Freud's Ideas Research Articles

PSYCHOANALYTIC DIMENSIONS OF IVAN FRANKO’S GREAT PROSE OF 1887–1893

In the article, elements of mythopoetics in Ivan Franko’s great prose of 1887–1893 are explored using the methodology of psychoanalysis. The writer’s projection of prototypes (in Jungian terms) anticipated the discoveries of psychoanalysts in the artistic text, and its precondition was Ivan Franko’s personal interest in the issue of the artist’s unconscious mental activity, as evidenced by his work “Secrets of Poetic Creativity”. The psychoanalytic vector of Franko’s works has been studied to a greater or lesser extent by scholars such as K. Dron, B. Tykholoz, Van Xiaoyui, T. Hundorova, N. Zborovska, R. Pikhmanets, and others. However, as of today, there is essentially no separate study of certain archetypal images and mythologems, like the Great Mother or the twin myth, in the artistic world of Ivan Franko, which is why the novelty and relevance of this article are justified. Despite the fact that the psychoanalytic and mythopoetic aspects of Ivan Franko’s prose have been thoroughly investigated, there remains an obvious interconnection of these aspects on the periphery of scholars’ interests, which, in our opinion, is worthwhile to consider as a poetological synthesis, constituting one of the most interesting characteristics of the writer’s artistic method. It is precisely in this that we see the novelty of the presented research. The purpose of the research is to study the psychoanalytic discourse in the great prose works of Ivan Franko from 1887 to 1993, including various aspects of the twin myth and the archetype of the Great Mother. The following tasks arise from the objective: To analyze the key vectors of the twin myth in the novel “Lel and Polel”; characterize the ambivalent manifestations of the Great Mother archetype in the image of the main heroine in the novel “For the Home Hearth”; identify transformations of Freudian ideas in the artistic structure of the novel “Foundations of Society”, considering their animistic component. The implementation of the set tasks necessitated the use of such methods as receptive-interpretative, psychoanalytic, mythopoetic, hermeneutic, and biographical. The study analyzes the psychoanalytic discourse in Ivan Franko’s great prose from 1887 to 1993, focusing on the diverse aspects of the twin myth and the archetype of the Great Mother. This takes into account the peculiarities of the development of early Ukrainian modernism with its characteristic mythologization of reality, stylistic experiments, and more. In the novel “Lel and Polel”, the dominant theme is the twin myth, through which the principle of the parity and duality of the world is realized. Love for one woman led to the decay, violating the maternal directive to “stick together”. The romantic rivalry between the twins over love for the same woman resulted in the violation of maternal directives, intense psychological experiences, and led to withdrawal from social activities and rejection of the role of enlightener. The novel “For the Home Hearth” is characterized by ambivalent manifestations of the archetype of the Great Mother. The image of the main heroine varies from the Lady of the Heart, Woman-Protectress, to the Terrifying Mother as the “instrument of temptation and vessel of sin”. Antos feels the influence of Anela’s animistic force, thus referring to his wife as “alternately an angel and a demon”. To enhance the sense of fear and the fatal ending, the author introduces the image of a widow carrying the imprint of “mortal anxiety”. The psychoanalytic discourse in Ivan Franko’s novel “Foundations of Society” correlates more with Freudian ideas. The article analyzes the imitation in the exposition of the person’s experiences during a psychoanalytic session with all its characteristic manifestations (“feeling of cold anxiety”, erotic dream, the effect of the film of dreams, a terrifying conversation with a man-“devil”, etc.), as well as hints at the son’s infantilism conditioned by the influence of the mother. It is noted that in the relationship between Olympia and Adas, the animistic component of the archetypal semantics of the Great Mother is manifested: a sense of powerlessness before the mother, admiration for her strong character, leading to a readiness to follow her instructions unquestionably. In his great prose, 1887–1893, the writer emerges as a true psychoanalyst, an expert on the unconscious factors of human mental activity. It seems that Ivan Franko, in modelling the inner world of his characters, to some extent, anticipates the discoveries of psychoanalysts in artistic texts. The modernist reevaluation of mythological and archetypal images, which often lose their integrity, embodying the disharmony between the world and the individual, attests to a new level of poetological synthesis, reflecting one of the most interesting features of the writer’s artistic method.

Logics of Discovery II: Lessons from Poetry-Parataxis as a Method That Can Complement the Narrative Compulsion in Vogue in Contemporary Mental Health Care.

This paper highlights the limitations of narrative logic in mental health care, and in particular of "narrative vigilance"-the tendency to watch over experience via narrativisation, and to tether the concrete particulars of experience to the hypothetical structure of a narrative signification. Narrative logic is grounded in hypotaxis-the syntactic structuring whereby a discourse is characterised by different levels of subordination using linking words that connect, especially in terms of temporal and explanatory consequentiality. I offer an alternative approach based on parataxis-the practice of placing phrases or parts of speech next to each other without subordinating conjunctions. Sentences are juxtaposed without a clear connection; the contrast may generate novel and unexpected combinations between these dissimilar fragments. After distinguishing between parataxis and psychopathological phenomena like disturbances of association, I take inspiration from the work and life of a poet, Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (1770-1843), considered among the greatest. He suffered for half his life from a severe form of mental illness that would perhaps, today, be diagnosed as schizophrenia. In the poems written during his illness, hypotaxis and narrative vigilance seem to blur, and parataxis takes centre stage. The fading of narrative structure in no way coincides with the absence of meaningfulness. Rather, meaningfulness is left to parataxis itself, that is, to the recombining power of words, sentences, and images. Parataxis itself can provide meaningfulness or, at least, provide the soil in which it can germinate. The void of narration opens the door for the fullness of "emergent" connections. In the final part of the paper, with the help of Freud's ideas on the relationship between "analysis" and "synthesis" in psychoanalytic treatment, some implications are derived about the relevance of parataxis to the logics of discovery in psychotherapeutic care, especially that of persons with severe mental conditions.

Les sexuations, le féminin et la logique intuitionniste

ObjectivesWe propose a logical reflection on the feminine. In the Freudian corpus, this enigma finds various answers in which feminine desire can be interpreted from the phallic register's side. But, as a letter written to Marie Bonaparte testifies, Sigmund Freud belatedly concedes that he neglected a grey area of feminine desire, which caused him to fail to understand what women want. He calls this lack the dark continent. In this respect, Jacques Lacan took this reflexion a step further and, while considering the phallic dimension, he proposed additional theoretical elaborations such as the formulas of sexuation, which allowed him to theoretically extend Freudian ideas. MethodIn the Encore seminar, Lacan proposes the table of sexuation as an attempt to formalize the question of the difference of the sexes. This difference is questioned here at a symbolic level and through a logical approach. Lacan's formulas of sexuation thus overturn a simplistic and anatomical conception of sexual difference, by subverting a binary logic of the excluded third. In this way, these formulas meet the intuitionistic logic suggested by Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer. Thus, based on a review of the Lacanian and Brouwerian literature, we question the interest of relying on intuitionism to apprehend the logic that operates on the feminine side of the formulas of sexuation. ResultsAt the beginning of the 20th century, Brouwer, a Dutch mathematician, initiated his work on intuitionist logic. In 1908, in “That Logical Principles Cannot be Trusted,” Brouwer partially rejected the classical axiom of the excluded third, thereby opposing the Aristotelian foundations of logic. He refused to extend the logic of the excluded third to the treatment of infinite sets, for which, according to him, no a priori can be postulated. A double logical treatment is suggested in intuitionism: the infinite is treated logically differently than the finite, and this double treatment allows us to apprehend certain specificities of the feminine position. Lacan specifies that for feminine subjects, an undecidable relation is at work between the not-all formula and a double negation ¬∃x.¬Φx. DiscussionThe logical double treatment of intuitionism seems to illustrate the discordant logic of the not-all. The not-all subject is in a discordant relation between the phallic function Φx and S (Ⱥ). The formula S (Ⱥ) expresses a certain relation to the lack in the Other that we associate with a castration carried out on the Other. Similarly, the different interpretations (algorithmic, semantic) that have been made of intuitionism also seem to point in the direction of a discordance in this logic. We are interested in the importance of the interpretation of the Real and its consequences on the way we consider the different Lacanian dimensions (Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary). Indeed, from a psychoanalytical point of view, the sustained interpretation seems to have consequences on the way one can conceive the articulation between the dimensions and the jouissances. This reflection also allows us to question the impact of considering the temporal dimension within an interpretation. ConclusionsBased upon the formulas of sexuation, we propose a reflection on the interest of intuitionist logic for approaching the logic of the feminine position. This position reflects a logic other than that of the excluded third in its relationship to castration. On the feminine side, Lacan puts forward an undecidable relation to castration, which leads us to question the meaning he gives to this term. In order to understand it, we have drawn on the two definitions of Verleugnung proposed by Freud, in which this negation corresponds either to the way of denying the difference between the sexes in the perverse structure, or to a singular negation of the neurosis that can be associated with the end of the cure. In both cases, the logic of these negations diverges from that of the excluded third, because in perversion, it relates to an affirmation of castration that is secondarily denied (yes but no) and in the case of the end of the cure, it is rather a concomitant consideration between affirmation and negation of symbolic castration (yes and no).

PUBLICATION ACTIVITY AND PROMOTION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN BULGARIA UNTIL THE 1940S. CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN FREUDIANS AND NON-FREUDIANS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

This article examines the publication activity and popularization of S. Freud's ideas by Bulgarian psychoanalytic authors who worked actively in the period of the 20s - 40s of the 20th century, when it was the peak of the psychoanalytic movement in Bulgaria. With the establishment of communist power on 9/09/1944, our country fell under Soviet influence, and the spread of psychoanalysis was prohibited; Marxist-Leninist philosophy is declared to be the only correct one. The second emphasis is related to the presentation of the discussions and controversies between Freudians and non-Freudians. The role of the journals "Philosophical Review", "Zlatorog", etc., whose editors open their pages widely for the publication of psychoanalytic writings, as well as other psychological and philosophical articles, is emphasized for the dissemination of psychoanalysis. The contribution of the great philosopher Academician Dimitar Mikhalchev in this regard is indisputable. By popularizing the psychoanalytic ideas of Freud (and much less of K. Jung and A. Adler), and also by writing their original psychoanalytic works, Bulgarian psychoanalytically oriented authors contribute to the enrichment of social and intellectual life with new ideas, values, and guidelines of thinking.

Arab Psyche, Indian Dream, and the Ethics of Psychoanalysis

Arab Psyche, Indian Dream, and the Ethics of Psychoanalysis

Образ femme fatale в творчестве Достоевского сквозь призму структурного психоанализа Жака Лакана

The interest of psychoanalysis to Dostoevsky's work is due to the consonance of theoretical and literary discourses in the interpretation of unconscious motives that determine human behavior. The most vivid embodiment of Freud's ideas, which influenced modern philosophy, we find in Jacques Lacan, whose concepts of the subject absorbed in language and pleasure allow us to explicate the construction of femme fatale, which can describe a number of female characters of Dostoevsky. In fact, we can talk about Freud's discovery of a hysterical subject, which will later be described by Lacan no longer as a mental pathology, but as one of the structures of the psyche, along with psychotic and perverse. Removing the veneer of simplifying biologism from Freud's ideas, Lacan gives them a new sound in the light of structural linguistics, which fits them into the mainstream of the linguistic turn of philosophy. The interpretation of a number of female images of Dostoevsky carried out in this article through the prism of the Lacanian categorical apparatus allows, on the one hand, to explicate one of the constructs of his novels, and on the other - to draw parallels between the writer's intuitive insights and theoretical findings of the second half of the XX century. The phenomenon of femme fatale is considered on the material of two female characters of Dostoevsky (NastasiaFilippovna and Grushenka), whose obvious hysterical and narcissistic character traits most fully correspond to the image of femme fatale. In addition, the authors argue that femme fatale is primarily a phenomenon of language, that is, the more people talk about it, the more fatal it becomes in the eyes of others. Femme fatale realizes the enjoyment of speech and the capture of the subject by language. The authors consider the aspect of enjoying speech to be an obligatory structural component of this construction. Femme fatale is one of the faces of a Beautiful lady, who, as Lacan writes, is inaccessible to male desire, so the only pleasures that he can afford are fantasy and the enjoyment of speech. However, when he speaking about a woman, a man puts his subjectivity on the line, since the pleasure of the fullness or the pleasure of Another is outside the field of the imaginary and symbolic, and only in them can the subject exist. The desired meeting according to Lacan ends with madness or death, which Dostoevsky demonstrates to us with virtuosity in the scene after the murder of NastasiaFilippovna by Rogozhin. In his heroines, Dostoevsky, with the flair of a psychoanalyst, fixes the mechanism that triggers the utterance of a symptom and the enjoyment of speechwhich provoke the desire to possess and at the same time do not allow its realization, forcing the male heroes to circle around the object of desire in endless repetition and involving more and more victims in this circle. Signifiers cling to signifiers, finding the axis of rotation in the symbolic phallus - the femme fatale.

Игры бессознательного (по страницам переводов В.В. Старовойтова)

In recent years, several significant translations have been published by Vladimir Vasilyevich Starovoitov, which undoubtedly expand the ideas of Russian specialists about classical psychoanalysis, its criticism and the subsequent development of Freudian ideas. The article analyzes the works of John D. Sutherland, Ronald W.F. Fairbairn, Sandor Ferenczi and Benjamin Kilborne. An idea is given about the dynamically complex and contradictory process of the formation of psychoanalytic schools and individual teachings. The problems of the theory of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic technique are considered, the issues of applied and clinical psychoanalysis, the development of personality and the emotional world of a person are discussed.

What Use is Freud?

More than a hundred years into our field's development, examining Freud's place in psychoanalytic education is timely. What authority does he hold for psychoanalysts in 2021? Is he still the architect, or overseer, of psychoanalysis? Freud has been a metonym for psychoanalysis, yet the history of Freud's identification with the totality of psychoanalysis has had important unfortunate consequences. Negative aspects of this identification subtly linger, interfering in our collective appreciation of post-Freudian theoretical innovations. Too much of psychoanalysis has been "bought at the company store" of Freud's ideas. Though part of this problem is created by idealizations of Freud, much of it stems from Freud's precocious emphasis on psychoanalytic findings within his tripartite definition of psychoanalysis. As a result, many of his theoretical accounts were taken prematurely as definitive building blocks for a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory, when in fact they were only provisional formulations. Presently, portions of Freud's theories are silently withering on the psychoanalytic vine. Data from the PEP-Web archive reveal the declining use of a set of once important, closely linked conceptions-Freud's psychosexual theory and his characterology-and illustrate the kinds of Freudian ideas that have lost their usefulness. The indispensable and enduring elements in his work are identified.

From Psychoanalysis to Cultural Trauma: Narrating Legacies of Collective Suffering

ABSTRACT This paper aims to offer both an interpretation and a critique of the epistemological foundations underlying one of the most recent approaches to trauma studies: cultural trauma theory. After the First World War, the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, inquired into whether his diagnostic of “traumatic neurosis” could shed light on how collectives deal with unsettling experiences and memories. Throughout the intervening decades, Freud´s insights into collective trauma have attracted the interest of scholars from various disciplines within the humanities and social sciences, from literary studies to historiography, memory studies, and, finally – the focus of this paper – cultural and social theory. By underlining the ways in which the proponents of cultural trauma theory – Jeffrey Alexander, Neil Smelzer, Piotr Sztompka, Bernhard Giesen, and Ron Eyerman – have reframed Freudian ideas regarding the transmission of legacies of collective suffering, the paper considers whether the notion of trauma can be extended to the analysis of cultures and societies. It explores the ambivalent relationship between psychoanalysis and contemporary cultural trauma theory to disclose the theoretical assumptions and weaknesses of the latter.

TRAUMA, PREJUDICE, LARGE-GROUP IDENTITY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS.

Escaping Nazi annexation of Austria, Sigmund Freud and his family left there in 1938 to live the rest of their lives in exile in the house now known as the Freud Museum in London. This paper is based upon the author’s Holocaust Day Memorial Lecture delivered virtually at this museum on January 27, 2021, which marked the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi death camp. Besides remembering those who were lost during World War II, the content of this paper includes a description of different types of massive traumas, with a focus on disasters at the hand of the Other, and their impact on individuals and large groups. Sigmund Freud’s ideas about relationships between communities and countries with adjoining territories, as well as large-group psychology, are updated, and individuals’ and large groups’ needs to grasp onto large-group identities is explained and illustrated with case reports.

The Persian Freud: Freud’s early reception through translation between the 1930s and 1970s in Iran

This paper deals with the translation of Freud’s works into Persian in the framework of reception theory. It covers the 1930s and the 1970s, which correspond to the pre-revolutionary period in Iran. The method is historical and draws upon documents, that is, paratexts, written by the translators. The first period, from the 1930s to 1945, was marked by a lack of full translations of Freud’s work, and incoherent accounts of Freudian ideas were published in literary and intellectual magazines. In this initial period of introducing Freud to Iran, there was an unsophisticated understanding of the Freudian discourse; moreover, the discourse was not engaged with other discourses of the time. The second period, from 1945 to the 1970s, saw translations whose prefaces indicate that the discourse was received uncritically by and through translators. Translators took Freud as an intellectual whose ideas could help the Persian intellectuals to fight “superstitions.” However, the translators, who did not have any religious orientations, did not level any criticism against Freudianism at the time.

The Uncanny as the Intrasubjectivity in the (m)Other: Edgar Allan Poe’s “Morella”

This study investigates the contribution of the sense of the uncanny to the intensification of mystery in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story titled “Morella” using Freudian ideas as a backcloth. This paper aims to look at how Poe makes use of the psychodynamics of the characters at the intersection of the (m)other, death and the uncanny. In this sense, typical of Poesque literature is that his work is marked by tales of horror, mystery, the macabre, and morbid imagery; the sense of the uncanny is an indispensable part of a plotline which includes semantic loopholes and narrative ruptures. The unnamed male narrator of the story offers a retrospective account of his past memories from his marriage to Morella up to the death of his daughter, which reveals that this unreliable narrator suffers from a psychic regression by establishing intrasubjectivity with his wife. Using Freudian ideas as the conceptual backcloth, this paper will also discuss the ways in which how the mysterious bond established between this couple generates its uncanny effect. Such a reading of the short story is especially useful because although much has been written on Poe’s representation of women and death, this paper aims to open up a discursive space to discuss the operations of the psychodynamics of characters within the framework of the Freudian uncanny, which has not received adequate scholarly attention from psychoanalytic circles.

Nagon smrti i duhovna kultura

This paper primarily elucidates various connotations of Freud's idea of the death instinct: striving to restore the inorganic condition, repetition compulsion, (self-) destructive behaviour and morality rigour. It further presents Scheler's critique of psychoanalysis and, in this context, it also explains the purpose of his definition of human's essence as an ascetic being and a bearer of spirituality. It notes certain similarities between Freud and Scheler, but it also expresses the position that it is not justifiable to reduce spiritual culture merely to psychoanalytical dynamics of the death instinct, it is not justifiable either to reduce it to a combination of self-destruction and erotic instincts. Theoretical and practical advantages of the presented position of this German philosopher are illustrated by an example of Frankl's logotherapy, by which it was influenced. Finally, it sheds light on the crucial point of Scheler's sociology of knowledge.

Freud’s Oedipus Complex in the #MeToo Era: A Discussion of the Validity of Psychoanalysis in Light of Contemporary Research

The Oedipus complex is a child development construct developed by Sigmond Freud that asserts that all children experience sexual desire towards their opposite sex parent, and failure to accept this “truth” can lead to mental health issues. Freud also asserted that children are not harmed by acts of sexual violence. In contrast, the #MeToo movement is a global incentive aimed at creating an awareness of the harm that sexual violence can cause. In many regards, #MeToo is a reaction against a systemic failure to prevent sexual violence from occurring in the first place. By contrasting Freudian ideas with #MeToo, I argue that the enduring popularity of Freud and his psychoanalytic ideas is a negative influence on culture. In the light of contemporary research from cognitive psychology, psychosocial considerations, child development, and trauma-informed practices, Freudian ideas can be proven to be fallible. Moreover, dispelling misleading assumptions about sexual desires is a beneficial endeavour towards reducing the likelihood of future sexual violence. Additionally, I explore Freudian interpretations of mythology and propose that he misappropriated ancient belief systems.

Rire de soi : étude d’un Moi contorsionniste

ObjectiveThis article aims to deepen our understanding of the humorous attitude by looking at the humorist who laugh at himself. MethodBy building on Freud's short text Humor (1927), we will first discuss the problem of the Superego, which Freud here describes as particularly conciliatory and reassuring. We will then attempt to overcome this paradox by shifting our focus to the Ego. By using a personal example, we will describe the mechanisms that allow the Ego to consider itself as the object of a humorous perception. ResultsIt appears that the ability to laugh at ourselves relies more on the Ego's capacity to deal with the Superego's aggression than on the intrinsic qualities of the Superego itself. In response to a powerful injunction from the Superego, the Ego consents to split into pieces. However, by simultaneously maintaining two different states of being, it also becomes able to perceive the potentially comical gap between its two forms. The psychic mechanism of humor would be one of the rare tools that allows us to become aware of an upsetting reality without a narcissist loss for the ego. DiscussionGenerally speaking, it appears that humor could be a particularly appropriate way of temporarily harmonizing the claims of the Ego, the Superego, the Id, and external reality. ConclusionConsistent with Freud's ideas, the ability to consider ourselves with humor could be one of the most elaborated paths to psychic growth, which nevertheless does not neglect the painful aspects of external reality.

New books on the early history of British psychoanalysis: An essay review.

Reviews the books, Freud in Cambridge by John Forrester and Laura Cameron and Psychoanalysis in Britain, 1893-1913: Histories and Historiography by Philip Kuhn. Sigmund Freud and his invention of the discipline of psychoanalysis had an immense intellectual impact on 20th-century culture. Yet, although his writings were received with great enthusiasm-as well as with hostility-we are still lacking full accounts of all the various sites where Freud and his ideas were widely discussed and which rapidly paired his name (as early as the 1920s) with those of eminent intellectuals such as Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and Albert Einstein. Forrester and Cameron's Freud in Cambridge is a good book to read alongside Phillip Kuhn's Psychoanalysis in Britain, 1893-1913: Histories and Historiography, published in 2017 (for my full review, see Michal, 2019). Here, I include only what is relevant to a comparison of the two books. Freud in Cambridge opposes writing the history of psychoanalysis modeled on the "Great Man" and focusing on Sigmund Freud the individual and his decisive influence, as it rejects a historical model centered around the bureaucracy of institutions such as the International Psycho-Analytic Association. Concentrating on the British case, the book chooses instead to look beyond Ernest Jones' efforts to spread Freud's ideas, and beyond the workings of the British Psycho-Analytical Society (BPAS) that Jones created in 1919. Kuhn's periodization is earlier than that of Forrester and Cameron, as he provides a meticulous examination and close textual reading of contemporary sources to look at the last years of the 19th century and the era before the outbreak of the Great War. Similarly, Kuhn's book is a closely researched study of the early days of psychoanalysis in Britain within broad medical and social contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The Will to Truth, the Death Drive and the Will to Power.

This paper claims that Freud's idea of the death drive is analogous to the will to truth in traditional philosophy and can be better understood as a truth drive. The argument is based upon Nietzsche's interpretation of the will to truth as a concealed will to death. This interpretation emphasizes the opposition between truth and life; truth is a concept of constancy while life is a concept of change. Freud's recognition of the conservative nature of the drives brings him to the paradoxical conclusion of the existence of a death drive. It is paradoxical, for Freud, since it considers death as a fundamental principle of life and as its aim. The paper suggests that by replacing the concept of death by the concept of truth and using Nietzsche's idea of "the will to power" this paradox can be resolved without losing Freud's insight of the dialectic nature of psychological life.

MEARCSTAPA: Ten Years of Teratology

MEARCSTAPA: Ten Years of Teratology

Countering Anti-Semitism and Religious Violence

In Moses and Monotheism, Freud developed an influential and highly controversial theory for understanding anti-Semitism as blowback against monotheism, specifically against the Jewish people's form of Geistigkeit (intellectuality/spirituality) and the notion of exclusive chosenness. Against the backdrop of the recent global rise of anti-Semitism, white supremacy, and violence in the name of religion, this essay reviews a collection of nine fresh perspectives on Freud's text in Freud and Monotheism by authors from a cross section of the humanities. They critically engage Freud's seminal thoughts on the nature of religion and violence, tradition and history, trauma and repression, hermeneutics and the transgenerational transmission of identity. Connecting with Freud's ideas on Geistigkeit, the chosen people, the superego, and sublimation, and Drewermann's insights into the historical connection between monotheism and the development of the human sense of personhood, the essay concludes with a proposal for countering anti-Semitism and religious violence through a reinterpretation of the meaning of monotheism.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SALVADOR DALÍ'S PERSONALITY AND CREATIVE PROCESS

The article is devoted to the study of the psychological aspects of Salvador Dalí’s personality and creative process. Based on the analyzed data taken from cultural and historical conditions of the artist's life, as well as from biographical, autobiographical facts and works of art, the following groups of factors were found that influenced both the psychological characteristics and elements of the artist's creative products. The group of macro factors includes geographical, in particular the tendency to portray the landscape, where the artist lived, as the background image in his paintings; global events (the image of the Civil War was used in the painting "Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War" (1936)). Micro factors include two subcategories: close social environment and personal events. The death of the elder brother had seemingly an intense influence on artist's personality and creativity that led to the development of guilt in the parents who treated Dalí in a special way, as their second and only son. This situation formed a sense of permissiveness and uniqueness that, becoming Dalí’s fixed personality traits, were manifested in art: the widespread use of free associations and a surrealistic approach in paintings. Freud's ideas had an exceptional influence on Salvador Dalí, and led to the development of a unique method in his works of art - a paranoid-critical method that allows mixing real objects in paintings with the fantastic ones. It is worth noting the influence of two strong childhood emotional impressions that have signs of psychological trauma: contemplation of the decomposition process of a hedgehog’s corpse and entomophobia of grasshoppers. These two events formed individual images that the artist often used in his surrealist paintings. Therefore, based on these facts we can talk about the existence of a certain mechanism that transform the image of psychological trauma into a permanent element of creativity. The results of the study showed the presence of the following Dalí’s main personality traits: shyness (especially in childhood and adolescence), narcissistic personality type, alienation and closed nature, ambition and the desire for recognition. Thus, it can be argued that there is a certain mechanism in the creative process that transforms the formed psychological traumas and phobias into stable symbolic elements of creative products. The consistent effect of certain events in a life on personality structure was established and, accordingly, the impact of such events on a choice of a certain style in creativity was revealed.