Friction Sensitivity Research Articles

LiN5: A novel pentazolate salt with high nitrogen content

A high energy cyclo-pentazolate (cyclo-N5−) salt with 90.98 % nitrogen content, LiN5, was synthesized by a simple metathesis reaction of AgN5 and LiCl in deionized water. It was characterized by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry-mass (TG-MS) spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Besides, its trihydrate (LiN5·3H2O) and anhydrous zeolitic architecture (LPF, lithium-pentazolate framework) structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. LiN5 achieved stability in air and under ambient conditions. It starts to decompose when heated to 133 °C (onset) under Ar2 flow. Its relatively high density (1.75 g cm−3), impact and friction sensitivity (IS = 3 J; FS = 20 N), and calculated high heat of formation (3.44 kJ g−1), combined with its theorical superior detonation velocity and pressure (D = 11362 m s−1, P = 40.9 GPa), endow LiN5 with potential as an environmentally primary explosive.

Manifestations of replacing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in compositions based on several interesting nitramines

ABSTRACT Compositions based on 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) with several cyclic nitramines, namely 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) and β-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX), cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (BCHMX), and ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-CL20) were prepared and studied in comparison with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) compositions. Impact and friction sensitivities, combustion heats, detonation velocities and relative explosive strengths (RS) were determined for these mixtures. Detonation parameters were calculated by means of the Explo5 thermodynamic code. The difference between the TNT and DNAN compositions was shown by the relationships between RS and the energy outputs of the prepared mixtures. The results show better sensitivity characteristics for DNAN composition in comparison with same compositions containing TNT.

Process Research of Solution‐Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids to Prepare Energetic Material Nano‐Capsules

AbstractNano‐capsule energetic materials can improve the mechanical properties, combustion/explosion properties, and component compatibility of solid propellants and reduce their toxicity, water absorption capacity, and sensitivity. The following approaches have been performed to obtain nano‐capsule energetic materials. First, the structure of solution‐enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) core device (nozzle and hanging basket) were modified to improve the atomization performance, eliminate the vortex, and avoid the repeated growth of crystals. The ultrafine RDX particles with average particle size of 705 nm and distribution range of 400–1200 nm were prepared by using the improved devices. Second, the optimal process parameters for the preparation of ultrafine RDX by SEDS were obtained. Reducing the solution concentration or the supercritical CO2 temperature will be beneficial to obtain dry RDX particles with smaller particle sizes. When the solution concentration ratio was 10 g (RDX)/100 mL (DMF), the temperature of supercritical CO2 was 35 °C, and the flow rate ratio of supercritical CO2 to solution was greater than 10 (kg/h): 2 (ml/min), the experiment results were good. Third, to facilitate the detection of shell elements, fluororubber (F26) and RDX were used as raw materials to prepare nano‐capsules. Transmission electron microscopy image showed that the RDX‐F26 particles featured a core‐shell structure with diameters that ranged between 200 nm and 300 nm, spherical shape, and uniform wall thickness. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the core was RDX, the shell was F26, and the thickness of the shell was 14.6 nm. As the capsule wall material, the F26 also inhibited the overgrowth of RDX crystal in the course of crystallization successfully. Sensitivity analysis showed that the RDX‐F26 nano‐capsules had lower impact and friction sensitivities than the refined RDX. These results show that the use of improved SEDS process is suitable for the preparation of energetic material microcapsules.

Application of Nano‐Sized RDX in CMDB Propellant with High Solid Content

AbstractCompared to the ordinary RDX, nano‐sized RDX has many more excellent properties. Therefore two kinds of CMDB propellant were prepared for comparison. One is the normal CMDB propellant called M‐CMDB propellant, the other is N‐CMDB propellant which adds nano‐sized RDX to CMDB propellant. The morphology characterization, tensile properties, sensitivity, and combustion performance of the propellants were investigated, the results for N‐CMDB propellant were compared with that for the normal one. It has been found that the interface of N‐CMDB propellant showed no stratification and fewer overall defects than the normal one. The value of σm and ϵm for N‐CMDB propellant are increased by 32.6 % and 25.2 % at 323.15 K, respectively. At 293.15 K, the σm and ϵm values of N‐CMDB propellant also increased by 25.4 % and 46.9 % and increased by 17.5 % and 23.7 %, respectively, at 233.15 K. The friction and impact sensitivities of N‐CMDB propellant are decreased by 51.3 % and 50.4 %, respectively. The TG/DSC study indicated that, compared with M‐CMDB propellant, the thermal decomposition peak temperature of N‐CMDB propellant is advanced, and the apparent activation energy is reduced by about 6.0 % to 144.3 kJ ⋅ mol−1. Combustion performance measurements were carried out. It was observed that nano‐sized RDX is a good burning rate enhancer, because of the burning rate coefficient value of N‐CMDB propellant is relatedly increased by 36.9 %. Besides, the pressure exponent of N‐CMDB propellant is relatively decreased by 21.6 %. All the results indicate that the application of nano‐sized RDX will help to improve the comprehensive performance of CMDB propellant.

HMX surface modification with polymers via sc-CO2 antisolvent process: A way to safe and easy-to-handle energetic materials

The continuous need for energetic materials with increased performance and improved safety characteristics stimulates synthetic efforts as well as physical modification of existing compounds. The present study reports the fabrication of 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane (HMX)-based composites with common commercial polymers, polymethyl acrylate (PMA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene rubber (ABS), ethyl cellulose (EC), polylactide (PLA), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). To precipitate the polymer on the HMX particles, the supercritical CO2-based anti-solvent method was employed. Surface state studies with various modes of scanning probe microscopy show that the polymers at less than 3 wt% content do not form a continuous layer but precipitate as globular islands. Nevertheless, the coating effectively absorbs the mechanical stress, resulting in a much lower sensitivity to impact and a considerable improvement of the HMX friction sensitivity. Specifically, for HMX@3PMA composite the impact and friction sensitivities are 54 J and 240 N, as compared to 7 J and 150 N for neat HMX. Additionally, the beneficial improvement of flowability is observed for the fabricated composites, and evidenced by small-scale flow cup studies. Importantly, the suggested procedure affords the safe and easy-to-handle energetic material powder containing only 1–3 wt% of the polymer additive.

Construction of Layered High-Energy Materials via Directional Hydrogen Bonding

Energetic substances with layered crystal packing have been identified as the most promising next-generation high-energy materials (HEMs) due to their excellent insensitivity. The challenge, however, is how to design layered HEMs. In this study, a novel strategy called “acceptor–donor separation” was proposed to control the layer-by-layer stacking of energetic molecules through directional hydrogen boding: that is, a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor are located in different energetic segments and at least one of them has a conjugated planar structure, which will enable the energetic fragments to be infinitely extended in a two-dimensional plane to form a target layered structure. The experimental results showed that three exemplary substances designed by using this strategy possess the expected layered structures, which have been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, demonstrating the robustness of this strategy. Moreover, the three as-synthesized HEMs all exhibit excellent insensitivity (impact sensitivity IS > 40 J; friction sensitivity FS > 360 N), affording safety far beyond those of the most powerful HEMs in use today. Especially, the hydroxylammonium energetic salts possess good detonation performance (detonation velocity D = 8924 m s–1; detonation pressure P = 36.9 GPa) comparable to that of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), one of the most powerful high explosives in use today.

Thermally Stable and Low‐Sensitive Aluminized Explosives with Improved Detonation Performance

AbstractTwo new types of aluminized explosives TATB/HMX/Al and LLM‐105/Al were formulated and compared with the formerly reported TATB/Al explosives in terms of thermal stability, mechanical sensitivity, and detonation performance. Firstly, the heat of the explosion was measured and two formulations were selected as the investigated samples. Next the thermal stability was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and thermal cook‐off tests. Then the impact and friction sensitivity were measured, and finally the detonation performance was characterized by cylinder tests and particle velocity measurements of the detonation reaction zone. From the calorimetric data, the new types of explosives increase the heat of the explosion significantly. In terms of thermal stability, LLM‐105/Al=65/30 is more stable than TATB/HMX/Al=50/15/30, but both of them are inferior to TATB/Al=70/25. The impact sensitivity of the two new explosives is higher than that of TATB/Al=70/25, and all of the samples are insensitive to friction. For detonation performance, both of the two new samples are superior to TATB/Al=70/25, and LLM‐105/Al=65/30 exhibits the best performance that it has the highest Gurney energy, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure. Conclusions about how to use those aluminized explosives to generate optimal effects are drawn.

Experiments and simulations on interactions between 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dinitro-1,4-butanediol tetranitrate (DNTN) with some energetic components and inert materials

In order to survey the application prospects of 2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dinitro-1,4-butanediol tetranitrate (DNTN, NEST-1, SMX) in high - energy solid rocket propellants and explosives, the interactionsbetween DNTN with some energetic components and inert materials were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and molecular dynamic (MD) methods, where glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), lead 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate (NTO-Pb), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), aluminum powder (Al) and magnesium powder (Mg), 3,4-dinitrofurzanfuroxan (DNTF), N-guanylurea-dinitramide (GUDN), N-butyl-N-(2-nitroxy-ethyl)nitramine (Bu-NENA), bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal (BDNPA)/bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal (BDNPF) mixture (A3), nitrocellulose - nitroglycerine (NC-NG) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) were used as energetic components and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), polyoxytetram ethylene-co- oxyethylene (PET), addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N-100), 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl urea (C2), carbon black (C.B.), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), lead phthalate (φ-Pb), N-nitro-dihydroxyethylamine dinitrate (DINA), cupric 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoate (β-Cu) were used as inert materials. The impact and friction sensitivities of DNTN and DNTN in combination with energetic materials were obtained. . It was concluded that the binary systems of DNTN with RDX, HMX, NTO-Pb, Al, Mg, ADN, NC-NG, HTPB, PET, C2, C.B., β-Cu and Al2O3 are compatible, whereas systems of DNTN with GAP, CL-20, A3, N-100, TDI and DINA are slightly sensitive, and those containing DNTF and GUDN are incompatible. It is demonstrated that no consequential trend between sensitivity and compatibility is found. The mechanical properties and safety performance of GAP mixtures plasticized with three plasticizers decrease in the following order: [BTTN] > [TMETN] > [Bu-NENA].

Preparation and characterization of HMX/NH2-GO composite with enhanced thermal safety and desensitization

To improve the safety of HMX, HMX/NH2-GO composite was prepared with aqueous ammonia functionalized graphene oxide (NH2-GO). The composite was characterized by SEM, Zeta potential, XPS, Raman spectrum, XRD, HPLC, DSC and BAM sensitivity test. The results indicated that the functionalization with aqueous ammonia can enhance the interaction between GO and HMX, and more efficiently desensitize the explosive. The optimal impact sensitivity of the HMX/NH2-GO composite can be not less than 40 J, which is also the most insensitivity compared to the previous reports prepared by coating desensitization with non-energetic desensitized material. Moreover, the potential reason for the different impact and friction sensitivity was also discussed, which may bring a novel perspective to achieve the desensitization of energetic material.

1,3,4,5-Tetraamino-1,2,4-triazolium Cation: An Energetic Moiety.

The amination of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole with O-tosylhydroxylamine yielded the nitrogen-rich 1,3,4,5-tetraamino-1,2,4-triazolium cation as its tosylate salt. Subsequent metathesis reactions produced energetic salts with various energetic anions, including perchlorate, nitrate, nitrotetrazolate, and bistetrazolate diolate. All energetic salts possess relatively high heats of formation, thermal sensitivities, and detonation velocities and pressures. The prepared energetic salts were characterized chemically using single-crystal X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis, and 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy and energetically by measuring their thermal, impact, and friction sensitivities. 15N NMR was carried out on the tosylate salt. Energetic performances were determined by a combined experimental-computational method using calculated heats of formation and experimental crystal densities.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Potential Melt-Castable Explosive 3-(1,2,4-Oxadiazolyl)-5-Nitratomethyl Isoxazole.

The synthesis of 3-(1,2,4-oxadiazolyl)-5-nitratomethyl isoxazole (C6 H4 N4 O5 ), its physical properties, and its theoretical performances are described. This energetic material was found to have a melting point range of 76.6-79.2 °C, and a thermal onset decomposition temperature of 184.5 °C. These thermal features put this material into the standalone melt-castable explosive class. The material was found to have TNT performance, and was found to be insensitive to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge, despite having a nitric ester functionality. A critical reaction in making this molecule was the desymmetrization of diaminoglyoxime. The optimization of this transformation is described. Previous reports of this desymmetrization were found to be inaccurate, as the desymmetrization reaction produces a co-crystal of mono- and bi-1,2,4-oxadiazole products.

A low sensitivity energetic cocrystal of ammonium pentazolate

ABSTRACT A new cyclo-pentazolate anion-based energetic cocrystal NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl was synthesized. The structure, thermal behavior, sensitivity, and detonation properties of NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl were studied. Cube-shaped NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl crystallizes in the Fd-3 m space group, and is formed by hydrogen bonding interactions. DSC-TG-MS combined techniques show that NH4N5 · 1/6NH4Cl has better thermal stability than NH4N5. The cocrystal exhibits low impact and friction sensitivity, and largely reduces the mechanical sensitivity of NH4N5. Furthermore, the cocrystal is predicted to have a detonation velocity of about 8.3 km s−1 and a detonation pressure of about 21.4 GPa, respectively, indicating excellent detonation performance.

Sensitivity of energetic materials: Evidence of thermodynamic factor on a large array of CHNOFCl compounds

• Impact, friction, and thermal sensitivity data for 150 CHNOFCl species is reported. • Impact testing of high-melting and low-sensitive compounds is most challenging. • Mechanical sensitivity generally increases with the energy content of compound. • Increasing of detonation performance without compromising sensitivity is possible. Mechanical and thermal hazards are critical for chemical compounds. Foremost, the design of novel energetic materials that are stable, insensitive, but have a detonation performance superior to in-service materials is of great interest. However, a single source of safety data for hazardous materials with explosophoric functionalities is still missing. Herein, an experimental database on thermal stability, impact, and friction sensitivity for 150 CHNOFCl compounds is presented. Mechanical sensitivity is discussed in detail: particle size and shape effects, instrument design, and experimental protocol are considered. The entire dataset was analyzed using the simple descriptors of molecular structure. Mechanical sensitivity was found to be linearly correlated with the maximal heat of explosion for certain classes of compounds (nitrobenzenes, furazans, pyrazoles, etc.). Consideration of all species shows that previously proposed sensitivity increase with an energy content rise is relevant, although it is not strict line, as was assumed, but rather a widened “strip”. A new parameter, safety factor, is proposed to combine two types of sensitivity data. With this factor, the limiting values of mechanical sensitivity at a given energy content are provided that represent the state-of-art development of energetic materials and may be used for screening and design of novel compounds.

Energetic compounds based on a new fused triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine ring: Nitroimino lights up energetic performance

The difference between nitroimino and nitroamino in compound 5. • A new triazolo[4,5–d]pyridazine fused ring was synthesized. • A different method was found to synthesize the pyridazine fused ring. • The nitroimino group has a low ESP and forms strong HB and π-π interactions. • The properties of compounds 7 and 8 are comparable to those of HMX. • The synthesis of 5 is cost effective and can be extended to gram-scale (2 g). A series of highly energetic materials with good detonation performance, high density and low impact sensitivity based on a new triazolo[4,5–d]pyridazine fused ring was synthesized and characterized. 4-Nitroamino-7-nitroimino-triazolo[4,5–d]pyridazine ( 5 ) was characterized by single crystal X-ray structure analysis, which shows that the proton of one nitroamino group was transferred to the pyridazine ring forming a nitroimino moiety. The electrostatic potential (ESP) of 5 shows the nitroimino group has the lowest negative value, while the nitroamino area has a high positive value. The analysis of NCI plots indicates strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds (HB) and π-π interactions which arise from the newly formed nitroimino group. This supports that the rearrangement of the nitroamino group to form the nitroimino moiety lowers the impact sensitivity. Compound 5 ·H 2 O exhibits face-to-face packing, which gives rise to a relatively high density of 1.87 g cm −3 and a low impact sensitivity of 18 J. Its hydrazinium and hydroxylammonium salts have high detonation velocities of 9351 m s −1 and 9307 m s −1 , respectively. Their impact and friction sensitivities (7 J, 120 N and 8 J, 160 N) are similar to HMX. This proclivity for rearrangement by a nitroamino group provides new insight into the design of next generation high energy density materials.

Analytical Determination of the Brake Temperature Mode during Repetitive Short-Term Braking.

An algorithm to determine the maximum temperature of brake systems during repetitive short-term (RST) braking mode has been proposed. For this purpose, the intermittent mode of braking was given in the form of a few cyclic stages consisting of subsequent braking and acceleration processes. Based on the Chichinadze’s hypothesis of temperature summation, the evolutions of the maximum temperature during each cycle were calculated as the sum of the mean temperature on the nominal contact surface of the friction pair elements and temperature attained on the real contact areas (flash temperature). In order to find the first component, the analytical solution to the one-dimensional thermal problem of friction for two semi-spaces taking into account frictional heat generation was adapted. To find the flash temperature, the solution to the problem for the semi-infinite rod sliding with variable velocity against a smooth surface was used. In both solutions, the temperature-dependent coefficient of friction and thermal sensitivity of materials were taken into account. Numerical calculations were carried out for disc and drum brake systems. The obtained temporal variations of sliding velocity, friction power and temperature were investigated on each stage of braking. It was found that the obtained results agree well with the corresponding data established by finite element and finite-difference methods.

1,2,4]Triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine as a building block towards low-sensitivity high-energy materials

In this work, bicyclic fused [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine was used to construct new low-sensitivity high-energy materials. Two exemplary compounds, 6,7-diamino-3,8-dinitro- [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (1) and 7-amino-6-azido-3,8-dinitro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine (2), were synthesized and characterized. The properties of the energetic materials, including their detonation velocities (Dv: 8994 m·s−1 for 1, 8819 m·s−1 for 2) and detonation pressures (P: 34.1 GPa for 1, 32.4 GPa for 2) were evaluated based on their densities (ρ: 1.93 g·cm−3 for 1, 1.84 g·cm−3 for 2) and heats of formation (ΔHf: 348 kJ·mol−1 for 1, 684 kJ·mol−1 for 2). Their impact and friction sensitivities were measured to be 20 J and > 360 N for 1 and 18 J and 360 N for 2. The onset decomposition temperatures of 1 and 2 were 234 °C and 217 °C, respectively; therefore, both compounds were highly energetic materials with low sensitivities and good thermostability.

Preparation and characterisation of the NBC/CL-20/AP nanoenergetic composite materials

ABSTRACT In this study, a novel nitrated bacterial cellulose/2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane/ammonium perchlorate nanoenergetic composite was successfully prepared by the sol–gel method and the freeze-drying technology. The structure and composition were characterised by means of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer and Fourier-transform infrared. The results demonstrated that the structure of the gel nanoparticles was granted with unique network cross-linked porous, wherein the hexaazaisowurtzitane and ammonium perchlorate nanoparticles were embedded and dispersed uniformly in the gel matrix. The thermal decomposition properties of composites were analysed by differential scanning calorimeter-thermogravimetric analysis, and the results revealed that the composites exhibited only two exothermal peaks which correspond to the nitrated bacterial cellulose/hexaazaisowurtzitane and ammonium perchlorate. In addition, the impact and friction sensitivities of composites were also performed and showed outstanding safety performance. Hence, this preparation strategy of nitrated bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposite energetic materials may provide promising application in high-performance and low-sensitivity propellants.

Study on Effect of Spheroidization on Hazardous Classification of ADN

In order to determine the influence of spheroidization process of Ammonium dinitramide’s hazard grade, the hazardous division of Ammonium dinitramide before and after spheroidization is studied by using hazard classification procedure for combustible and explosive substances and articles standard (WJ20405) and hazard classification method and criterion for combusitible and explosive substances and articles standard (WJ20404). The research results show that spheroidization process can significantly improve the temperature stability of Ammonium dinitramide and significantly reduce friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of Ammonium dinitramide. So spheroidization process can reduce the hazardous of Ammonium dinitramide and improve the safe character of Ammonium dinitramide.

Dye-assembled two-dimensional porous HMX for enhanced energy release and safety performance

The potential practical applications of high-energy 1,3,5,7-tetranittro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) are hindered by their unfavorable safety behavior and sluggish thermal decomposition. This paper proposes dye-assisted assembly of HMX crystals with crystal violet (CV) as soft templates (denoted as CV-HMX). As revealed by the XPS and molecular-dynamics simulations, preferred electrical interactions between HMX and conjugation electrons in planar CV molecular ensure that the resultant CV-HMX has a two-dimensional (2D) microstructure. The BAM impact sensitivity of CV-HMX is 12.5 ​J, higher than that of raw-HMX (5 ​J) and HMX recrystallized from pure water (PW-HMX; 4.5 ​J). Meanwhile, the BAM friction sensitivity of CV-HMX is 320 ​N, also much higher than that of PW-HMX (96 ​N) and raw-HMX (88 ​N). In addition, the decomposition kinetics of CV-HMX is improved due to its large specific surface area and high pore volume. Such dye-template assembly can be applied to a large number of systems, indicating that the method proposed in this work is universal. This work provides synergistic template regulation on morphology and pore structure using general dye-assisted assembly, holding great promises in developing practically viable high energy materials with favorable sensitivity and improved energy release performance.

Influence of Different Polymeric Matrices on the Properties of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate


 
 
 Six different polymeric matrices were fabricated to reduce the sensitivity of PETN (Pentaerythritol tetranitrate). The polymeric matrices used were individually based on Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) softened by plasticizer, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) softened by oil, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plasticised by dioctyl adipate (DOA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyurethane matrix, and Fluorel binder. A computerised plastograph mixer was utilised for producing three polymer-bonded explosives (PETN-NBR, PETN-SBR, and PETN-PDMS) based on the non-aqueous method. A cast-cured method was used to prepare PBX based on polyurethane (PETN-HTPB), while the slurry technique was used to prepare beads of PETN coated by either fluorel binder (PETN-FL) or based on PMMA forming (PETN-PMMA). The heat of combustion and sensitivities were investigated. The velocity of detonation was measured, while the characteristics of the detonation wave were deduced theoretically by the EXPLO 5 (thermodynamic code). The ballistic mortar experiment was performed to determine the explosive strength. By comparing the results, it was found that PDMS has the highest influence on decreasing the impact sensitivity of PETN, while the cast cured PETN-HTPB has the lowest friction sensitivity. On the other side, PETN-FL has the highest detonation parameters with high impact sensitivity. Several relationships were verified and the matching between the measured results with the calculated ones was confirmed.