciability is a predictor of learning for all categories of deafness. (b) With a moderate level of difficulty, the profoundly deaf Ss performed significantly more poorly than those in other categories.

Analyzing Consumer Image Data Using the Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

Analyzing Consumer Image Data Using the Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

Analyzing Consumer Image Data Using the Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks

Since consumers' images reflect to some extent actions taken by marketers in dealing with many marketing variables, it is frequently desirable to determine if these images have patterns. For this purpose, the Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks may be useful, especially when the data are ordinal and when each respondent answers questions on a variety of products, product attributes, or brands. The ordinal nature of the data precludes the use of parametric statistical tools such as analysis of variance, and the need to compare a variety of data generated by each respondent precludes the use of certain nonparametric statistical tools, such as chi-square, since the requirement of independent samples is not met.